Ignet

Gene Information

Gene symbol: IAPP

Gene name: islet amyloid polypeptide

HGNC ID: 5329

Synonyms: AMYLIN, DAP, IAP

Related Genes

#	Gene Symbol	Number of hits
1	ACTR1A	1 hits
2	AGRP	1 hits
3	APLP2	1 hits
4	APP	1 hits
5	ATN1	1 hits
6	BCHE	1 hits
7	BGLAP	1 hits
8	C11orf6	1 hits
9	CALCA	1 hits
10	CALCR	1 hits
11	CCL2	1 hits
12	CCR2	1 hits
13	CXCL1	1 hits
14	CXCL10	1 hits
15	DPP4	1 hits
16	FOS	1 hits
17	GCG	1 hits
18	GCK	1 hits
19	GHRL	1 hits
20	GPLD1	1 hits
21	HBB	1 hits
22	HLA-A	1 hits
23	HLA-F	1 hits
24	HNF1A	1 hits
25	IDE	1 hits
26	INS	1 hits
27	JUN	1 hits
28	LEP	1 hits
29	MAPK8	1 hits
30	NPY	1 hits
31	PDX1	1 hits
32	PMCH	1 hits
33	PPY	1 hits
34	REG3A	1 hits
35	SLC2A2	1 hits
36	TPPP3	1 hits

Related Sentences

#	PMID	Sentence
1	6257880	When KK mice had been injected with IAP, they responded to epinephrine and isoproterenol more readily than did ddY mice in increasing plasma insulin and glycerol.
2	2441214	These results suggest that islet amyloid contains DAP, which may originate from B-cells.
3	3051005	In skeletal muscle exposed to 120 nM amylin for 1 hr, there was a marked decrease in both basal and submaximally insulin-stimulated rates of glycogen synthesis, which resulted in significant reduction in the rates of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake.
4	3051005	In marked contrast, amylin had no effect on either basal or insulin-stimulated rates of glucose incorporation into either CO2 or triacylglycerol in isolated adipocytes.
5	2655598	Islet amyloid polypeptide inhibited the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from isolated rat pancreatic islets, as calcitonin gene-related peptide did, but the fragments failed to inhibit the secretion.
6	2668761	Although increased production of IAPP may initially cause insulin resistance, prolonged overproduction of IAPP may ultimately impair insulin secretion by leading to the progressive deposition of insoluble islet amyloid, a finding apparent in most subjects with overt diabetes.
7	2690958	In normal metabolism, amylin could act in concert with insulin as a signal for the body to switch the site of carbohydrate disposal from glycogen to longer-term stores in adipose tissue, by making skeletal muscle relatively insulin-resistant, whilst at the same time leaving rates of insulin-stimulated carbohydrate metabolism in adipose tissue unaltered.
8	2690958	As patients with insulin-treated IDDM frequently experience problems with hypoglycaemia, and as amylin acts to modulate the action of insulin in various tissues, it is possible that amylin deficiency may contribute to morbidity in insulin-treated IDDM, perhaps through the loss of a natural damping mechanism which guards against hypoglycaemia under conditions of normal physiology.
9	2695283	The prevalence of insulin-dependent diabetes in BB rats was increased in the IAP group as compared to controls.
10	2695369	We also suggest that in the presence of defective proinsulin processing and insulin release, as occurs in NIDDM, hyperglycemia stimulates amylin biosynthesis so that this peptide is deposited in increased quantities in the islet as amyloid.
11	2491258	Recent studies have also shown that both amylin and CGRP are potent inhibitors of insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle in vitro.
12	2179271	Treatment with a borderline diabetogenic dose of streptozotocin reduced amylin response without significantly changing the insulin response.
13	1970540	We determined islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) response in plasma to oral and intravenous glucose administration and intravenous insulin injection in nondiabetic subjects.
14	2204154	Amylin, a novel pancreatic hormone, secreted along with insulin from the pancreatic beta-cells, can modulate insulin effects, to produce insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and liver.
15	2226108	Lowering fasting blood glucose to normal with a basal insulin supplement reduces endogenous insulin production, and this may be advantageous if accompanying production of islet amyloid polypeptide and islet amyloid formation are also reduced.
16	2227135	Therefore, amylin and CGRP can cause insulin resistance in vivo and may be implicated in insulin-resistant states such as type II diabetes mellitus.
17	2022302	During 180-min euglycemic insulin-clamp (21.5 pmol.kg-1.min-1) studies, amylin (50, 200, or 500 pmol.kg-1.min-1; plasma concentration from 3 x 10(-10) to 9 x 10(-9) M) infusion determined a 19-27% reduction in glucose uptake (117.8 +/- 7.0 vs. 145.8 +/- 11.0, 107.1 +/- 9.2 vs. 145.1 +/- 6.7, and 105.0 +/- 7.2 vs. 144.4 +/- 7.0 mumol.kg-1.min-1 at 50, 200, or 500 pmol.kg-1.min-1, respectively, P less than 0.01) versus insulin alone, whereas 10-pmol.kg-1.min-1 amylin infusion (plasma concn 5 x 10(-11) M) failed to affect insulin-mediated glucose disposal.
18	2022302	Suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin was unaffected by a 50-pmol.kg-1.min-1 amylin infusion (18.5 +/- 4.3 vs. 21.7 +/- 2.9 mumol.kg-1.min-1), whereas it was slightly but significantly impaired by amylin infusion at 200 pmol.kg-1.min-1 (17.8 +/- 3.9 vs. 24.7 +/- 4.5 mumol.kg-1.min-1, P less than 0.05).
19	2059220	With all three experimental models, exposure to human amylin acid and human and rat amylin at concentrations as high as 100 nM had no significant effect on rates of insulin or glucagon secretion.
20	2065848	Fasting plasma islet amyloid polypeptide concentrations and their responses to an oral glucose load were determined in non-diabetic control subjects and patients with abnormal glucose tolerance in relation to the responses of insulin or C-peptide.
21	2065857	Applied amylin levels of 220 +/- 75 pmol/l (infusion rate of 12.5 pmol/min) antagonized only the insulin action on liver, resulting in a 100% increase of hepatic glucose output.
22	2065857	Amylin did not affect: 1) the metabolic clearance rate of insulin, 2) the levels of plasma glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and corticosterone, 3) in vitro insulin binding and insulin-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation.
23	2065857	This suggests that amylin antagonizes insulin action via binding to a yet unknown receptor.
24	2065857	In conclusion: amylin causes in vivo insulin resistance and the liver seems the predominant organ regulated by this hormone.
25	2065857	The in vivo effects of amylin mimic the pathophysiological abnormalities of insulin action in Type 2 diabetes.
26	1860552	The isolated perfused normal rat pancreas was used to evaluate the effects of glucose and insulin secretagogues, such as arginine, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and gliclazide, on amylin secretion.
27	1876601	At the same concentration, however, IAPP significantly (p less than 0.05) inhibited carbachol-stimulated (10(-7) M) release of insulin by 30%, and CGRP significantly inhibited carbachol-stimulated release of insulin by 33% when compared with the control group.
28	1950379	Additionally, amylin can induce peripheral insulin resistance, which might also be a cause for type II diabetes mellitus.
29	1787825	Amylin decreases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and counteracts the ability of insulin to suppress output of glucose from the liver.
30	1788148	Amylin also decreased feeding induced by insulin administration without significantly affecting blood glucose levels.
31	18411183	Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP or amylin), first identified as the peptide deposited as amyloid in type-2 diabetic pancreas and insulinoma, turns out to be a peptide produced in the pancreatic beta-cell secretory granule that is costored and coreleased with insulin.
32	1311671	Amylin significantly reduced insulin secretion in rat insulinoma cell lines (Rin m5F cells) that were stimulated by either isoproterenol and forskolin, but it did not affect insulin secretion stimulated by isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX) or dibutyryl cyclic-adenosine monophosphate (db-cAMP).
33	1541236	It has been reported that islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) has insulin antagonistic effects in vivo and in vitro.
34	1563116	Plasma amylin correlated closely with serum C-peptide (r = .764; p = 0.0001), and to a lesser extent with insulin (r = .595; p = 0.0001) underlining its postulated cosecretion with these peptides.
35	1563587	To study whether abnormal secretion of islet amyloid polypeptide is involved in the development of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, we measured islet amyloid polypeptide concentrations in 56 first-degree relatives of Type 2 diabetic subjects and in 10 healthy control subjects.
36	1534057	These findings suggest that amylin secretion may be preserved in diabetic rats with reduced beta-cell mass and that hyperglycemia may increase amylin production independently of that of insulin, which may be significant in the pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
37	1637089	Islet amyloid polypeptide, or amylin, is co-localized with insulin to the beta-cell secretory granule and is synthesized and released in parallel with insulin in response to a range of physiological and pharmacological stimuli.
38	1407245	Furthermore, it has been shown that amylin has the potential to antagonize the action of insulin on glucose metabolism by increasing hepatic glucose production and by decreasing muscle, but not adipocyte glucose uptake.
39	1361492	IAP RNA expression was common to both NOD and NON islets and hence could not be specifically associated with the unique intracisternal type C particle found in NOD, but not NON beta cells.
40	1473619	In positive serum, adsorption onto protein A-Sepharose removed islet amyloid polypeptide binding activity, hereby confirming its antibody nature.
41	8477949	These findings suggest that amylin may modulate the secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells.
42	8335181	These findings suggest a mechanism for persistent islet amyloid polypeptide secretion and amyloid accumulation when regulated insulin release is impaired as in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and insulinomas.
43	8105694	To determine if increased secretion of amylin can be implicated in the pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in vitro and in vivo, we studied its relationships to insulin in insulin-resistant rats with and without NIDDM.
44	8111613	Amylin also reduces insulin secretion and induces insulin resistance.
45	8305633	The non-amidated form of hIAPP; human diabetes-associated peptide (hDAP) did not inhibit the binding of 125I-[His]hCGRP I and sCT was only effective at a high concentration (1 microM).
46	8307253	Pharmacological doses of islet amyloid polypeptide have been shown to inhibit insulin secretion as well as insulin action on peripheral tissues (insulin resistance).
47	8307253	To examine the role of islet amyloid polypeptide in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes, we have generated transgenic mice with the gene encoding either human islet amyloid polypeptide (which can form amyloid) or rat islet amyloid polypeptide, under control of an insulin promoter.
48	8277951	Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), a hormonal factor secreted from the pancreatic beta cells, reduces insulin sensitivity in vivo and glycogen synthesis in vitro.
49	8201968	Moreover, insulin-treated nSTZ rats exhibited decreased amylin to insulin molar ratios compared with saline-treated nSTZ rats (P < .05), which had the same levels as normal rats.
50	7929614	While amylin induces insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, it does not oppose insulin action in fat and may therefore favor fuel deposition in this tissue.
51	7929617	To understand regulation of islet amyloid polypeptide gene expression, we have identified several potential cis-acting transcriptional control elements that influence beta-cell-specific islet amyloid polypeptide gene expression.
52	7929617	This suggests that chronic overproduction of islet amyloid polypeptide "per se" does not cause insulin resistance.
53	7705017	There is suggestive evidence that amylin acts physiologically in an autocrine manner within the islet to restrain insulin secretion, but conversely there is little indication that this action of amylin plays any role in the development of NIDDM.
54	7705017	The potential exists for the development of amylin antagonists as pharmacological agents to enhance insulin secretion in NIDDM but antagonism of systematic CGRP would need to be avoided.
55	7711888	To investigate the relationship between human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)/amylin expression and islet amyloid deposits in the pathogenesis of human non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), we developed transgenic mice using a human IAPP cDNA connected to an insulin promoter.
56	7796348	Amylin produced higher levels of serum osteocalcin in group B on day 9 (P < 0.05) compared with controls but returned to control values (group A) by day 19; no such change occurred in the diabetic group.
57	7660530	Amylin has been postulated to be involved in the pathogenesis of feline diabetes mellitus both through its metabolic effects, which include inhibition of insulin secretion and induction of insulin resistance, and via progressive amyloid deposition and beta cell degeneration.
58	8884847	We have investigated whether a possible dysregulation of the storage and function of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) in the endocrine pancreas of 4-month-old spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats might contribute to the impairment of glucose-induced insulin secretion previously reported in these rats.
59	8922372	The exogenous expression of PDX-1 in alphaTC1.6 cells alone could induce islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) mRNA expression in the cells but not the expression of insulin, glucokinase, or GLUT2 gene.
60	9421380	The effect on gastric emptying of hypoglycemia induced by a 5 mU/min insulin infusion (t = 5-90 min) was assessed in conscious rats continuously infused with amylin (50 pmol x kg-1 x min-1; t = -30 to 90 min).
61	11106582	Therefore we compared the abilities of S20G and WT amylin to induce apoptosis in transfected COS-1 cells and form amyloid in vitro.
62	11117522	PDX-1 binds to and transactivates the promoters of several physiologically relevant genes within the beta-cell, including insulin, glucose transporter 2, glucokinase, and islet amyloid polypeptide.
63	12608111	Amylin modulates insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle, contributes to the regulation of blood pressure and causes vasodilatation.
64	12941771	We investigated the role of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) in amylin degradation, amyloid deposition, and cytotoxicity in RIN-m5F insulinoma cells.
65	12941771	The IDE inhibitor bacitracin inhibited amylin degradation by 78% and insulin degradation by 100%.
66	12941771	IDE inhibition by bacitracin impaired amylin degradation, increased amyloid formation, and increased amylin-induced cytotoxicity, suggesting a role for IDE in amylin clearance and the prevention of amylin aggregation.
67	12812521	Of the compounds investigated, incubation of human amylin with a 20-fold molar excess of either Congo Red or Acridine Orange resulted in significant inhibition in the rate of amyloid formation.
68	12812521	These findings show that polycyclic compounds can suppress the formation of amyloid by human amylin, providing support for an alternative approach to peptide-based strategies by which islet amyloid formation could be modulated.
69	14521933	Since the promoters of three pancreas-specific genes involved in glucose homeostasis-insulin, glucokinase, and amylin bind similar transcription factors, we were interested in whether HNF1 could also regulate amylin expression.
70	14521933	Moreover, co-transfection of an HNF1 expression vector with an amylin-CAT reporter plasmid decreased the activity of the amylin promoter by 85%.
71	14521933	These data support the hypothesis that the amylin gene is regulated by HNF1 in a negative manner and may explain partially how HNF1 mutations result in diabetes.
72	14532296	Furthermore, we showed that specific jnk1 antisense oligonucleotides, which suppress phospho-JNK1 expression, effectively decreased human amylin-induced activation of c-Jun.
73	15259000	GPI-PLD inhibited the formation of amyloid fibrils from synthetic islet amyloid polypeptide in vitro.
74	15259000	Since GPI-PLD also inhibited islet amyloid polypeptide fibril formation in vitro, it is concluded that GPI-PLD may play a role in islet amyloid formation in type 2 diabetes.
75	16174639	Amylin correlated positively with insulin (n = 42; r = 0.67; 95% CI 0.4 to 0.81), birth weight (r = 0.22; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.36), and gestation (r = 0.18; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.32).
76	16492543	The effect of amylin and amylin agonists (including pramlintide) to inhibit gastric emptying was reversed by insulin-induced hypoglycemia (Gedulin and Young, 1998; Gedulin et al., 1997b,c,d; Young et al., 1996a).
77	16425966	Moreover, it has been confirmed that high proinsulin concentrations stimulate amylin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells and amyloid accumulation within pancreatic islets leading to impairment of pancreatic islets secretory function.
78	16574064	Insulin degrading enzyme (IDE), a zinc metalloprotease, can specifically recognize and degrade insulin, as well as several amyloidogenic peptides such as amyloid beta (Abeta) and amylin.
79	16627399	Several new drugs and drug classes for the management of diabetes are under development, including the incretin mimetic agents (exenatide, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide 1 analogues), the amylin analogue pramlintide, the cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist rimonabant, the mixed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists muraglitazar and tesaglitazar, the inhaled insulin preparation Exubera, and the insulin analogues (insulin glulisine and insulin detemir).
80	16629719	Pramlintide, a synthetic amylin analog, also decreases glucagon secretion and delays gastric emptying, improves hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), and facilitates weight reduction without causing hypoglycemia.
81	16968152	These nestin-positive cell-derived ICCs expressed numerous beta-cell lineage genes, including insulin; Glut-2; pancreatic duodenal homebox-1 protein (PDX-1); islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP); neurogenin 3 (ngn3); and alpha, gamma, and delta cell gene markers.
82	16697020	Within the lateral hypothalamic area, amylin diminishes the expression of orexigenic neuropeptides such as orexin and MCH.
83	17054456	Nevertheless, in a subset of patients with NIPHS, there exists some, as yet undefined, pancreatic humoral/paracrine factor(s) other than proinsulin, amylin, PDX-1, Nkx-6.1 and possibly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that are capable of inducing the INGAP gene and, if activated, will initiate ductal proliferation and islet neogenesis.
84	17065344	To identify additional epitopes, HLA class I peptide affinity algorithms were used to identify a panel of peptides derived from the beta-cell proteins islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP), insulin, insulinoma-associated antigen 2 (IA-2), and phogrin that were predicted to bind HLA-A*0201.
85	16822955	Although beta-cell-related gene expression (PDX-1, proinsulin I, GLUT2, glucokinase, amylin) and function (insulin content and secretion) are slightly reduced during p8 overexpression, removal of IPTG reverses beta-cell function within 24 h to normal levels.
86	16935329	The structure and function of many hypothalamic peptides (neuropeptide Y (NPY), melanocortins, agouti-related peptide (AGRP), cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), melanin concentrating hormone (MCH), orexins have been characterized in rodent models The peripheral neuropeptides such as cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY3-36), amylin, bombesin regulate important gastrointestinal functions such as motility, secretion, absorption, provide feedback to the central nervous system on availability of nutrients and may play a part in regulating food intake.
87	17495860	We suggest that strict metabolic control and reversing insulin resistance in patients with diabetes may blunt the process of amylin deposition in the kidney and possibly protect renal function in these patients.
88	18022240	Cu(II) at 10.0 microM inhibited amylin of 0.4 and 2.0 microM from forming amyloid fibrils while the same concentration of either Al(III) or Zn(II) promoted the formation of beta-pleated sheet structures.
89	18252898	Thus, we examined whether amylin and pancreatic polypeptide are regulated by caloric intake and/or short- and long-term energy deprivation and whether any potential regulation is mediated by changes in leptin levels.
90	18252898	Normalizing leptin levels with r-metHuLeptin did not alter the fasting-induced decrease in amylin and had no effect on pancreatic polypeptide levels.
91	18430365	RhGLP-1 (7-36) stimulates the secretion and expression of amylin, and exerts a beneficial effect on the ratio of amylin to insulin mRNA.
92	18473755	These hormones include long-term adiposity signals, such as leptin, that inform the CNS primarily of changes in the body's overall fat and energy reserves, and short-term signals such as amylin, peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin, that primarily reflect changes in the immediate nutritive state (energy intake).
93	19195555	In addition, cholesterol sequestered amylin aggregates into membrane microdomains that in turn decreased amyloid deposition across the membranes.
94	19203096	We therefore examined the response of peripheral blood CD8 T cells from new-onset T1DM patients and control subjects possessing HLA-A0201 genes to potential CD8 T cell epitopes contained in a panel of peptides derived from proinsulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein and islet amyloid polypeptide, each putatively presented by the HLA class I molecule, HLA-A2.1 (A0201) using a variety of techniques including in vitro culture with peptide, enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay and HLA tetramers.
95	19619327	Novel compounds are represented by the incretin mimetic drugs like glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) agonists (glitazars) and amylin mimetic drugs.
96	19948124	We discuss these newly observed differences between human and rat amylin in solution and their possible relation to aggregation and to the physiological function of amylin binding to the calcitonin receptor.
97	19146426	Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), a 37-amino acid polypeptide hormone of the calcitonin family, is colocalized and cosecreted with insulin in secretory granules of pancreatic islet beta cells.
98	19896952	Our amylin-bound IDE structure offers insight into how the structural constraint from a disulfide bond in amylin can alter IDE cleavage sites.
99	20042670	The islet in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by a deficit in beta cells and islet amyloid derived from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), a protein co-expressed with insulin by beta cells.
100	18370776	Low Hsps make organs vulnerable to injury, impair the stress response, accelerate systemic inflammation, raise islet amyloid polypeptide, and increase insulin resistance.
101	18950899	Abeta was co-localized with amylin in islet amyloid deposits.
102	20649634	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) stimulates beta-cell proliferation and enhances beta-cell survival, whereas oligomerization of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) may induce beta-cell apoptosis and reduce beta-cell mass.
103	20870968	Amylin interacts with leptin to alter metabolism.
104	19834322	This review presents comprehensive and up-to-date information on the mechanism(s) of action, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pleiotropic effects, drug interactions, and adverse effects of the newer antidiabetic drugs, including (1) peroxisome proliferator-activated-receptor-? agonists (thiazolidinediones, pioglitazone, and rosiglitazone); (2) the incretin, glucagon-like peptide-) receptor agonists (incretin-mimetics, exenatide. and liraglutide), (3) inhibitors of dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (incretin enhancers, sitagliptin, and vildagliptin), (4) short-acting, nonsulfonylurea secretagogue, meglitinides (repaglinide and nateglinide), (5) amylin anlog-pramlintide, (6) ?-glucosidase inhibitors (miglitol and voglibose), and (7) colesevelam (a bile acid sequestrant).
105	21357463	Furthermore, metabolic response to amylin was enhanced in the nestin/hRAMP1 mice whereas the response to CGRP was blunted, possibly the result of higher expression of CGRP in the CNS.
106	21218505	the mechanism by which islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) inhibits insulin release is unclear.
107	19456151	Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP or amylin) is a 37-residue peptide hormone associated with glucose metabolism that is cosecreted with insulin by beta-cells in the pancreas.
108	9637677	These mice develop diabetes with age, and we show that IPF1/PDX1 is required for maintaining the beta cell identity by positively regulating insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide expression and by repressing glucagon expression.
109	12145164	By exogenous expression of the PDX-1 gene, IEC-6 cells started expressing multiple beta-cell-specific genes such as amylin, glucokinase, and Nkx6.1, which were not found in the original IEC-6 cells.
110	16921545	However, when hepatocytes were allowed to reaggregate for 4 and 6 days in hydrophobic plates after transduction with NeuroD1, further increases of insulin 2 mRNA were found along with induction of PDX-1, IAPP, NeuroD1, Ngn3, Pax 4, Isl-1, PC1, PC2 and islet glucokinase.
111	21589925	Plasma amylin levels are elevated in individuals with obesity and insulin resistance.
112	21589925	We found that MCP-1 induced amylin expression at transcriptional level and increased proamylin and intermediate forms of amylin at protein level in MIN6 cells and islets.
113	21589925	However, MCP-1 had no effect on the expressions of proinsulin 1 and 2, as well as prohormone convertase (PC) 1/3 and PC2, suggesting that MCP-1 specifically induces amylin expression in ?-cells.
114	21589925	Mechanistic studies showed that although there is no detectable CCR2 mRNA in MIN6 cells and islets, pretreatment of MIN6 cells with pertussis toxin inhibited MCP-1 induced amylin expression, suggesting that alternative Gi-coupled receptor(s) mediates the inductive effect of MCP-1.
115	21589925	Inhibitors for MEK1/2 (PD98059), JNK (SP600125) or AP1 (curcumin) significantly inhibited MCP-1-induced amylin mRNA expression.
116	21589925	MCP-1 failed to induce amylin expression in pancreatic islets isolated from Fos knockout mice.
117	21589925	These results suggest that MCP-1 induces murine amylin expression through AP1 activation mediated by ERK1/2 or JNK.
118	21589925	MCP-1 induces amylin expression through ERK1/2/JNK-AP1 and NF-?B related signaling pathways independent of CCR2.
119	21589925	Amylin upregulation by MCP-1 may contribute to elevation of plasma amylin in obesity and insulin resistance.
120	18763075	In the present study, we investigate effect of amylin on the insulin sensitivity of rat skeletal muscle extensor digitorum longus (EDL) using in vitro intact muscle incubation in combination with metabolic radioactive labeling.
121	18763075	We found that amylin significantly decreased the insulin-stimulated glucose incorporation into glycogen (p < 0.01) and produced a protein spot of approximately 20 ku in size.
122	18763075	It is suggested that protein p20 may be involved in amylin signal transduction and the appearance of ARP1 may be a step in a molecular pathway leading to the development of insulin resistance.
123	20807286	We demonstrate that BChE interacts with amylin through its core domain and efficiently attenuates both amylin fibril and oligomer formation.
124	20807286	Taken together, our results suggest that MetS-associated BChE increases could protect pancreatic ?-cells in vivo by decreasing the formation of toxic amylin oligomers.
125	7983808	To investigate the relationship between human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)/amylin expression and islet amyloid deposits in the pathogenesis of human non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), we generated transgenic mice using a human IAPP cDNA connected to an insulin promoter.
126	21813778	Early aggregates of hIAPP, but not nonamyloidogenic rodent islet amyloid polypeptide, caused release of CCL2 and CXCL1 by islets and induced secretion of TNF-?, IL-1?, IL-1?, CCL2, CCL3, CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL10 by C57BL/6 bone marrow-derived macrophages. hIAPP-induced TNF-? secretion was markedly diminished in MyD88-, but not TLR2- or TLR4-deficient macrophages, and in cells treated with the IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra) anakinra.
127	21939703	In both, IR and T2D, liver G was lower than normal, accompanied by GLUT-2, mRNA and protein, higher and lower, respectively, than in N; amylin normalized G in both groups, without changes in GLUT-2, except for an mRNA increase in T2D.