Ignet

Gene Information

Gene symbol: GHRL

Gene name: ghrelin/obestatin prepropeptide

HGNC ID: 18129

Synonyms: MTLRP, ghrelin, obestatin

Related Genes

#	Gene Symbol	Number of hits
1	ADCY10	1 hits
2	ADIPOQ	1 hits
3	AGRP	1 hits
4	AKT1	1 hits
5	ASPM	1 hits
6	BCL2L1	1 hits
7	BDNF	1 hits
8	CARTPT	1 hits
9	CCK	1 hits
10	CREB1	1 hits
11	EDN1	1 hits
12	ESAM	1 hits
13	FASN	1 hits
14	FOS	1 hits
15	GCG	1 hits
16	GHR	1 hits
17	GHSR	1 hits
18	HCRT	1 hits
19	HPT	1 hits
20	HTR1B	1 hits
21	HTR2C	1 hits
22	IAPP	1 hits
23	ICAM1	1 hits
24	IDDM2	1 hits
25	IGF1	1 hits
26	IGFBP1	1 hits
27	IGFBP3	1 hits
28	INS	1 hits
29	LEP	1 hits
30	LPL	1 hits
31	MAPK1	1 hits
32	MAPK10	1 hits
33	NOS3	1 hits
34	NPY	1 hits
35	PDX1	1 hits
36	PIK3CA	1 hits
37	PMCH	1 hits
38	POMC	1 hits
39	PPARG	1 hits
40	PPY	1 hits
41	PRKAA1	1 hits
42	PRKAR2A	1 hits
43	PRKCA	1 hits
44	PTPRN	1 hits
45	PWCR	1 hits
46	PYY	1 hits
47	RETN	1 hits
48	SIRT1	1 hits
49	SLC2A4	1 hits
50	TP53	1 hits
51	UCP2	1 hits

Related Sentences

#	PMID	Sentence
1	11284421	The role of leptin in the appetite regulation in man is still not clear, other signalling molecules may have also an effect, e.g., ghrelin, which primarily stimulates STH secretion and brings about weight gain.
2	11289032	Fasting plasma ghrelin was negatively correlated with percent body fat (r = -0.45; P = 0.01), fasting insulin (r = -0.45; P = 0.01) and leptin (r = -0.38; P = 0.03) concentrations.
3	12663466	The present study aimed to determine whether ghrelin directly activates NPY neurons and, if so, to explore its signaling mechanisms.
4	12663466	Whether the neurons that respond to ghrelin could be regulated by orexin and leptin was also examined.
5	12663466	The [Ca(2+)](i) responses to ghrelin were markedly attenuated by inhibitors of protein kinase A (PKA) but not protein kinase C and by a blocker of N-type but not L-type Ca(2+) channels.
6	12663466	Orexin increased [Ca(2+)](i) and leptin attenuated ghrelin-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increases in the majority (80%) of ghrelin-responsive NPY neurons.
7	12663466	These results demonstrate that ghrelin directly interacts with NPY neurons in the ARC to induce Ca(2+) signaling via PKA and N-type Ca(2+) channel-dependent mechanisms.
8	12829648	The gastric peptide ghrelin augments and the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin reduces appetite and food intake.
9	12829648	In the central nervous system, insulin directly decreases hunger sensation but could also act indirectly by modulating ghrelin and leptin secretion.
10	12829648	Nondiabetic subjects were also studied during saline infusion, which did not affect ghrelin but decreased leptin by 19 +/- 6% (P < 0.03).
11	12829648	In control subjects, plasma ghrelin decreased at all clamp steps (-17 +/- 1, -27 +/- 6, and -33 +/- 4%, respectively; P < 0.006 vs. baseline), whereas leptin increased by 35 +/- 11% (P < 0.05).
12	12829648	In type 2 diabetic patients without insulin treatment, ghrelin decreased by 18 +/- 7% (P < 0.05) only after 4 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1) insulin infusion and leptin increased by 19 +/- 6% (P < 0.05).
13	12829648	In conclusion, insulin reduces plasma ghrelin in nondiabetic patients and, to a lesser extent, in type 2 diabetic patients before insulin therapy.
14	14514588	Additionally, changes in beta-cell sensitivity to glucose, peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin, and changes in plasma ghrelin levels were examined.
15	14514588	No effect of GLP-1 treatment was seen on the fasting plasma ghrelin levels.
16	15079159	Ghrelin, a 28 amino-acid peptide secreted primarily from the stomach has been identified as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor.
17	15448083	When leptin signaling is reduced, as in the Zucker fatty rat, or when circulating ghrelin is increased during fasting, the effect of ghrelin becomes more dominant, indicating an influence of both hormones on ghrelin action.
18	15448083	For testing this, GHS-R expression was measured using in situ hybridization in Zucker fatty versus lean rats; in fed versus fasted (48 h) rats, treated with either ghrelin or leptin; and in GH-deficient, dwarf versus control rats.
19	15448083	Ghrelin significantly increased GHS-R expression but not in dwarf rats.
20	15448083	These results show that the level of GHS-R expression in the ARC is reduced by leptin and increased by ghrelin and that the effect of ghrelin may be GH dependent.
21	15591499	The authors measured food intake, gastric emptying, c-Fos expression in the hypothalamus, and gene expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides in mice after administration of desacyl ghrelin.
22	15971409	Fructose does not increase insulin and leptin or suppress ghrelin, which suggests an endocrine mechanism by which it induces a positive energy balance.
23	16060906	Body mass index (BMI)-adjusted levels of both forms of ghrelin were reduced in IDDM compared with healthy subjects, with greater values in prepubertal than pubertal IDDM subjects.
24	16060906	IGFBP-1 levels were higher among the IDDM children without any association with ghrelin serum values.
25	16060906	The reduction in both forms of ghrelin could be involved in the development of the body mass increase of IDDM subjects with opposite effects, either influencing insulin sensitivity or exerting a compensatory restraint of feeding.
26	16173945	Ghrelin also increased ICAM-1 expression (119 +/- 17% of control; P
27	16173945	Pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of ghrelin and resistin, within the range of concentrations exhibited by patients with anorexia nervosa or the Prader-Willi syndrome and type 2 diabetes, respectively, increase endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression, possibly contributing to increased atherosclerosis risk in such subjects.
28	16189176	Since GH, in turn, acutely induces lipolysis and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, we aimed to study the isolated and combined effects of GH, free fatty acids (FFAs) and insulin sensitivity on circulating ghrelin levels in human subjects.
29	16204371	Mature ghrelin has been shown to stimulate eating and to participate in the regulation of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis.
30	16493877	Resistin and TNF-alpha positively correlated with each other, insulin, HOMA, and negatively with ghrelin.
31	16204328	Serum ghrelin levels had decreased (p 0.03) and leptin had increased (p 0.02), while adiponectin and insulin levels had not significantly changed at Week 4 (p 0.29 and p 0.25, respectively).
32	16320257	Ghrelin is a hormone that stimulates growth hormone secretion and signals energy insufficiency via interaction with its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR).
33	16418280	Ghrelin is a newly discovered peptide and an endogenous ligand for growth hormone (GH) secretagogue (GHS) receptor.
34	16418280	However, the expression of IA-2, another structurally related beta-cell autoantigen, was not induced by ghrelin.
35	16501238	Recent studies suggest a role of ghrelin in promoting the deposition of triglycerides (TG) in the liver and regulating the metabolic action of adiponectin.
36	17059749	GLP-1 and PYY response to food ingestion were enhanced; fasting ghrelin and resistin were significantly reduced (P<0.05).
37	17065340	Ghrelin stimulates, while glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY(3-36) [PYY(3-36)] inhibit, food intake and gastric emptying in rats.
38	17065340	PYY(3-36) (15 pmol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) inhibited food intake by 32%; ghrelin at 15 and 50 pmol x kg(-1) x min(-1) attenuated this effect by 54 and 74%, respectively.
39	17065340	A 20-min intravenous infusion of ghrelin (15-150 pmol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) attenuated GLP-1-and PYY(3-36)-induced inhibition of gastric emptying of saline by 6-29%.
40	17065340	Thus, intravenous infusion of ghrelin during the early dark period stimulates food intake in freely feeding rats by increasing meal frequency, and similar doses of ghrelin attenuate gastric emptying and feeding responses to GLP-1 and PYY(3-36).
41	17065340	These results suggest that ghrelin may stimulate food intake in part by attenuating the inhibitory effects of GLP-1 and PYY(3-36) on gastric emptying and food intake.
42	16935329	The structure and function of many hypothalamic peptides (neuropeptide Y (NPY), melanocortins, agouti-related peptide (AGRP), cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), melanin concentrating hormone (MCH), orexins have been characterized in rodent models The peripheral neuropeptides such as cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY3-36), amylin, bombesin regulate important gastrointestinal functions such as motility, secretion, absorption, provide feedback to the central nervous system on availability of nutrients and may play a part in regulating food intake.
43	16973729	Here, we report that 5-wk-old Ay mice consumed more food in association with decreases in levels of plasma des-acyl ghrelin, but not active ghrelin, and increases in hypothalamic 5-HT2C and 5-HT1B receptor gene expression compared with wild-type mice matched for age and body weight.
44	16973729	Restricted feeding significantly decreased hypothalamic 5-HT2C and 5-HT1B receptor gene expression in association with a reversal of the decreases in plasma des-acyl ghrelin levels in 5-wk-old Ay mice.
45	16973729	These findings suggest that the agouti peptide down-regulates hypothalamic 5-HT2C and 5-HT1B receptor gene expression under restricted feeding conditions, whereas chronic hyperphagia increases the expression of these genes and decreases plasma des-acyl ghrelin levels in Ay mice.
46	17106060	Therefore, we hypothesized that ghrelin activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in vascular endothelium, resulting in increased production of nitric oxide (NO) using signaling pathways shared in common with the insulin receptor.
47	17106060	Similar to insulin, ghrelin acutely stimulated increased production of NO in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) in primary culture (assessed using NO-specific fluorescent dye 4,5-diaminofluorescein) in a time- and dose-dependent manner.
48	17106060	Moreover, ghrelin stimulated increased phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) and eNOS (Akt phosphorylation site Ser1179) that was inhibitable by knockdown of GHSR-1a using siRNA or by pretreatment of cells with wortmannin but not with PD-98059.
49	17106060	Ghrelin also stimulated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in BAEC.
50	17106060	However, unlike insulin, ghrelin did not stimulate MAP kinase-dependent secretion of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 from BAEC.
51	17492951	To isolate and define the impact of GH, GH receptor (GHR) blockade and intravenous FFA infusion on total circulating ghrelin levels during a hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp with identical insulin levels.
52	17496153	The current study examined if pituitary (PIT) and hypothalamus (HPT) ghrelin expression is up-regulated in response to fasting and down-regulated in obesity, as previously reported in the stomach.
53	17592026	Ghrelin was colocalized with insulin in ss-cells in LBW group.
54	17719561	Exposure of cells to ghrelin (10(-7)M) caused rapid activation of Akt.
55	17553627	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulates the secretion and actions of insulin, leptin, ghrelin, various neurotransmitters and peptides, and pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in energy homeostasis suggesting that it (BDNF) has a significant role in the pathobiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
56	18080721	Fasting ghrelin and resistin were significantly reduced (P < 0.05); GLP-1 and PYY response to food ingestion was enhanced (P < 0.05).
57	18421906	The mediators of these hormone and receptor actions are melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and the others. 2) Ghrelin, endogenose cannabinoides, galanin-like peptide and the mediators of their actions: neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Agouti gene related protein (AGRP) increase the appetite and food consumption.
58	18433874	Ghrelin, an acylated 28-amino acid peptide, was isolated from the stomach as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor (GHS-R).
59	18433874	Here, we review the physiological role of ghrelin in the regulation of insulin release and glucose metabolism, and a potential therapeutic avenue to treat type 2 diabetes by manipulating ghrelin and/or its signaling.
60	18433874	Ghrelin inhibits insulin release in mice, rats and humans.
61	18473755	These hormones include long-term adiposity signals, such as leptin, that inform the CNS primarily of changes in the body's overall fat and energy reserves, and short-term signals such as amylin, peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin, that primarily reflect changes in the immediate nutritive state (energy intake).
62	17554246	Moderate alcohol consumption increased adiponectin and ghrelin, while it decreased ASP concentrations both in lean and overweight men.
63	18603572	Both concentrations are elevated in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), suggesting that ghrelin may contribute to hyperphagia and overweight in these subjects.
64	18603572	We evaluated whether long-acting octreotide (Oct) decreases acylated and desacyl ghrelin concentrations, body mass, appetite and compulsive behaviour towards food in adolescents with PWS.
65	18603572	Oct treatment caused a prolonged decrease in ghrelin concentrations in adolescents with PWS but did not improve body mass or appetite.
66	18603572	Future intervention studies aiming at clarifying the role of ghrelin in PWS should focus on the administration of specific inhibitors of ghrelin secretion or ghrelin receptor activity that do not interfere with other appetite-regulating peptides.
67	18776138	Exogenous ghrelin stimulates the release of GH (potently) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (moderately).
68	18776138	We aimed to study direct effects of ghrelin on substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity in human subjects.
69	18776138	In the absence of GH and cortisol secretion, ghrelin acutely decreased peripheral, but not hepatic, insulin sensitivity together with stimulation of lipolysis.
70	18776138	Ghrelin infusion acutely induces lipolysis and insulin resistance independently of GH and cortisol.
71	19024311	It is fasting ghrelin not PYY negatively associated with fasting insulin and positively with QUICKI.
72	19160571	The independent positive association (P < 0.01) between the plasma ghrelin quartile and the carotid IMT was evident in the lowest IGF-I quartile.
73	19160571	Low ghrelin is associated with MS and type 2 diabetes in the presence of insulin and leptin resistance.
74	19082668	Ghrelin treatment increased insulin levels, insulin-positive islet cell number, and 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine and PDX-1 staining, whereas ghrelin antagonist administration resulted in significant decreases in these parameters.
75	19238155	In differentiating omental adipocytes, incubation with both acylated and desacyl ghrelin significantly increased PPARgamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) and SREBP1 (sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1) mRNA levels, as well as several fat storage-related proteins, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, lipoprotein lipase and perilipin.
76	19628651	To investigate the effects of unacylated ghrelin (UAG) and co-administration of acylated ghrelin (AG) and UAG in morbid obesity, a condition characterized by insulin resistance and low GH levels.
77	19733151	Ghrelin administration did not alter food intake, body weight gain, blood glucose levels, or plasma insulin levels when compared with mice given saline or desacyl-ghrelin administration.
78	19876793	Leptin is an adipose-tissue derived peptide, circulating as free (fl) and receptor-bound protein (bl) acting antagonistically to ghrelin's effects on food intake.
79	19876793	In the present study we tested the weight dependent influence of an intravenous (i.v.) ghrelin injection on leptin levels as well as hepatic protein expression in healthy and endotoxemic rats.
80	20002081	Treatment with metformin increased the mean AUC (07.30-16.30 h) of plasma ghrelin by 24% (P= 0.003), while decreasing those of glucose by 19% (P < 0.001) and insulin by 19% (P= 0.001).
81	19896496	Ghrelin, a peptide hormone predominantly produced by the stomach, was isolated as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor.
82	19566830	Ghrelin is a multifunctional peptide hormone that affects various processes, including growth hormone and insulin release, appetite regulation, gut motility, metabolism and cancer cell proliferation.
83	20189610	Ghrelin is a GH secretagogue that also increases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels, similarly to GH-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6).
84	20584998	Although ghrelin reduces insulin secretion in rodents, its effect on insulin secretion in humans has not been established.
85	20584998	The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that circulating ghrelin suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in healthy subjects.
86	20584998	This is a robust proof-of-concept study showing that exogenous ghrelin reduces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and glucose disappearance in healthy humans.
87	18288286	We review here recent advances on the emerging role of growth hormone releasing peptides in regulating PPARgamma through interaction with scavenger receptor CD36 and ghrelin GHS-R1a receptor.
88	20005544	The aim of the study was to compare the regulation of ghrelin, leptin, and adiponectin by insulin and glucose during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy in women with diabetes.
89	20005544	Fasting desacyl ghrelin concentrations decreased, whereas insulin and leptin concentrations increased, between the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (P < or = .011).
90	20005544	During the clamp studies, desacyl ghrelin concentrations decreased by 33% (second trimester, P = .004) and 27% (third trimester, P = .09) with increasing glucose and insulin concentrations, whereas acyl ghrelin, leptin, and adiponectin concentrations were unaffected.
91	20556572	Plasma ghrelin was not associated with systolic (P=0.981) or diastolic (P=0.724) BP, waist circumference (P=0.278), fasting insulin (P=0.246), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (P=0.693) and HOMA-IR (P=0.232).
92	20685586	Acyl ghrelin, a 28-amino acid peptide hormone, is the endogenous cognate ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor.
93	20700401	Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide that displays a strong growth hormone- (GH-) releasing activity through the activation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR).
94	19863750	Total basal ghrelin was inversely related to the change in IGFBP-3.
95	21112019	Lack of sleep also down-regulates the satiety hormone leptin, up-regulates the appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin, and increases hunger and food intake.
96	21150588	Many recent studies are uncovering a role of des-acyl ghrelin in glucose metabolism specifically in modulating insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake into adipocytes.
97	21150588	Ghrelin plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis through the modulation of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity.
98	21094196	In addition, the phosphorylation of AKT occurred in 10min and was the highest in 30min after the stimulation with ghrelin, which can be blocked by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY2940002.
99	21094196	Ghrelin also increased the mRNA levels of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), peroxisome proliferators (PPARr) and AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) genes in insulin signal transduction pathway.
100	21094196	Ghrelin can inhibit gluco/lipotoxicity induced insulin resistance by PI3K/AKT pathway.
101	21386086	Ghrelin is a stomach-derived peptide that increases food intake through the activation of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).
102	21386086	SIRT1 inhibitors, such as Ex527 and sirtinol, and AMPK activators, such as AICAR, were administered alongside ghrelin in the brain of rats and mice (wild-type versus p53 knockout [KO]).
103	21386086	The central pretreatment with Ex527, a potent SIRT1 inhibitor, blunted the ghrelin-induced food intake in rats.
104	21386086	Mice lacking p53, a target of SIRT1 action, failed to respond to ghrelin in feeding behavior.
105	21386086	Ghrelin failed to phosphorylate hypothalamic AMPK when rats were pretreated with Ex527, as it did in p53 KO mice.
106	21386086	Finally, blockade of the central SIRT1 pathway did not modify ghrelin-induced growth hormone secretion.
107	21539509	The existing evidence suggests ghrelin primarily inhibits insulin release from the pancreas and we highlight an important mechanism involving AMPK-UCP2 ATP-stimulated potassium channels and intracellular calcium regulation.
108	21555558	The decrease in their food intake was accompanied by increased plasma leptin and decreased plasma ghrelin, while hypothalamic expression of the orexic gene, neuropeptide Y, was lower and expression of the anorexic gene, proopiomelanocortin, was higher.
109	21574956	The data, obtained mainly in rat, suggest that aging suppresses the expression and action of potent orexigenic peptides such as predominantly neuropeptides NPY and orexins as peripheral hormone, ghrelin.
110	20415688	Under fed conditions, CR animals presented lower circulating leptin and ghrelin levels (decreases of 37 and 43% in males, and 15 and 34% in females respectively); furthermore, hypothalamic POMC, NPY (only in females), ObRb and InsR mRNA levels were reduced (39, 16 and 26% in males, and 112, 33, 61 and 56% in females), and those of SOCS-3 were increased (86% in males and 74% in females).
111	18946177	To investigate the role of ghrelin, an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, in diabetic gastroparesis, we evaluated the plasma ghrelin profile during the oral glucose tolerance test in 55 patients with diabetes (men/women: 36/19, mean +/- SE of age: 55.1 +/- 1.7 years) with or without gastroparesis (diagnosed by the (13)C-acetate breath test).
112	20959720	Gut hormone ghrelin and adipokine adiponectin are both decreased in obesity and they share a potent effect on insulin sensitivity: both adiponectin and the combination of acylated (AG) and unacylated ghrelin (UAG) improve insulin sensitivity.
113	19745015	Also, the two TYJWT groups had lower serum levels of leptin compared to the control group, and the ghrelin levels were proportionately increased by the dosage of TYJWT given.
114	21760856	We evaluated the effects of insulin-induced improved glycaemic control on leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels and patient characteristics.
115	21340583	Ghrelin binds to growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) and is acylated on its serine 3 residue by ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT).
116	21340583	Ghrelin exerts its central orexigenic effect mainly by acting on the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus via the activation of the GHS-R.
117	21340583	The hypothalamic fatty acid pathway, hypothalamic mitochondrial respiration and uncoupling protein 2 have all been shown to act as the downstream targets of AMPK in mediating the orexigenic effects of ghrelin.
118	21676224	We postulated that CPAP will decrease IR, ghrelin and resistin and increase adiponectin levels in this setting.
119	21676224	Fasting ghrelin decreased significantly while leptin, adiponectin and resistin remained unchanged.
120	11679419	Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), was originally purified from the rat stomach.
121	11679419	Recently, we showed that a single central administration of ghrelin increased food intake and hypothalamic agouti-related protein (AGRP) gene expression in rodents, and the orexigenic effect of this peptide seems to be independent of its GH-releasing activity.
122	11679419	We also found that chronic central administration of ghrelin increased both neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA levels (151.0 +/- 10.1% of saline-treated controls; P < 0.05) and AGRP mRNA levels (160.0 +/- 22.5% of saline-treated controls; P < 0.05) in the arcuate nucleus.
123	21632815	Exenatide decreased PYY (total) and glucagon-like peptide-1, whereas ghrelin remained unchanged.
124	21778879	Ghrelin attenuates insulin secretion through the AMP-activated protein kinase-uncoupling protein 2 pathway.
125	21406307	Ingestion of a LoBAG(30) diet by weight-stable subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus resulted in an increase in total IGF-I without an increase in ghrelin, GH, and IGFBP-3 or a change in IGFBP-1 regulation.
126	21788571	Ghrelin suppressed glucose (8.3 mmol/L)-induced insulin release in rat perfused pancreas and isolated islets, and these effects of ghrelin were blunted in the presence of cAMP analogs or adenylate cyclase inhibitor.
127	21788571	Glucose-induced cAMP production in isolated islets was attenuated by ghrelin and enhanced by ghrelin receptor antagonist and anti-ghrelin antiserum, which counteract endogenous islet-derived ghrelin.
128	21756973	These results suggest epigenetic modifications at GHSR to play important roles in determining GHSR1A expression and abundance, and therefore the consequent sensitivity of cells to ghrelin.
129	21912388	Increases in anorectic gut hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY, or decreases in the orexigenic hormone ghrelin have been seen and are implicated as mediators of weight loss-independent actions of bariatric surgery.
130	21949903	Cholecystokinin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, and oxyntomodulin act through distinct yet synergistic mechanisms to suppress appetite, whereas ghrelin stimulates food intake.
131	22005105	We found that learning and memory level in the ghrelin treatment group improved significantly, expression of Bcl-xl, BDNF, CREB, p-CREB, and p-ERK1/2 in the hippocampus was increased in the ghrelin treatment group, and the number of apoptotic neurons in the hippocampus decreased remarkably.
132	22005105	We suggested that ghrelin improved cognitive ability in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by improving the expressions of BDNF and CREB and by attenuating hippocampus neuronal apoptosis.
133	21396419	Ghrelin plays an important physiological role in modulating GH secretion, insulin secretion and glucose metabolism.
134	21396419	Pharmacological suppression of the ghrelin/des-acyl ghrelin ratio by treatment with des-acyl ghrelin may also be a viable alternative approach which appears to improve insulin sensitivity.