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Gene Information
Gene symbol: CXCR4
Gene name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4
HGNC ID: 2561
Synonyms: LESTR, NPY3R, HM89, NPYY3R, D2S201E, fusin, HSY3RR, NPYR, CD184
Related Genes
Related Sentences
| # | PMID | Sentence |
| 1 | 9048206 | The discovery of distinct chemokine receptors that support entry of T-cell tropic (CXCR-4) and macrophage tropic HIV-1 strains (CCR-5) explains the differences in cell tropism between viral strains, the inability of HIV-1 to infect most nonprimate cells, and the resistance of a small percentage of the population to HIV-1 infection. |
| 2 | 9658070 | CD8(+) T lymphocytes from immunized animals were able to potently suppress SIV replication in autologous SIV-infected CD4(+) T cells. |
| 3 | 9658070 | Suppression of SIV replication by unstimulated CD8(+) T cells required direct contact and was major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted. |
| 4 | 9658070 | However, CD3-stimulated CD8(+) T cells produced soluble factors that inhibited SIV replication in an MHC-unrestricted fashion as much as 30-fold. |
| 5 | 9658070 | Supernatants from stimulated CD8(+) T cells were also able to inhibit replication of both CCR5- and CXCR4-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains. |
| 6 | 9658070 | Production of RANTES, macrophage inhibitory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), or MIP-1beta from stimulated CD8(+) T cells of vaccinated animals was almost 10-fold higher than that from stimulated CD8(+) T cells of control animals. |
| 7 | 9658070 | Our results indicate that inhibition of SIV replication by CD8(+) T cells from animals immunized with live attenuated SIV strains involves both MHC-restricted and -unrestricted mechanisms and that MHC-unrestricted inhibition of SIV replication is due principally to soluble factors other than RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta. |
| 8 | 9711781 | Maturation of human neonatal CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes into Th1/Th2 effectors. |
| 9 | 9711781 | The activation and maturation of neonatal CD4+ T cells is particularly dependent upon the strength of CD28-mediated cosignal which dictates not only the cytokine profile released upon primary activation but also the response to IL-12. |
| 10 | 9711781 | Activation of adult as well as neonatal CD4+ T cells in the context of low CD28 costimulation yields to the production of low levels of only one cytokine, i.e. |
| 11 | 9711781 | In contrast, strong CD28 costimulation supports the production of high levels of type 1 (IL-2, IFN gamma and TNF beta) and low levels of type 2 (IL-4 and IL-13) cytokines by neonatal T cells. |
| 12 | 9711781 | The low levels of naive T cell-derived IL-4 are sufficient to support their development into high IL-4/IL-5 producers by an autocrine pathway. |
| 13 | 9711781 | The ability of IL-12 to prime neonatal CD4+ T cells for increased production of IL-4 (in addition to IFN gamma) is observed only when CD28 cosignal is minimal. |
| 14 | 9711781 | Unlike CD4+ T cells, neonatal CD8+ T cells strictly require exogenous IL-4 to develop into IL-4/IL-5 producers. |
| 15 | 9711781 | Most importantly, anti-CD3/B7-activated neonatal CD8 T cells coexpress CD4 as well as CCR5 and CXCR4 and are susceptible to HIV-1 infection in vitro. |
| 16 | 9882391 | We have characterized sera from healthy volunteers immunized with a monomeric recombinant gp120 (rgp120) derived from a CCR5/CXCR4 (R5X4)-using subtype B isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type (HIV-1), HIV-1W61D, in comparison to sera from long-term HIV-1-infected individuals, using homologous reagents. |
| 17 | 9882391 | Sera from vaccinees and HIV-1 positive subjects had similar binding titers to native monomeric rgp120W61D and showed a similar titer of antibodies inhibiting the binding of soluble CD4 (sCD4) to rgp120W61D. |
| 18 | 10217580 | The effect of immunization on chemokines and CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptor functions in SIV binding and chemotaxis. |
| 19 | 10217580 | The replication of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in acutely infected CD4+ cells can be inhibited in vitro by CD8-suppressor factors (SF) and beta-chemokines induced by immunization of macaques with SIV gp120 and p27 in Alum. |
| 20 | 10217580 | A comparison between intradermal, naso-rectal-i.m. and targeted iliac lymph node (TILN) routes showed that immunization by the TILN route elicited the most significant increase in CD8-SF and the beta-chemokines RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta. |
| 21 | 10217580 | Furthermore, CD8-SF and the concentrations of RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta increased with secondary immunizations, suggesting that memory CD8+ cells are involved. |
| 22 | 10217580 | Treatment of CD8+ cell culture supernatant with antibodies to RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta neutralized the CD8-SF activity, indicating that blocking the CCR5 by these ligands played an important part in the CD8-SF activity elicited by TILN immunization. |
| 23 | 10221916 | Distinct pathogenic sequela in rhesus macaques infected with CCR5 or CXCR4 utilizing SHIVs. |
| 24 | 10470076 | Within 1 month of allo-immunization, there was significant upregulation in the concentrations of CD8 cell-derived suppressor factor activity, RANTES, and macrophage inflammatory proteins 1alpha and 1beta. |
| 25 | 10470076 | Allo-immunization also downregulated the proportion of cells with CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors. |
| 26 | 10486153 | They expressed a set of DC-associated markers, such as MHC class II, CD1a, CD4, CD11a, CD40, CD58, CD80, CD83, CD86, and CXCR4. |
| 27 | 10559349 | Although infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) typically requires an interaction between the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), CD4, and a chemokine receptor, CD4-independent isolates of HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus have been described. |
| 28 | 10559349 | We have derived a variant of HIV-1/IIIB, termed IIIBx, that acquired the ability to utilize CXCR4 without CD4. |
| 29 | 10559349 | This virus infected CD4-negative T and B cells and fused with murine 3T3 cells that expressed human CXCR4 alone. |
| 30 | 10559349 | Remarkably, when the V3 loop of a CCR5-tropic Env was substituted for the IIIBx Env, the resulting chimera was found to utilize CCR5 but remained CD4 independent. |
| 31 | 10559349 | Although infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) typically requires an interaction between the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), CD4, and a chemokine receptor, CD4-independent isolates of HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus have been described. |
| 32 | 10559349 | We have derived a variant of HIV-1/IIIB, termed IIIBx, that acquired the ability to utilize CXCR4 without CD4. |
| 33 | 10559349 | This virus infected CD4-negative T and B cells and fused with murine 3T3 cells that expressed human CXCR4 alone. |
| 34 | 10559349 | Remarkably, when the V3 loop of a CCR5-tropic Env was substituted for the IIIBx Env, the resulting chimera was found to utilize CCR5 but remained CD4 independent. |
| 35 | 10603312 | Antibodies to the bivalent vaccine formulation neutralized viruses possessing diverse phenotypes, including syncytia-inducing and non-syncytia-inducing primary isolates, viruses using either the CCR5 or the CXCR4 chemokine receptors, and viruses differing in their sensitivity to soluble CD4. |
| 36 | 10631078 | Previous studies demonstrated that the L. chagasi antigen LCR1 stimulates IFN-gamma production from T cells of infected BALB/c mice, and immunization with recombinant LCR1 partially protects against L. chagasi infection. |
| 37 | 10631078 | Splenocytes from mice immunized s.c. with either BCG-LCR1 or BCG-pMV261 and then infected with L. chagasi promastigotes had increased antigen-induced IFN-gamma and reduced IL-10 production compared to splenocytes of control mice. |
| 38 | 10725402 | Immune animals had significantly attenuated disease with lowered viral RNA, interferon-alpha, and chemokine receptor expression (CXCR4 and CCR5) on CD4(+) T cells; these features of infection have been linked to in vitro effects of Tat and respond similarly to extracellular Tat protein produced during infection. |
| 39 | 10774806 | CXCR4 and CCR5 expression on CD4+ T cells in vivo and HIV-1 antigen beta-chemokine production in vitro after treatment with HIV-1 immunogen (REMUNE). |
| 40 | 10775586 | This study demonstrates that (i) supernatants from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with influenza A virus inhibit replication of CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 isolates prior to reverse transcription; (ii) the HIV-suppressive supernatants can be generated by CD4- or CD8-depleted PBMC; (iii) this anti-HIV activity is partially due to alpha interferon (IFN-alpha), but not to IFN-gamma, IFN-beta, the beta-chemokines MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES, or interleukin-16; (iv) the anti-HIV activity is generated equally well by PBMC cultured with either infectious or UV-inactivated influenza A virus; and (v) the antiviral activity can be generated by influenza A-stimulated PBMC from HIV-infected individuals. |
| 41 | 10775586 | These findings represent a novel mechanism for inhibition of HIV-1 replication that differs from the previously described CD8 anti-HIV factors (MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, RANTES, and CD8 antiviral factor). |
| 42 | 10841574 | While exploring the biological mechanisms behind this natural protection, we found that a significant proportion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from HIV-2-infected subjects resisted in vitro challenge with CCR5-dependent HIV-1 viruses but not CXCR4-dependent viruses. |
| 43 | 10942783 | Several mutant genes in HIV co-receptors (e.g., CCR5, CCR2 and CXCR4) have been correlated with susceptibility to HIV or/and rate of progression to AIDS. |
| 44 | 11044111 | The analysis revealed that there are fewer immunotypes than genotypes of HIV and that clustering of the isolates did not correlate with either genotypes, coreceptor usage (CCR5 and CXCR4), or geographic origin of the isolates. |
| 45 | 11333875 | We also tested this clone for its ability to use the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2b, CCR3, CXCR4, and CCR5 and found that the clone utilizes only CCR5 as the coreceptor for cell entry. |
| 46 | 11478800 | Evidence as a HIV-1 self-defense vaccine of cyclic chimeric dodecapeptide warped from undecapeptidyl arch of extracellular loop 2 in both CCR5 and CXCR4. |
| 47 | 11478800 | Novel conformation-specific antibodies were raised against a cyclic chimeric dodecapeptidyl multiple antigen peptide (cCD-MAP) constructed with a spacer-armed Gly-Asp dipeptide and two pentapeptides (S(169)-Q(170)-K(171)-E(172)-G(173) of CCR5 and E(179)-A(180)-D(181)-D(182)-R(183) of CXCR4) which are components of the undecapeptidyl arch (UPA: from R(168) to C(178) in CCR5, from N(176) to C(186) in CXCR4) of extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) in chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4). |
| 48 | 11478800 | The antibody reacted with the cells separately expressing CCR5 or CXCR4, but not with those not expressing the coreceptors. |
| 49 | 11478800 | Moreover, the antibody markedly suppressed infection by X4, R5, or R5X4 virus in a dose-dependent manner in a new phenotypic assay for drug susceptibility of HIV-1 using CCR5-expressing Hela/CD4(+) cell clone 1-10 (MAGIC-5). |
| 50 | 11478800 | Evidence as a HIV-1 self-defense vaccine of cyclic chimeric dodecapeptide warped from undecapeptidyl arch of extracellular loop 2 in both CCR5 and CXCR4. |
| 51 | 11478800 | Novel conformation-specific antibodies were raised against a cyclic chimeric dodecapeptidyl multiple antigen peptide (cCD-MAP) constructed with a spacer-armed Gly-Asp dipeptide and two pentapeptides (S(169)-Q(170)-K(171)-E(172)-G(173) of CCR5 and E(179)-A(180)-D(181)-D(182)-R(183) of CXCR4) which are components of the undecapeptidyl arch (UPA: from R(168) to C(178) in CCR5, from N(176) to C(186) in CXCR4) of extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) in chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4). |
| 52 | 11478800 | The antibody reacted with the cells separately expressing CCR5 or CXCR4, but not with those not expressing the coreceptors. |
| 53 | 11478800 | Moreover, the antibody markedly suppressed infection by X4, R5, or R5X4 virus in a dose-dependent manner in a new phenotypic assay for drug susceptibility of HIV-1 using CCR5-expressing Hela/CD4(+) cell clone 1-10 (MAGIC-5). |
| 54 | 11478800 | Evidence as a HIV-1 self-defense vaccine of cyclic chimeric dodecapeptide warped from undecapeptidyl arch of extracellular loop 2 in both CCR5 and CXCR4. |
| 55 | 11478800 | Novel conformation-specific antibodies were raised against a cyclic chimeric dodecapeptidyl multiple antigen peptide (cCD-MAP) constructed with a spacer-armed Gly-Asp dipeptide and two pentapeptides (S(169)-Q(170)-K(171)-E(172)-G(173) of CCR5 and E(179)-A(180)-D(181)-D(182)-R(183) of CXCR4) which are components of the undecapeptidyl arch (UPA: from R(168) to C(178) in CCR5, from N(176) to C(186) in CXCR4) of extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) in chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4). |
| 56 | 11478800 | The antibody reacted with the cells separately expressing CCR5 or CXCR4, but not with those not expressing the coreceptors. |
| 57 | 11478800 | Moreover, the antibody markedly suppressed infection by X4, R5, or R5X4 virus in a dose-dependent manner in a new phenotypic assay for drug susceptibility of HIV-1 using CCR5-expressing Hela/CD4(+) cell clone 1-10 (MAGIC-5). |
| 58 | 11559423 | Continuous cultures of 18 isolates were established in the CCR5+/CXCR4+ cell line PM-1, and SI/NSI features of these viruses were confirmed by cell fusion assay with uninfected CD4+ T cell lines (PM-1, MT-2, H9, and SUP-T1). |
| 59 | 11559423 | The coreceptor usage of 18 isolates was investigated by infecting U87 cells transfected with CD4 and chemokine receptors, and we found that 11 isolates infected only CCR5+ cells, 3 only CXCR4+ cells, whereas 4 used both coreceptors. |
| 60 | 11559423 | Continuous cultures of 18 isolates were established in the CCR5+/CXCR4+ cell line PM-1, and SI/NSI features of these viruses were confirmed by cell fusion assay with uninfected CD4+ T cell lines (PM-1, MT-2, H9, and SUP-T1). |
| 61 | 11559423 | The coreceptor usage of 18 isolates was investigated by infecting U87 cells transfected with CD4 and chemokine receptors, and we found that 11 isolates infected only CCR5+ cells, 3 only CXCR4+ cells, whereas 4 used both coreceptors. |
| 62 | 11602749 | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) fusion and entry involves sequential interactions between the viral envelope protein, gp120, cell surface CD4, and a G-protein-coupled coreceptor. |
| 63 | 11602749 | In this study, we examined the disposition of these features during the fusion of HeLa cells expressing either HIV(HXB2) envelope (Env cells) or CXCR4 and CD4 (target cells). |
| 64 | 11602749 | Analyses of cells arrested by cooling to 4( degrees )C revealed that antibodies against the CD4-induced coreceptor-binding domain, i.e., 17b, 48d, and CG10, faintly react with Env cells even in the absence of target cell or soluble CD4 (sCD4) interactions. |
| 65 | 11739668 | Infection was inhibited by SDF-1 on cells expressing CD4 and CXCR4 for both viruses, whereas RANTES abolished infection of cells expressing CCR5 in addition to CD4 in studies of the RV expressing HIV-1(89.6) Env. |
| 66 | 11788023 | All six pseudoviruses were infectious and exhibited expected coreceptor usage phenotype in HOS-CD4 cells expressing either CCR5 or CXCR4. |
| 67 | 11877292 | The results show that a variety of differentiation molecules, proteins involved in the control of apoptosis, the B-cell transcription factors, positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1/B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 and B cell-specific activating protein and, at least partially, the chemokine receptor CXCR4 were expressed by human PCs following a gradient of increasing maturity in the direction: tonsil-->blood-->BM. |
| 68 | 11902830 | Mature DCs expressed significantly heightened levels of their antigen-presenting machinery (e.g., CD54, CD80, CD86) and numerous cytokines and chemokines/chemokine receptors (i.e., Flt-3L, G-CSF, IL-1alpha and -1beta, IL-6, IL-12, CCL-2, -3, -4, -5, -17, and -22, MIP-2, and CCR7) and were significantly better at inducing effector T cell responses in vitro. |
| 69 | 11902830 | Nevertheless, intermediate-maturity DCs expressed substantial levels of Flt-3L, IGF-1, IL-1alpha and -1beta, IL-6, CCL-2, -3, -4, -9/10, -17, and -22, MIP-2, osteopontin, CCR-1, -2, -5, and -7, and CXCR-4. |
| 70 | 11983255 | An increasing body of evidence supports the concept that the level of CCR5-binding chemokines (i.e., RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta) measured in vivo or ex vivo can provide an accurate correlate of natural or vaccine-induced protection from primate immunodeficiency viruses. |
| 71 | 11983255 | Chemokines that bind the major HIV coreceptors (i.e., CCR5 and CXCR4) are potent natural inhibitors of HIV, although a potential limitation to their therapeutic use is the risk of inducing inflammatory side-effects or of interfering with the physiology of the homeostatic chemokine system. |
| 72 | 12072535 | By contrast, these viruses are unchanged in their sensitivities to soluble CD4, the CXCR4 coreceptor ligand SDF-1alpha, and human anti-HIV immunoglobulin, reagents that impact the initial, receptor-induced conformational changes in the envelope glycoprotein. |
| 73 | 12120995 | Some retroviruses such as HIV-1 and HIV-2 utilize one receptor for high-affinity binding (CD4), and a separate coreceptor to mediate fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane (CCR5 or CXCR4). |
| 74 | 12324710 | We found that different strains of HIV have different ability to infect thymic epithelial cells; the ability to infect thymic epithelial cells may not be directly related to CCR5/CXCR4 usage. |
| 75 | 12414953 | Here we examined the disposition and antigenic nature of these structures during the HIV-mediated fusion of HeLa cells expressing either HIV(HXB2) envelope (Env cells) or CXCR4 and CD4 (target cells). |
| 76 | 12462149 | Subsequent interaction of the envelope protein (Env) with the CD4 receptor causes conformational changes that enable Env to interact with a coreceptor, generally the chemokine receptors CCR5 or CXCR4. |
| 77 | 12462390 | The differential usage of the two major HIV coreceptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, determines the biological diversity among HIV variants. |
| 78 | 12462390 | Most primary HIV strains use CCR5 as a coreceptor and thereby are sensitive to inhibition by the CCR5-ligand chemokines, RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta. |
| 79 | 12462390 | A smaller proportion of HIV isolates, commonly emerging in concomitance with the clinical progression toward AIDS, uses CXCR4 as a coreceptor and is inhibited by the CXCR4 ligand, SDF-1. |
| 80 | 12462390 | The high level of expresion of SDF-1 in the genital mucosa may help to explain the inefficient transmission of CXCR4-tropic HIV. |
| 81 | 12462390 | The differential usage of the two major HIV coreceptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, determines the biological diversity among HIV variants. |
| 82 | 12462390 | Most primary HIV strains use CCR5 as a coreceptor and thereby are sensitive to inhibition by the CCR5-ligand chemokines, RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta. |
| 83 | 12462390 | A smaller proportion of HIV isolates, commonly emerging in concomitance with the clinical progression toward AIDS, uses CXCR4 as a coreceptor and is inhibited by the CXCR4 ligand, SDF-1. |
| 84 | 12462390 | The high level of expresion of SDF-1 in the genital mucosa may help to explain the inefficient transmission of CXCR4-tropic HIV. |
| 85 | 12462390 | The differential usage of the two major HIV coreceptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, determines the biological diversity among HIV variants. |
| 86 | 12462390 | Most primary HIV strains use CCR5 as a coreceptor and thereby are sensitive to inhibition by the CCR5-ligand chemokines, RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta. |
| 87 | 12462390 | A smaller proportion of HIV isolates, commonly emerging in concomitance with the clinical progression toward AIDS, uses CXCR4 as a coreceptor and is inhibited by the CXCR4 ligand, SDF-1. |
| 88 | 12462390 | The high level of expresion of SDF-1 in the genital mucosa may help to explain the inefficient transmission of CXCR4-tropic HIV. |
| 89 | 12504566 | His PBMC resisted superinfection with CCR5, CXCR4, and dual-tropic HIV-1 strains, although highly purified CD4+ T cells supported infection, but without any visible cytopathic effect. |
| 90 | 12504566 | This activity was not mediated by several known chemokines or IFN-gamma, which were produced at high levels after PHA activation of his CD8+ T cells, indicating the action of other CAF-like CD8 factors. |
| 91 | 12504566 | Immunological mechanisms associated with this antiviral suppressive activity included vigorous Gag-specific helper T cell proliferative responses and high-level IFN-gamma release by both CD4 and CD8 T cells. |
| 92 | 12547594 | The results show that although cAMP does not stimulate full maturation of DCs it induces upregulation of the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7. |
| 93 | 12799035 | The expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR-4 and CCR-7 remained unaltered during cryopreservation and the migratory responsiveness towards MIP-3beta was unaltered as measured in a migration assay. |
| 94 | 12879309 | Polymorphism of human and primate RANTES, CX3CR1, CCR2 and CXCR4 genes with regard to HIV/SIV infection. |
| 95 | 12879309 | We have studied in non-human primates (chimpanzee, gorilla, gibbon, orang-utan, crab-eating and rhesus macaque, baboon and marmoset) the RANTES, CCR2 and CX3CR1 gene sequences in regions surrounding human mutations that were associated with susceptibility to HIV or AIDS progression: RANTES G-403A and C-28G, CCR2 V64I, CX3CR1 V249I and CX3CR1 T280M. |
| 96 | 12960227 | Surprisingly, lamina propria lymphocytes, not macrophages, express CCR5 and CXCR4 and support HIV-1 replication, implicating intestinal lymphocytes as the initial target cell in the intestinal mucosa. |
| 97 | 12960237 | Therapeutic agents that interfere with the binding of the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the CD4 receptor (e.g., PRO 542, PRO 2000, and CV-N) or the coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 (e.g., SCH-C and AMD3100) are briefly outlined in this review. |
| 98 | 12963814 | CD8+ T cell-mediated CXC chemokine receptor 4-simian/human immunodeficiency virus suppression in dually infected rhesus macaques. |
| 99 | 12963814 | We coinfected rhesus macaques with CXC chemokine receptor 4- and CC chemokine receptor 5-specific simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) to elucidate the basis for the early dominance of R5-tropic strains seen in HIV-infected humans. |
| 100 | 12963814 | CD8+ T cell-mediated CXC chemokine receptor 4-simian/human immunodeficiency virus suppression in dually infected rhesus macaques. |
| 101 | 12963814 | We coinfected rhesus macaques with CXC chemokine receptor 4- and CC chemokine receptor 5-specific simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) to elucidate the basis for the early dominance of R5-tropic strains seen in HIV-infected humans. |
| 102 | 12969546 | CD1a and CD1c cell sorting yields a homogeneous population of immature human Langerhans cells. |
| 103 | 12969546 | CD1c selection yielded a homogeneous population of pure and viable HLA-DR(+)/CD1a(+) DCs, with the ultrastructural features, surface antigen expression and cytokine profile, characteristic of epidermis-resident immature LCs. |
| 104 | 12969546 | Characterizing the cells in more detail, we could demonstrate for the first time that normal human LCs express CXCR4, CD40 ligand (CD40L), and Fas and Fas ligand (FasL). |
| 105 | 12969546 | LPS and IFN-omega stimulated the expression of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, and there was secretion of IL-12p70 after CD40 ligation. |
| 106 | 14505910 | Purified complexes of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins with CD4 and CCR5(CXCR4): production, characterization and immunogenicity. |
| 107 | 14505910 | To begin to evaluate their potential also as vaccine immunogens we produced relatively large amounts of complexes of purified recombinant soluble truncated Env, gp140(89.6) or gp120(89.6), with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4. |
| 108 | 14505910 | We found that gp140(gp120)-CD4-CCR5 complexes are stable and immunogenic in mice transgenic for human CD4 and CCR5. |
| 109 | 14505910 | Purified complexes of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins with CD4 and CCR5(CXCR4): production, characterization and immunogenicity. |
| 110 | 14505910 | To begin to evaluate their potential also as vaccine immunogens we produced relatively large amounts of complexes of purified recombinant soluble truncated Env, gp140(89.6) or gp120(89.6), with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4. |
| 111 | 14505910 | We found that gp140(gp120)-CD4-CCR5 complexes are stable and immunogenic in mice transgenic for human CD4 and CCR5. |
| 112 | 14579278 | Mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with kappaL chains were targeted to various chemokine receptors expressed on human monocytes or immature dendritic cells (DC), and proliferation of cloned human, DR4-restricted CD4+ T cells specific for mouse Ckappa(40-48) was measured. |
| 113 | 14579278 | When using monocytes as antigen-presenting cells, mAb specific for CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR4 were 100-10,000-fold more efficient at inducing T cell proliferation when compared to isotype-matched control mAb on a per molecule basis. |
| 114 | 14581570 | Nine Envs used CCR5 as a coreceptor, one used CXCR4, and two used both CCR5 and CXCR4 in cell-to-cell fusion assays. |
| 115 | 14581570 | Eight Envs could also use CCR3, CCR8, GPR15, STRL33, Apj, and/or GPR1, but these coreceptors did not play a major role in virus entry into microglia. |
| 116 | 14592822 | Here, we report that Hsp70-like protein 1 (Hsp70L1), a novel HSP derived from human dendritic cells (DCs), has potent adjuvant effects that polarize responses toward Th1. |
| 117 | 14592822 | With a calculated molecular weight of 54.8 kDa, Hsp70L1 is smaller in size than Hsp70 but resembles it both structurally and functionally. |
| 118 | 14592822 | Hsp70L1 shares common receptors on DCs with Hsp70 and can interact with DCs, promoting DC maturation and stimulating secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 12p70 (IL-12p70), IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and the chemokines IP-10, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta, and normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). |
| 119 | 14592822 | The induction of interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) secretion by Hsp70L1 is not shared by Hsp70, and other functional differences include more potent stimulation of DC IL-12p70, CC-chemokine, and CCR7 and CXCR4 expression by Hsp70L1. |
| 120 | 14657379 | Here, we show that soluble suppressive factors are produced against CXCR4 and CCR5 isolates of HIV-1 during the primary immune response of human CD4+ T cells. |
| 121 | 14657379 | One anti-CXCR4 factor is macrophage-derived chemokine (chemokine ligand 22, CCL22), and anti-CCR5 factors include macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (CCL3), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (CCL4), and RANTES (regulated upon activation of normal T cells expressed and secreted) (CCL5). |
| 122 | 14657379 | Intracellular staining confirms that CD3+CD4+ T cells are the source of the prototype HIV-1-inhibiting chemokines CCL22 and CCL4. |
| 123 | 15117454 | Effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptor expression on CD4 T lymphocyte subsets in infants and adolescents. |
| 124 | 15117454 | HIV-1 infection alters expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 on CD4 T cells in adults, although an effect by virus on expression of coreceptor genes in pediatric subjects is unknown. |
| 125 | 15117454 | We designed an exploratory study to evaluate surface expression of CXCR4 and CCR5 on CD45RA and CD45RO subsets of CD4 T lymphocytes from 17 HIV-1-infected infants and adolescents and 16 healthy age-matched individuals. |
| 126 | 15117454 | Among infected adolescents, CCR5 and CXCR4 expression was significantly increased on CD4 CD45RO T cells, while CXCR4 was diminished in the CD4 CD45RA subset. |
| 127 | 15117454 | The CD45RA CD45RO subset in culture expressed high levels of CD4, CXCR4, and CD69, an early activation marker, and was highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection and replication. |
| 128 | 15117454 | Effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptor expression on CD4 T lymphocyte subsets in infants and adolescents. |
| 129 | 15117454 | HIV-1 infection alters expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 on CD4 T cells in adults, although an effect by virus on expression of coreceptor genes in pediatric subjects is unknown. |
| 130 | 15117454 | We designed an exploratory study to evaluate surface expression of CXCR4 and CCR5 on CD45RA and CD45RO subsets of CD4 T lymphocytes from 17 HIV-1-infected infants and adolescents and 16 healthy age-matched individuals. |
| 131 | 15117454 | Among infected adolescents, CCR5 and CXCR4 expression was significantly increased on CD4 CD45RO T cells, while CXCR4 was diminished in the CD4 CD45RA subset. |
| 132 | 15117454 | The CD45RA CD45RO subset in culture expressed high levels of CD4, CXCR4, and CD69, an early activation marker, and was highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection and replication. |
| 133 | 15117454 | Effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptor expression on CD4 T lymphocyte subsets in infants and adolescents. |
| 134 | 15117454 | HIV-1 infection alters expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 on CD4 T cells in adults, although an effect by virus on expression of coreceptor genes in pediatric subjects is unknown. |
| 135 | 15117454 | We designed an exploratory study to evaluate surface expression of CXCR4 and CCR5 on CD45RA and CD45RO subsets of CD4 T lymphocytes from 17 HIV-1-infected infants and adolescents and 16 healthy age-matched individuals. |
| 136 | 15117454 | Among infected adolescents, CCR5 and CXCR4 expression was significantly increased on CD4 CD45RO T cells, while CXCR4 was diminished in the CD4 CD45RA subset. |
| 137 | 15117454 | The CD45RA CD45RO subset in culture expressed high levels of CD4, CXCR4, and CD69, an early activation marker, and was highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection and replication. |
| 138 | 15117454 | Effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptor expression on CD4 T lymphocyte subsets in infants and adolescents. |
| 139 | 15117454 | HIV-1 infection alters expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 on CD4 T cells in adults, although an effect by virus on expression of coreceptor genes in pediatric subjects is unknown. |
| 140 | 15117454 | We designed an exploratory study to evaluate surface expression of CXCR4 and CCR5 on CD45RA and CD45RO subsets of CD4 T lymphocytes from 17 HIV-1-infected infants and adolescents and 16 healthy age-matched individuals. |
| 141 | 15117454 | Among infected adolescents, CCR5 and CXCR4 expression was significantly increased on CD4 CD45RO T cells, while CXCR4 was diminished in the CD4 CD45RA subset. |
| 142 | 15117454 | The CD45RA CD45RO subset in culture expressed high levels of CD4, CXCR4, and CD69, an early activation marker, and was highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection and replication. |
| 143 | 15117454 | Effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptor expression on CD4 T lymphocyte subsets in infants and adolescents. |
| 144 | 15117454 | HIV-1 infection alters expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 on CD4 T cells in adults, although an effect by virus on expression of coreceptor genes in pediatric subjects is unknown. |
| 145 | 15117454 | We designed an exploratory study to evaluate surface expression of CXCR4 and CCR5 on CD45RA and CD45RO subsets of CD4 T lymphocytes from 17 HIV-1-infected infants and adolescents and 16 healthy age-matched individuals. |
| 146 | 15117454 | Among infected adolescents, CCR5 and CXCR4 expression was significantly increased on CD4 CD45RO T cells, while CXCR4 was diminished in the CD4 CD45RA subset. |
| 147 | 15117454 | The CD45RA CD45RO subset in culture expressed high levels of CD4, CXCR4, and CD69, an early activation marker, and was highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection and replication. |
| 148 | 15161081 | A, B, D, F and O clade gp 140s were found to be multimeric, bind to a panel of defined env-specific monoclonal antibodies and interact with CD4 and CXCR4, demonstrating correct folding. |
| 149 | 15161081 | The binding of gp140 to soluble and cell-surface CD4 and CXCR4 is related to the degree of oligomerisation. |
| 150 | 15161081 | A, B, D, F and O clade gp 140s were found to be multimeric, bind to a panel of defined env-specific monoclonal antibodies and interact with CD4 and CXCR4, demonstrating correct folding. |
| 151 | 15161081 | The binding of gp140 to soluble and cell-surface CD4 and CXCR4 is related to the degree of oligomerisation. |
| 152 | 15297611 | By using small-molecule competitors specific for CCR5 and CXCR4 in ex vivo assays, we found that highly pathogenic SHIV(DH12R) exclusively uses CXCR4 for infection of rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells, whereas SIV(mac239) and SIV(smE543) use CCR5 for entry into the same cells. |
| 153 | 15297611 | During the period of peak virus production in SHIV(DH12R)- or SHIV(89.6P)-infected rhesus monkeys, massive elimination of CXCR4(+) naïve CD4(+) T cells occurred. |
| 154 | 15297611 | In contrast, circulating CCR5(+) memory CD4(+) T cells were selectively depleted in rapidly progressing SIV-infected monkeys. |
| 155 | 15297611 | By using small-molecule competitors specific for CCR5 and CXCR4 in ex vivo assays, we found that highly pathogenic SHIV(DH12R) exclusively uses CXCR4 for infection of rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells, whereas SIV(mac239) and SIV(smE543) use CCR5 for entry into the same cells. |
| 156 | 15297611 | During the period of peak virus production in SHIV(DH12R)- or SHIV(89.6P)-infected rhesus monkeys, massive elimination of CXCR4(+) naïve CD4(+) T cells occurred. |
| 157 | 15297611 | In contrast, circulating CCR5(+) memory CD4(+) T cells were selectively depleted in rapidly progressing SIV-infected monkeys. |
| 158 | 15479838 | Although CXCR4-tropic virus is more cytopathic for T cells, CCR5-tropic strains are transmitted more frequently in humans for reasons that are not understood. |
| 159 | 15479838 | Infected immature mDCs differentiated normally and were found to enhance CCR5-tropic but not CXCR4-tropic virus infection of T cells even in the continuous presence of neutralizing antibodies. |
| 160 | 15479838 | Although CXCR4-tropic virus is more cytopathic for T cells, CCR5-tropic strains are transmitted more frequently in humans for reasons that are not understood. |
| 161 | 15479838 | Infected immature mDCs differentiated normally and were found to enhance CCR5-tropic but not CXCR4-tropic virus infection of T cells even in the continuous presence of neutralizing antibodies. |
| 162 | 15507523 | On days 6 and 7 after immunization, CD19(+)/CD27(high)/intracellular immunoglobulin G(high) (IgG(high))/HLA-DR(high)/CD38(high)/CD20(-)/CD95(+) tetanus toxin-specific antibody-secreting plasma blasts were released in large numbers from the secondary lymphoid organs into the blood. |
| 163 | 15507523 | These cells show chemotactic responsiveness toward ligands for CXCR3 and CXCR4, probably guiding them to the bone marrow or inflamed tissue. |
| 164 | 15507523 | At the same time, a population of CD19(+)/CD27(high)/intracellular IgG(high)/HLA-DR(low)/CD38(+)/CD20(-)/CD95(+) cells appeared in the blood in large numbers. |
| 165 | 15725757 | Thus the sequence of V3, directly or indirectly, can determine which coreceptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) is used to trigger the fusion potential of the Env complex, and hence which cells the virus can infect. |
| 166 | 15857994 | Syncytium formation in MT-2 cells and CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptor usage were determined for all isolates. |
| 167 | 16114988 | J558 cells gave rise to a 100% tumor incidence, whereas SDF-1-expressing J558/SDF-1 tumors invariably regressed in BALB/c mice and became infiltrated with CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. |
| 168 | 16114988 | Regression of the J558/SDF-1 tumors was dependent on both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells. |
| 169 | 16114988 | Our data also indicate that TIT cells containing both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells within J558/SDF-1 tumors express the SDF-1 receptor CXCR4, and that SDF-1 specifically chemoattracts these cells in vitro. |
| 170 | 16114988 | Furthermore, immunization of mice with engineered J558/SDF-1 cells elicited the most potent protective immunity against 0.5 x 10(6) cells J558 tumor challenge in vivo, compared to immunization with the J558 alone, and this antitumor immunity mediated by J558/SDF-1 tumor cell vaccination in vivo appeared to be dependent on CD8(+) CTL. |
| 171 | 16248793 | HIV-1 cell entry is mediated by sequential interactions of the envelope protein gp120 with the receptor CD4 and a coreceptor, usually CCR5 or CXCR4, depending on the individual virion. |
| 172 | 16272569 | A cyclic chimeric dodecapeptide (cCD) mimicking the conformation-specific domains of CCR5 and CXCR4 was prepared in which Gly-Asp links the amino and carboxyl termini of two combined pentapeptides (S169-G173 of CCR5; E179-R183 of CXCR4) derived from human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) coreceptors. |
| 173 | 16272569 | The immunization of Balb/c mice with cCD conjugated with a multiple-antigen peptide (cCD-MAP) induced seven cCD-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, CPMAb-I to -VII) that reacted with native CCR5 and CXCR4. |
| 174 | 16272569 | A cyclic chimeric dodecapeptide (cCD) mimicking the conformation-specific domains of CCR5 and CXCR4 was prepared in which Gly-Asp links the amino and carboxyl termini of two combined pentapeptides (S169-G173 of CCR5; E179-R183 of CXCR4) derived from human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) coreceptors. |
| 175 | 16272569 | The immunization of Balb/c mice with cCD conjugated with a multiple-antigen peptide (cCD-MAP) induced seven cCD-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, CPMAb-I to -VII) that reacted with native CCR5 and CXCR4. |
| 176 | 16280169 | Plasmablasts but not mature plasma cells are attracted by the ligands for the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR3. |
| 177 | 16280169 | While CXCR4 and its cognate ligand is important for plasma cell homing to the bone marrow, CXCR3 and its ligand IP10 are likely to be involved in attracting them to inflamed tissue. |
| 178 | 16280169 | Plasmablasts but not mature plasma cells are attracted by the ligands for the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR3. |
| 179 | 16280169 | While CXCR4 and its cognate ligand is important for plasma cell homing to the bone marrow, CXCR3 and its ligand IP10 are likely to be involved in attracting them to inflamed tissue. |
| 180 | 16387698 | Therefore, fruit juices were screened for inhibitory activity against HIV-1 IIIB using CD4 and CXCR4 as cell receptors. |
| 181 | 16387698 | The best juice was tested for inhibition of: (1) infection by HIV-1 BaL, utilizing CCR5 as the cellular coreceptor, and (2) binding of gp120 IIIB and gp120 BaL, respectively, to CXCR4 and CCR5. |
| 182 | 16387698 | The resulting complex blocks virus binding to CD4 and CXCR4/CCR5 and inhibits infection by primary virus clades A to G and group O. |
| 183 | 16387698 | Therefore, fruit juices were screened for inhibitory activity against HIV-1 IIIB using CD4 and CXCR4 as cell receptors. |
| 184 | 16387698 | The best juice was tested for inhibition of: (1) infection by HIV-1 BaL, utilizing CCR5 as the cellular coreceptor, and (2) binding of gp120 IIIB and gp120 BaL, respectively, to CXCR4 and CCR5. |
| 185 | 16387698 | The resulting complex blocks virus binding to CD4 and CXCR4/CCR5 and inhibits infection by primary virus clades A to G and group O. |
| 186 | 16387698 | Therefore, fruit juices were screened for inhibitory activity against HIV-1 IIIB using CD4 and CXCR4 as cell receptors. |
| 187 | 16387698 | The best juice was tested for inhibition of: (1) infection by HIV-1 BaL, utilizing CCR5 as the cellular coreceptor, and (2) binding of gp120 IIIB and gp120 BaL, respectively, to CXCR4 and CCR5. |
| 188 | 16387698 | The resulting complex blocks virus binding to CD4 and CXCR4/CCR5 and inhibits infection by primary virus clades A to G and group O. |
| 189 | 16437164 | To initiate infection, the HIV-1 external envelope glycoprotein, gp120, sequentially interacts with two cellular receptors, CD4 and a chemokine receptor (or coreceptor) like CCR5 or CXCR4. |
| 190 | 16437164 | The differential use of CCR5 and CXCR4 defines three HIV-1 biological variants (R5, R5X4, X4), which vary in their prevalence during the disease course. |
| 191 | 16437164 | To initiate infection, the HIV-1 external envelope glycoprotein, gp120, sequentially interacts with two cellular receptors, CD4 and a chemokine receptor (or coreceptor) like CCR5 or CXCR4. |
| 192 | 16437164 | The differential use of CCR5 and CXCR4 defines three HIV-1 biological variants (R5, R5X4, X4), which vary in their prevalence during the disease course. |
| 193 | 16493048 | It has been demonstrated that T cells are repelled by high concentrations of the chemokine CXCL12 via a concentration-dependent and CXCR4 receptor-mediated mechanism, termed chemorepulsion or fugetaxis. |
| 194 | 16493048 | Early recruitment of adoptively transferred OVA-specific CTL into B16/OVA tumors expressing high levels of CXCL12 was significantly reduced in comparison to B16/OVA tumors, and this reduction was reversed when tumor-specific CTLs were pretreated with the specific CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100. |
| 195 | 16493048 | Expression of high levels of CXCL12 by B16/OVA cells significantly reduced CTL colocalization with and killing of target cells in vitro in a CXCR4-dependent manner. |
| 196 | 16493048 | It has been demonstrated that T cells are repelled by high concentrations of the chemokine CXCL12 via a concentration-dependent and CXCR4 receptor-mediated mechanism, termed chemorepulsion or fugetaxis. |
| 197 | 16493048 | Early recruitment of adoptively transferred OVA-specific CTL into B16/OVA tumors expressing high levels of CXCL12 was significantly reduced in comparison to B16/OVA tumors, and this reduction was reversed when tumor-specific CTLs were pretreated with the specific CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100. |
| 198 | 16493048 | Expression of high levels of CXCL12 by B16/OVA cells significantly reduced CTL colocalization with and killing of target cells in vitro in a CXCR4-dependent manner. |
| 199 | 16493048 | It has been demonstrated that T cells are repelled by high concentrations of the chemokine CXCL12 via a concentration-dependent and CXCR4 receptor-mediated mechanism, termed chemorepulsion or fugetaxis. |
| 200 | 16493048 | Early recruitment of adoptively transferred OVA-specific CTL into B16/OVA tumors expressing high levels of CXCL12 was significantly reduced in comparison to B16/OVA tumors, and this reduction was reversed when tumor-specific CTLs were pretreated with the specific CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100. |
| 201 | 16493048 | Expression of high levels of CXCL12 by B16/OVA cells significantly reduced CTL colocalization with and killing of target cells in vitro in a CXCR4-dependent manner. |
| 202 | 16500130 | Dendritic cells express CCR7 and migrate in response to CCL19 (MIP-3beta) after exposure to Helicobacter pylori. |
| 203 | 16500130 | Migration of DC to lymph nodes is regulated by chemokine receptor CCR7, expressed on mature DC, and the CCR7 ligands CCL19 and CCL21. |
| 204 | 16500130 | Stimulation with H. pylori induced maturation of DC, i.e. up-regulation of the chemokine receptors CCR7 and CXCR4 and the maturation markers HLA-DR, CD80 and CD86. |
| 205 | 16500130 | Despite low surface expression of CCR7 protein following stimulation with H. pylori compared to E. coli, the DC migrated equally well towards CCL19 after stimulation with both bacteria. |
| 206 | 16672543 | HIV enters cells via the CD4 molecule, chemokine co-receptors (CXCR4, CCR5), and other cell-surface proteins. |
| 207 | 16699036 | An antibody response capable of neutralizing not only homologous but also heterologous forms of the CXCR4-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) MNp and CCR5-tropic primary isolate HIV-1 JR-CSF was achieved through sequential immunization with a combination of synthetic peptides representing HIV-1 Env V3 sequences from field and laboratory HIV-1 clade B isolates. |
| 208 | 16787241 | Entry of HIV-1 into target cells involves interactions of the viral envelope protein (Env) with CD4 and a coreceptor, usually CCR5 or CXCR4. |
| 209 | 16787246 | Others target the HIV coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4, and are now in clinical trials. |
| 210 | 16787246 | Also under development are novel agents that target the HIV integrase and HIV regulatory gene products as well as immunomodulators such as IL-12 and IL-2. |
| 211 | 16848274 | Since their discovery in 1996, the two main coreceptors used by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to enter human cells (CCR5 and CXCR4) have been the subject of numerous scientific articles. |
| 212 | 16848274 | Therefore, in addition to providing a brief update of the most important aspects described above, we discuss here how an accurate quantification of HIV coreceptor usage is essential for the successful management of HIV-infected individuals in this new era of entry inhibitors, mainly CCR5- or CXCR4-antagonists. |
| 213 | 16848274 | Since their discovery in 1996, the two main coreceptors used by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to enter human cells (CCR5 and CXCR4) have been the subject of numerous scientific articles. |
| 214 | 16848274 | Therefore, in addition to providing a brief update of the most important aspects described above, we discuss here how an accurate quantification of HIV coreceptor usage is essential for the successful management of HIV-infected individuals in this new era of entry inhibitors, mainly CCR5- or CXCR4-antagonists. |
| 215 | 16920175 | Viral evolution in macaques coinfected with CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic SHIVs in the presence or absence of vaccine-elicited anti-CCR5 SHIV neutralizing antibodies. |
| 216 | 16920175 | These findings provide new insights into the dynamic interaction of CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic HIV isolates that are potentially relevant in better understanding HIV-mediated pathogenesis. |
| 217 | 16920175 | Viral evolution in macaques coinfected with CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic SHIVs in the presence or absence of vaccine-elicited anti-CCR5 SHIV neutralizing antibodies. |
| 218 | 16920175 | These findings provide new insights into the dynamic interaction of CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic HIV isolates that are potentially relevant in better understanding HIV-mediated pathogenesis. |
| 219 | 16923919 | HIV-1 infection of cells is mediated by engagement between viral envelope glycoproteins (Env) and a receptor complex comprising CD4 and one of two chemokine receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, expressed on the surface of target cells. |
| 220 | 16923919 | Most CD4+-transformed T cell lines express only CXCR4, but primary lymphocytes and macrophages, the main cellular targets for infection in vivo, express both coreceptors. |
| 221 | 16923919 | HIV-1 infection of cells is mediated by engagement between viral envelope glycoproteins (Env) and a receptor complex comprising CD4 and one of two chemokine receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, expressed on the surface of target cells. |
| 222 | 16923919 | Most CD4+-transformed T cell lines express only CXCR4, but primary lymphocytes and macrophages, the main cellular targets for infection in vivo, express both coreceptors. |
| 223 | 17068156 | Noninfectious papilloma virus-like particles inhibit HIV-1 replication: implications for immune control of HIV-1 infection by IL-27. |
| 224 | 17068156 | Recent studies demonstrate that VLPs bind to dendritic cells and induce the expression of antiviral cytokines such as interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IFN-gamma. |
| 225 | 17068156 | Here, we show that VLPs suppress the replication of both X4 and R5 HIV-1 without affecting the expression of CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5. |
| 226 | 17068156 | VLPs induced the genes associated with IFN induction, immune responses, and antiviral responses, among with the recently described cytokine IL-27. |
| 227 | 17068156 | Subsequently, IL-27 was found to be a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 replication in PBMCs, CD4+ T cells, and macrophages. |
| 228 | 17068156 | Taken together, our studies identify a novel role of IL-27 in restricting HIV-1 replication and suggest that further examination of the inhibitory property of IL-27 may pave the way for a novel therapy for HIV-1 infection. |
| 229 | 17093191 | Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) proteins affect cellular activation, signal transduction, and possibly innate immunity. |
| 230 | 17093191 | Catalytic function was required for antiviral activity, and the target cells of infection were unaffected. sPLA2-X potently reduced gene transfer of HIV-1 Env-pseudotyped lentivirus vectors and inhibited the replication of both CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 in human CD4+ T cells. |
| 231 | 17241712 | The vaccine has been prepared by mixing and incubating Env-PVs, with incorporated fusion-defective Env, with PVs, which have incorporated functional CD4 and CXCR4 proteins. |
| 232 | 17241712 | In all cases, antibody binding required an interaction of the Env-PVs with CD4 whereas CXCR4 was dispensible. |
| 233 | 17241712 | The vaccine has been prepared by mixing and incubating Env-PVs, with incorporated fusion-defective Env, with PVs, which have incorporated functional CD4 and CXCR4 proteins. |
| 234 | 17241712 | In all cases, antibody binding required an interaction of the Env-PVs with CD4 whereas CXCR4 was dispensible. |
| 235 | 17277122 | Human immature dendritic cells (DCs) cultured in the presence of c-di-GMP showed increased expression of costimulatory molecules CD80/CD86 and maturation marker CD83, increased MHC class II and cytokines and chemokines such as IL-12, IFN-gamma, IL-8, MCP-1, IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10, and RANTES, and altered expression of chemokine receptors including CCR1, CCR7, and CXCR4. c-di-GMP-matured DCs demonstrated enhanced T cell stimulatory activity. c-di-GMP activated p38 MAPK in human DCs and ERK phosphorylation in human macrophages. c-di-GMP is stable in human serum. |
| 236 | 17460054 | CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptor usage was determined by production of recombinant viral particles, followed by single-cycle infection assays of indicator cell lines, using the tropism recombinant test. |
| 237 | 17584153 | Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) requires a chemokine receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) as a coreceptor not only for initiate viral entry but also protecting highly conserved neutralization epitopes from the attack of neutralizing antibodies. |
| 238 | 17584153 | Here, we propose that chemokine receptors are attractive targets of vaccine development because their structures are highly conserved and that our synthetic cycloimmunogens can mimic conformational-specific epitopes of undecapeptidyl arches (UPAs: R(168)-C(178) in CCR5, N(176)-C(186) in CXCR4) and be useful for HIV-1 novel vaccine development. |
| 239 | 17584153 | Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) requires a chemokine receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) as a coreceptor not only for initiate viral entry but also protecting highly conserved neutralization epitopes from the attack of neutralizing antibodies. |
| 240 | 17584153 | Here, we propose that chemokine receptors are attractive targets of vaccine development because their structures are highly conserved and that our synthetic cycloimmunogens can mimic conformational-specific epitopes of undecapeptidyl arches (UPAs: R(168)-C(178) in CCR5, N(176)-C(186) in CXCR4) and be useful for HIV-1 novel vaccine development. |
| 241 | 17609282 | Entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 requires interactions between the envelope glycoprotein (Env) on the virus and CD4 and a chemokine receptor, either CCR5 or CXCR4, on the cell surface. |
| 242 | 17609282 | The V3 loop of the HIV gp120 glycoprotein plays a critical role in this process, determining tropism for CCR5- or CXCR4-expressing cells, but details of how V3 interacts with these receptors have not been defined. |
| 243 | 17609282 | V3-deleted Envs exhibited tropism for both CCR5- and CXCR4-expressing cells, suggesting that domains on the gp120 core were mediating interactions with determinants shared by both coreceptors. |
| 244 | 17609282 | Remarkably, HIV-2 Envs with V3 deletions became resistant to small-molecule inhibitors of CCR5 and CXCR4, suggesting that these drugs inhibit wild-type viruses by disrupting a specific V3 interaction with the coreceptor. |
| 245 | 17609282 | Entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 requires interactions between the envelope glycoprotein (Env) on the virus and CD4 and a chemokine receptor, either CCR5 or CXCR4, on the cell surface. |
| 246 | 17609282 | The V3 loop of the HIV gp120 glycoprotein plays a critical role in this process, determining tropism for CCR5- or CXCR4-expressing cells, but details of how V3 interacts with these receptors have not been defined. |
| 247 | 17609282 | V3-deleted Envs exhibited tropism for both CCR5- and CXCR4-expressing cells, suggesting that domains on the gp120 core were mediating interactions with determinants shared by both coreceptors. |
| 248 | 17609282 | Remarkably, HIV-2 Envs with V3 deletions became resistant to small-molecule inhibitors of CCR5 and CXCR4, suggesting that these drugs inhibit wild-type viruses by disrupting a specific V3 interaction with the coreceptor. |
| 249 | 17609282 | Entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 requires interactions between the envelope glycoprotein (Env) on the virus and CD4 and a chemokine receptor, either CCR5 or CXCR4, on the cell surface. |
| 250 | 17609282 | The V3 loop of the HIV gp120 glycoprotein plays a critical role in this process, determining tropism for CCR5- or CXCR4-expressing cells, but details of how V3 interacts with these receptors have not been defined. |
| 251 | 17609282 | V3-deleted Envs exhibited tropism for both CCR5- and CXCR4-expressing cells, suggesting that domains on the gp120 core were mediating interactions with determinants shared by both coreceptors. |
| 252 | 17609282 | Remarkably, HIV-2 Envs with V3 deletions became resistant to small-molecule inhibitors of CCR5 and CXCR4, suggesting that these drugs inhibit wild-type viruses by disrupting a specific V3 interaction with the coreceptor. |
| 253 | 17609282 | Entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 requires interactions between the envelope glycoprotein (Env) on the virus and CD4 and a chemokine receptor, either CCR5 or CXCR4, on the cell surface. |
| 254 | 17609282 | The V3 loop of the HIV gp120 glycoprotein plays a critical role in this process, determining tropism for CCR5- or CXCR4-expressing cells, but details of how V3 interacts with these receptors have not been defined. |
| 255 | 17609282 | V3-deleted Envs exhibited tropism for both CCR5- and CXCR4-expressing cells, suggesting that domains on the gp120 core were mediating interactions with determinants shared by both coreceptors. |
| 256 | 17609282 | Remarkably, HIV-2 Envs with V3 deletions became resistant to small-molecule inhibitors of CCR5 and CXCR4, suggesting that these drugs inhibit wild-type viruses by disrupting a specific V3 interaction with the coreceptor. |
| 257 | 17983270 | Gp120 from the HIV-1 strain JR-FL induced IL-10 expression in MDDCs from 62% of donors, via a mannose C-type lectin receptor(s) (MCLR). |
| 258 | 17983270 | The mannose-binding protein cyanovirin-N, the 2G12 mAb to a mannose-dependent gp120 epitope, and MCLR-specific mAbs inhibited IL-10 expression, as did enzymatic removal of gp120 mannose moieties, whereas inhibitors of signaling via CD4, CCR5, or CXCR4 were ineffective. |
| 259 | 17983270 | Gp120-stimulated IL-10 production correlated with DC-SIGN expression on the cells, and involved the ERK signaling pathway. |
| 260 | 18209057 | Ag-specific ASCs from the colon migrated to SDF-1alpha/CXCL12 and mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine/CCL28, suggesting that CXCR4(+) and/or CCR10(+) IgA ASCs found in the large intestine after s.c. |
| 261 | 18209057 | In the colonic patches-null mice, IgA ASCs in the large intestine were completely depleted. |
| 262 | 18209057 | Furthermore, the accumulation of IgA ASCs in the colonic patches by inhibition of their migration with FTY720 revealed that colonic patches are the IgA class-switching site after s.c. |
| 263 | 18209057 | -IR induced numbers of Ag-specific IgA ASCs in the large intestine of TLR2(-/-), TLR4(-/-), MyD88(-/-), and TRIF(-/-) mice that were comparable with those of wild-type mice. |
| 264 | 18209074 | In prior studies, we show that naturally occurring IgM anti-leukocyte autoantibodies (IgM-ALA) bind to CD3, CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4 receptors. |
| 265 | 18449216 | Membrane-anchored C-peptides (for example, maC46) derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein gp41 effectively inhibit HIV-1 entry in cell lines and primary human CD4+ cells in vitro. |
| 266 | 18449216 | Depletion of CD8+ T cells from PBMCs enhanced the yield of maC46-transduced CD4+ T cells. |
| 267 | 18449216 | Supplementation with interleukin-2 (IL-2) increased transduction efficiency, whereas IL-7 and/or IL-15 provided no additional benefit. |
| 268 | 18449216 | Phenotypic analysis showed that maC46-transduced and expanded cells were predominantly central memory CD4+ T cells that expressed low levels of CCR5 and slightly elevated levels of CD62L, beta7-integrin and CXCR4. |
| 269 | 18594881 | The HIV-1 gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein undergoes a series of conformational rearrangements while sequentially interacting with the receptor CD4 and the coreceptor CCR5 or CXCR4 on the surface of host cells to initiate virus entry. |
| 270 | 19058828 | In contrast, HIV-1 isolates from AIDS patients showed high replication kinetics, used both CCR5 and CXCR4 co-receptors and induced syncytium formation. |
| 271 | 19275640 | Although the role of chemokine receptors (CKRs) in cancer biology is a relatively new field of study, a growing body of data suggest that a number of CKRs, including CXCR4, CCR4, CCR7, and CCR10, may play diverse of roles in cancer growth, cancer metastasis, cancer angiogenesis, or the composition of the cancer microenvironment. |
| 272 | 19688091 | This clone demonstrated robust viral propagation and profound syncytium formation in CD4+, CXCR4-expressing human glioma NP-2 cells, indicating that p05MYKL045.1 is a CXCR4-using virus. |
| 273 | 19954551 | While most of the sequences suggested CCR5 co-receptor usage, one subtype C sample clearly indicated CXCR4 usage. |
| 274 | 20382859 | Phenotypic EPC populations enumerated by flow cytometry [CD34(+)VEGF receptor (VEGF)R-2(+)CD133(+), CD14(+)VEGFR-2(+)Tie2(+), CD45(-)CD34(+), as a surrogate for late outgrowth EPCs, and CD34(+)CXCR-4(+)], EC-CFUs, and serum cytokine concentrations (high sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-6, and stromal-derived factor-1) were quantified during the first 7 days. |
| 275 | 20382859 | Vaccination increased circulating leukocyte (9.8 + or - 0.6 vs. 5.1 + or - 0.2 x 10(9) cells/l, P < 0.0001), serum IL-6 [0.95 (0-1.7) vs. 0 (0-0) ng/l, P = 0.016], and VEGF-A [60 (45-94) vs. 43 (21-64) pg/l, P = 0.006] concentrations at 6 h and serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein at 24 h [2.7 (1.4-3.6) vs. 0.4 (0.2-0.8) mg/l, P = 0.037]. |
| 276 | 20382859 | Vaccination caused a 56.7 + or - 7.6% increase in CD14(+) cells at 6 h (P < 0.001) and a 22.4 + or - 6.9% increase in CD34(+) cells at 7 days (P = 0.04). |
| 277 | 20463101 | Analytical and biological considerations in the measurement of cell-associated CCR5 and CXCR4 mRNA and protein. |
| 278 | 20463101 | The accurate measurement of T cell-associated CC chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) and CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) expression, including expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 mRNA as an immune measure of immunologic response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and newer agents, including entry inhibitors, is essential. |
| 279 | 20463101 | Procedural methods are described that allow for the optimal measurement of naïve and memory T-helper cell CCR5 and CXCR4 expression as well as the quantitation of CCR5 and CXCR4 mRNA. |
| 280 | 20463101 | Analytical and biological considerations in the measurement of cell-associated CCR5 and CXCR4 mRNA and protein. |
| 281 | 20463101 | The accurate measurement of T cell-associated CC chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) and CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) expression, including expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 mRNA as an immune measure of immunologic response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and newer agents, including entry inhibitors, is essential. |
| 282 | 20463101 | Procedural methods are described that allow for the optimal measurement of naïve and memory T-helper cell CCR5 and CXCR4 expression as well as the quantitation of CCR5 and CXCR4 mRNA. |
| 283 | 20463101 | Analytical and biological considerations in the measurement of cell-associated CCR5 and CXCR4 mRNA and protein. |
| 284 | 20463101 | The accurate measurement of T cell-associated CC chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) and CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) expression, including expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 mRNA as an immune measure of immunologic response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and newer agents, including entry inhibitors, is essential. |
| 285 | 20463101 | Procedural methods are described that allow for the optimal measurement of naïve and memory T-helper cell CCR5 and CXCR4 expression as well as the quantitation of CCR5 and CXCR4 mRNA. |
| 286 | 20548033 | We asked whether the efficacy of dendritic cell (DC) vaccination with the renal cell carcinoma Ags MAGE-A9 (MAGE9) and G250 could be strengthened by covaccination with the renal cell carcinoma autoantigen GOLGA4. |
| 287 | 20548033 | Autoantigen covaccination significantly strengthened tumor Ag-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell expansion, particularly in peptide-loaded DC-vaccinated mice. |
| 288 | 20548033 | Covaccination was accompanied by an increase in inflammatory cytokines, boosted IL-12 and IFN-gamma expression, and promoted a high tumor Ag-specific CTL response. |
| 289 | 20548033 | Concomitant autoantigen vaccination also supported CCR6, CXCR3, and CXCR4 upregulation and T cell recruitment into the tumor. |
| 290 | 20622876 | Binding of the third variable region (V3) of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the cell-surface coreceptors CCR5 or CXCR4 during viral entry suggests that there are conserved structural elements in this sequence-variable region. |
| 291 | 21068257 | We utilized a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing proviral construct pseudotyped with CCR5-tropic or CXCR4-tropic envelope to compare viral entry using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based, single-round virus-cell fusion assay. |
| 292 | 21093412 | HIV-1 Nef is a key factor for pathogenesis and is known to down-regulate functionally important molecules, including viral entry co-receptor CCR5 and CXCR4, from the surface of HIV-infected cells. |
| 293 | 21106806 | A small subset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected, therapy-naive individuals--referred to as long-term non-progressors (LTNPs)--maintain a favourable course of infection, often being asymptomatic for many years with high CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell counts (>500 cells μl(-1)) and low plasma HIV-RNA levels (<10 ,000 copies ml(-1)). |
| 294 | 21106806 | Studies have also shown that some LTNPs have unique genetic advantages, including heterozygosity for the CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism, and have been found with excitatory mutations that upregulate the production of the chemokines that competitively inhibit HIV-1 binding to CCR5 or CXCR4. |
| 295 | 21106806 | Lastly, immunological factors are crucial for providing LTNPs with a natural form of control, the most important being robust HIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses that correlate with lower viral loads. |
| 296 | 21106806 | Many LTNPs carry the HLA class I B57 allele that enhances presentation of antigenic peptides on the surface of infected CD4(+) cells to cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells. |
| 297 | 21128884 | HIV utilizes the CD4 receptor and a range of 7 transmembrane chemokine coreceptors for cell entry, specifically CCR5 and CXCR4. |
| 298 | 21128884 | Furthermore, a large array of other receptors, other than CD4, CCR5 and/or CXCR4 can interact with HIV with consequences for HIV tranmssion as well as disease progression. |
| 299 | 21128884 | HIV utilizes the CD4 receptor and a range of 7 transmembrane chemokine coreceptors for cell entry, specifically CCR5 and CXCR4. |
| 300 | 21128884 | Furthermore, a large array of other receptors, other than CD4, CCR5 and/or CXCR4 can interact with HIV with consequences for HIV tranmssion as well as disease progression. |
| 301 | 21469117 | Here, we show that IL-4 and IL-13 production is NF-κB1-dependent in mouse OVA-specific CD4(+) (OTII) T cells responding to alum-precipitated OVA (alumOVA) immunization. |
| 302 | 21469117 | More surprisingly, we found that NF-κB1 deficiency in OTII cells also selectively impairs their CXCR5 induction by alumOVA without affecting upregulation of BCL6, IL-21, OX40 and CXCR4 mRNA and PD-1 protein. |
| 303 | 21469117 | The selective effects of NF-κB1-deficiency on Th2 and follicular helper T cell induction do not appear to be due to altered expression of the Th2-associated transcription factors - GATA-3, c-Maf and Ikaros. |
| 304 | 21469117 | Altogether, these results suggest that NF-κB1 regulates the expression of CXCR5 on CD4(+) T cells primed in vivo, and thus selectively controls the T-cell-dependent germinal center component of B-cell response to alumOVA. |
| 305 | 21742774 | CXCL12/CXCR4 blockade induces multimodal antitumor effects that prolong survival in an immunocompetent mouse model of ovarian cancer. |
| 306 | 21742774 | The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are expressed widely in human cancers, including ovarian cancer, in which they are associated with disease progression at the levels of tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. |
| 307 | 21742774 | Here, we used an immunocompetent mouse model of intraperitoneal papillary epithelial ovarian cancer to show that modulation of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in ovarian cancer has multimodal effects on tumor pathogenesis associated with induction of antitumor immunity. siRNA-mediated knockdown of CXCL12 in BR5-1 cells that constitutively express CXCL12 and CXCR4 reduced cell proliferation in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo. |
| 308 | 21742774 | In addition, the selective effect of CXCR4 antagonism on intratumoral Tregs was associated with both higher CXCR4 expression and increased chemotactic responses to CXCL12, a finding that was also confirmed in a melanoma model. |
| 309 | 21742774 | Together, our findings reinforce the concept of a critical role for the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in ovarian cancer pathogenesis, and they offer a definitive preclinical validation of CXCR4 as a therapeutic target in this disease. |
| 310 | 21742774 | CXCL12/CXCR4 blockade induces multimodal antitumor effects that prolong survival in an immunocompetent mouse model of ovarian cancer. |
| 311 | 21742774 | The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are expressed widely in human cancers, including ovarian cancer, in which they are associated with disease progression at the levels of tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. |
| 312 | 21742774 | Here, we used an immunocompetent mouse model of intraperitoneal papillary epithelial ovarian cancer to show that modulation of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in ovarian cancer has multimodal effects on tumor pathogenesis associated with induction of antitumor immunity. siRNA-mediated knockdown of CXCL12 in BR5-1 cells that constitutively express CXCL12 and CXCR4 reduced cell proliferation in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo. |
| 313 | 21742774 | In addition, the selective effect of CXCR4 antagonism on intratumoral Tregs was associated with both higher CXCR4 expression and increased chemotactic responses to CXCL12, a finding that was also confirmed in a melanoma model. |
| 314 | 21742774 | Together, our findings reinforce the concept of a critical role for the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in ovarian cancer pathogenesis, and they offer a definitive preclinical validation of CXCR4 as a therapeutic target in this disease. |
| 315 | 21742774 | CXCL12/CXCR4 blockade induces multimodal antitumor effects that prolong survival in an immunocompetent mouse model of ovarian cancer. |
| 316 | 21742774 | The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are expressed widely in human cancers, including ovarian cancer, in which they are associated with disease progression at the levels of tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. |
| 317 | 21742774 | Here, we used an immunocompetent mouse model of intraperitoneal papillary epithelial ovarian cancer to show that modulation of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in ovarian cancer has multimodal effects on tumor pathogenesis associated with induction of antitumor immunity. siRNA-mediated knockdown of CXCL12 in BR5-1 cells that constitutively express CXCL12 and CXCR4 reduced cell proliferation in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo. |
| 318 | 21742774 | In addition, the selective effect of CXCR4 antagonism on intratumoral Tregs was associated with both higher CXCR4 expression and increased chemotactic responses to CXCL12, a finding that was also confirmed in a melanoma model. |
| 319 | 21742774 | Together, our findings reinforce the concept of a critical role for the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in ovarian cancer pathogenesis, and they offer a definitive preclinical validation of CXCR4 as a therapeutic target in this disease. |
| 320 | 21742774 | CXCL12/CXCR4 blockade induces multimodal antitumor effects that prolong survival in an immunocompetent mouse model of ovarian cancer. |
| 321 | 21742774 | The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are expressed widely in human cancers, including ovarian cancer, in which they are associated with disease progression at the levels of tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. |
| 322 | 21742774 | Here, we used an immunocompetent mouse model of intraperitoneal papillary epithelial ovarian cancer to show that modulation of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in ovarian cancer has multimodal effects on tumor pathogenesis associated with induction of antitumor immunity. siRNA-mediated knockdown of CXCL12 in BR5-1 cells that constitutively express CXCL12 and CXCR4 reduced cell proliferation in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo. |
| 323 | 21742774 | In addition, the selective effect of CXCR4 antagonism on intratumoral Tregs was associated with both higher CXCR4 expression and increased chemotactic responses to CXCL12, a finding that was also confirmed in a melanoma model. |
| 324 | 21742774 | Together, our findings reinforce the concept of a critical role for the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in ovarian cancer pathogenesis, and they offer a definitive preclinical validation of CXCR4 as a therapeutic target in this disease. |
| 325 | 21742774 | CXCL12/CXCR4 blockade induces multimodal antitumor effects that prolong survival in an immunocompetent mouse model of ovarian cancer. |
| 326 | 21742774 | The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are expressed widely in human cancers, including ovarian cancer, in which they are associated with disease progression at the levels of tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. |
| 327 | 21742774 | Here, we used an immunocompetent mouse model of intraperitoneal papillary epithelial ovarian cancer to show that modulation of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in ovarian cancer has multimodal effects on tumor pathogenesis associated with induction of antitumor immunity. siRNA-mediated knockdown of CXCL12 in BR5-1 cells that constitutively express CXCL12 and CXCR4 reduced cell proliferation in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo. |
| 328 | 21742774 | In addition, the selective effect of CXCR4 antagonism on intratumoral Tregs was associated with both higher CXCR4 expression and increased chemotactic responses to CXCL12, a finding that was also confirmed in a melanoma model. |
| 329 | 21742774 | Together, our findings reinforce the concept of a critical role for the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in ovarian cancer pathogenesis, and they offer a definitive preclinical validation of CXCR4 as a therapeutic target in this disease. |
| 330 | 21835785 | The great majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains enter CD4+ target cells by interacting with one of two coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4. |
| 331 | 21835785 | Here we describe a transmitted/founder (T/F) virus (ZP6248) that was profoundly impaired in its ability to utilize CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors on multiple CD4+ cell lines as well as primary human CD4+ T cells and macrophages in vitro yet replicated to very high titers (>80 million RNA copies/ml) in an acutely infected individual. |
| 332 | 21835785 | The ZP6248 T/F virus could also infect cell lines overexpressing the alternative coreceptors GPR15, APJ, and FPRL-1. |
| 333 | 21835785 | These results suggest that the ZP6248 T/F virus established an acute in vivo infection by using coreceptor(s) other than CCR5 or CXCR4 or that the CCR5 coreceptor existed in an unusual conformation in this individual. |
| 334 | 21835785 | The great majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains enter CD4+ target cells by interacting with one of two coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4. |
| 335 | 21835785 | Here we describe a transmitted/founder (T/F) virus (ZP6248) that was profoundly impaired in its ability to utilize CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors on multiple CD4+ cell lines as well as primary human CD4+ T cells and macrophages in vitro yet replicated to very high titers (>80 million RNA copies/ml) in an acutely infected individual. |
| 336 | 21835785 | The ZP6248 T/F virus could also infect cell lines overexpressing the alternative coreceptors GPR15, APJ, and FPRL-1. |
| 337 | 21835785 | These results suggest that the ZP6248 T/F virus established an acute in vivo infection by using coreceptor(s) other than CCR5 or CXCR4 or that the CCR5 coreceptor existed in an unusual conformation in this individual. |
| 338 | 21835785 | The great majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains enter CD4+ target cells by interacting with one of two coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4. |
| 339 | 21835785 | Here we describe a transmitted/founder (T/F) virus (ZP6248) that was profoundly impaired in its ability to utilize CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors on multiple CD4+ cell lines as well as primary human CD4+ T cells and macrophages in vitro yet replicated to very high titers (>80 million RNA copies/ml) in an acutely infected individual. |
| 340 | 21835785 | The ZP6248 T/F virus could also infect cell lines overexpressing the alternative coreceptors GPR15, APJ, and FPRL-1. |
| 341 | 21835785 | These results suggest that the ZP6248 T/F virus established an acute in vivo infection by using coreceptor(s) other than CCR5 or CXCR4 or that the CCR5 coreceptor existed in an unusual conformation in this individual. |
| 342 | 22002875 | A clonal model for human CD8+ regulatory T cells: unrestricted contact-dependent killing of activated CD4+ T cells. |
| 343 | 22002875 | Previous studies in murine systems have demonstrated that CD8(+) Treg cells down-regulate immune responses in vivo through suppressing activated CD4(+) T cells. |
| 344 | 22002875 | Here we describe novel regulatory CD8(+) T-cell clones isolated from healthy human peripheral blood following in vitro stimulation with autologous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific CD4(+) T cells. |
| 345 | 22002875 | TCR activation of CD4(+) target T cells was required for CD8(+) Treg cells to exert suppressive activity, which was mediated through lysis of CD4(+) targets in a cell contact-dependent manner. |
| 346 | 22002875 | Suppression was independent of Foxp3 expression in CD8(+) Treg cells, HLA compatibility between CD8(+) Treg cells and CD4(+) target cells and antigen-specificity of CD4(+) target T cells. |
| 347 | 22002875 | CD8(+) Treg clones expressed CD3 and a variety of TCR V(β) chains as well as CD56, CD69, CD62L and CD95 but did not express CD16, CD161, CXCR4 and CCR7. |
| 348 | 22002875 | When used together, antibodies specific for CD11a/CD18 and CD8 inhibited suppressive activity of CD8(+) Treg clones. |
| 349 | 22427637 | Bcl6 and Maf cooperate to instruct human follicular helper CD4 T cell differentiation. |
| 350 | 22427637 | The introduction of Bcl6 expression in primary human CD4 T cells resulted in the regulation of a core set of migration genes that enable trafficking to germinal centers: CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, and EBI2. |
| 351 | 22427637 | Bcl6 expression also induced a module of protein expression critical for T-B interactions, including SAP, CD40L, PD-1, ICOS, and CXCL13. |
| 352 | 22427637 | This constitutes direct evidence for Bcl6 control of most of these functions and includes three genes known to be loci of severe human genetic immunodeficiencies (CD40L, SH2D1A, and ICOS). |
| 353 | 22427637 | Introduction of Bcl6 did not alter the expression of IL-21 or IL-4, the primary cytokines of human Tfh cells. |
| 354 | 22427637 | Coexpression of Bcl6 and Maf revealed that Bcl6 and Maf cooperate in the induction of CXCR4, PD-1, and ICOS. |
| 355 | 22427637 | Altogether, these findings reveal that Bcl6 and Maf collaborate to orchestrate a suite of genes that define core characteristics of human Tfh cell biology. |
| 356 | 22486585 | HIV-1 attachment to susceptible cells involves binding of gp120 to CD4 receptor and subsequently to a HIV co-receptor, either CCR5 or CXCR4. |
| 357 | 22486585 | The present review addresses recent advances of CCR5-targeted HSC gene approaches to treat HIV infection, discusses the future prospects and postulates potential strategies in the field. |
| 358 | 22536342 | Kn2-7 could inhibit all members of a standard reference panel of HIV-1 subtype B pseudotyped virus (PV) with CCR5-tropic and CXCR4-tropic NL4-3 PV strain. |
| 359 | 23100517 | Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a central role in innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections, including HIV type 1 (HIV-1). pDCs produce substantial quantities of type I IFN and proinflammatory cytokines upon stimulation via TLRs, specifically TLR7 or TLR9. |
| 360 | 23100517 | Specifically, gp120 inhibited the CpG-induced maturation of pDCs and their expression of TNF-α, IL-6, TLR9, IFN regulatory factor 7, and BAFF. |
| 361 | 23100517 | Receptor-blocking and cross-linking studies showed that these inhibitory effects of gp120 were mediated by interactions with CD4 and mannose-binding C-type lectin receptors, but not with the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4. |
| 362 | 23372784 | Following long-term infection with virus derived from the pathogenic GL8 molecular clone of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a range of viral variants emerged with distinct modes of interaction with the viral receptors CD134 and CXCR4, and sensitivities to neutralizing antibodies. |
| 363 | 23372784 | Infection with either clonal (Group 1) or diverse (Group 2) challenge viruses, resulted in a reduction in CD4+ lymphocytes and an increase in CD8+ lymphocytes. |
| 364 | 23372784 | Marked differences in the ability of individual viral variants to replicate were noted in Group 2; those most similar to GL8 achieved higher viral loads while variants such as the chimaeras bearing the B14 and B28 Envs grew less well. |
| 365 | 23372784 | However, in vitro studies indicated that the reduced replicative capacity of variants B14 and B28 in vivo was associated with altered interactions between the viruses and the viral receptor and co-receptor. |
| 366 | 23685221 | Human memory-like NK cells migrating to tuberculous pleural fluid via IP-10/CXCR3 and SDF-1/CXCR4 axis produce IFN-γ in response to Bacille Calmette Guerin. |
| 367 | 23685221 | At present, we found that NK cells from TB pleural fluid cells (PFCs) expressed significantly higher levels of CXCR3 and CXCR4 than NK cells from PBMCs. |
| 368 | 23685221 | Migration assay demonstrated that IP-10 and SDF-1 induced more migration of NK cells from PFCs than PBMCs. |
| 369 | 23685221 | Collectively, our data demonstrated that human Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific NK cells were migrated into the local site of TB infection mainly via IP-10/CXCR3 and SDF-1/CXCR4 axis, memory-like NK cells might display an important role against M. tuberculosis infection. |
| 370 | 23685221 | Human memory-like NK cells migrating to tuberculous pleural fluid via IP-10/CXCR3 and SDF-1/CXCR4 axis produce IFN-γ in response to Bacille Calmette Guerin. |
| 371 | 23685221 | At present, we found that NK cells from TB pleural fluid cells (PFCs) expressed significantly higher levels of CXCR3 and CXCR4 than NK cells from PBMCs. |
| 372 | 23685221 | Migration assay demonstrated that IP-10 and SDF-1 induced more migration of NK cells from PFCs than PBMCs. |
| 373 | 23685221 | Collectively, our data demonstrated that human Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific NK cells were migrated into the local site of TB infection mainly via IP-10/CXCR3 and SDF-1/CXCR4 axis, memory-like NK cells might display an important role against M. tuberculosis infection. |
| 374 | 23685221 | Human memory-like NK cells migrating to tuberculous pleural fluid via IP-10/CXCR3 and SDF-1/CXCR4 axis produce IFN-γ in response to Bacille Calmette Guerin. |
| 375 | 23685221 | At present, we found that NK cells from TB pleural fluid cells (PFCs) expressed significantly higher levels of CXCR3 and CXCR4 than NK cells from PBMCs. |
| 376 | 23685221 | Migration assay demonstrated that IP-10 and SDF-1 induced more migration of NK cells from PFCs than PBMCs. |
| 377 | 23685221 | Collectively, our data demonstrated that human Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific NK cells were migrated into the local site of TB infection mainly via IP-10/CXCR3 and SDF-1/CXCR4 axis, memory-like NK cells might display an important role against M. tuberculosis infection. |
| 378 | 23757493 | Binding the receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, triggers Env conformational changes from the metastable unliganded state to the fusion-active state. |
| 379 | 23764537 | Control of humoral immunity and auto-immunity by the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in lupus patients following influenza vaccine. |
| 380 | 23992667 | The primary determinant of HIV cell tropism is the expression pattern of the primary viral receptor CD4 and co-receptor(s), such as CXCR4 and CCR5. |
| 381 | 24119449 | The HIV-1 co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 are genetically stable, but viral proteins may mutate rapidly during the course of infection. |
| 382 | 24269609 | Because chemokines mediate the recruitment of leukocytes through the action of specific chemokine receptors, in the current study, we have studied the transcription of several immune genes in response to a VHSV bath infection in the gills, focusing both on chemokine receptor genes and on genes characteristic of distinct leukocyte populations such as IgM, IgD, IgT, CD4, CD8, perforin and MHC-II. |
| 383 | 24269609 | Our results indicate that despite the low replication level, VHSV provokes an up-regulation of IgM, IgT, CD3 and perforin transcription together with the up-regulation of CCR7, CCR9, CXCR3B and CXCR4 mRNA levels. |
| 384 | 24269609 | Interestingly, MHC-II mRNA was up-regulated and CCR7 was down-modulated in IgM(+) cells from infected gills, whereas perforin, CCR7 and CXCR4 mRNA levels were higher in sorted CD8(+) cells from infected animals. |
| 385 | 24269609 | Because chemokines mediate the recruitment of leukocytes through the action of specific chemokine receptors, in the current study, we have studied the transcription of several immune genes in response to a VHSV bath infection in the gills, focusing both on chemokine receptor genes and on genes characteristic of distinct leukocyte populations such as IgM, IgD, IgT, CD4, CD8, perforin and MHC-II. |
| 386 | 24269609 | Our results indicate that despite the low replication level, VHSV provokes an up-regulation of IgM, IgT, CD3 and perforin transcription together with the up-regulation of CCR7, CCR9, CXCR3B and CXCR4 mRNA levels. |
| 387 | 24269609 | Interestingly, MHC-II mRNA was up-regulated and CCR7 was down-modulated in IgM(+) cells from infected gills, whereas perforin, CCR7 and CXCR4 mRNA levels were higher in sorted CD8(+) cells from infected animals. |
| 388 | 24312168 | The current assay of choice uses a non-lymphoid cell line (TZM-bl) that may lack sensitivity owing to over expression of CD4 and CCR5. |
| 389 | 24312168 | We used transfection of a human CD4+/CXCR4+/α4β7+ T-lymphoblastoid cell line (A3.01) with a CMV IE promoter-driven CCR5neo vector to stably express CCR5. |
| 390 | 24348253 | Semen CD4+ T cells and macrophages are productively infected at all stages of SIV infection in macaques. |
| 391 | 24348253 | Finally, we cocultured semen CD4(+) T cells and macrophages with a cell line permissive to SIV infection to assess their infectivity in vitro. |
| 392 | 24348253 | Lymphocytes had a mucosal phenotype and expressed activation (CD69 & HLA-DR) and migration (CCR5, CXCR4, LFA-1) markers. |
| 393 | 24348253 | CD69 expression was increased in semen T cells by SIV infection, at all stages of infection. |
| 394 | 24348253 | Macrophages predominated at all stages and expressed CD4, CCR5, MAC-1 and LFA-1. |
| 395 | 24348253 | Altogether, we demonstrated that semen contains the two major SIV-target cells (CD4+ T cells and macrophages). |
| 396 | 24501341 | Our data show that (i) there was an antibody response to LCR1 in each individual with a recent history of visceral leishmaniasis studied, (ii) there was neither a proliferative response nor production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) or interleukin 10 in response to LCR1 by mononuclear cells from individuals who had recovered from visceral leishmaniasis, and (iii) individuals who have recovered from visceral leishmaniasis show ongoing immune responses long after recovery from the disease. |
| 397 | 24632660 | CXCR4 activation by the specific ligand C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) induces several intracellular signaling pathways that have been selectively related to malignancy depending on the tissue or cell type. |
| 398 | 24814239 | Unlike humans, macaque mucosal memory B-cells lacked CD27 expression; only two sub-populations were present: naïve (CD21(+)CD27(-)) and tissue-like (CD21(-)CD27(-)) memory. |
| 399 | 24814239 | The homing markers CXCR4, CCR6, CCR9 and α4β7 were differentially expressed between naïve and tissue-like memory B-cells. |
| 400 | 24814239 | Mucosal plasmablasts were identified as CD19(+)CD20(+/-)HLA-DR(+)Ki-67(+)IRF4(+)CD138(+/-) and mucosal plasma cells as CD19(+)CD20(-)HLA-DR(-)Ki-67(-)IRF4(+)CD138(+). |
| 401 | 24814239 | Both populations were CD39(+/-)CD27(-). |
| 402 | 24821968 | Elmo1 and Elmo2 are highly homologous cytoplasmic adaptor proteins that interact with Dock family guanine nucleotide exchange factors to promote activation of the small GTPase Rac. |
| 403 | 24821968 | In T lymphocytes, Dock2 is essential for CCR7- and CXCR4-dependent Rac activation and chemotaxis, but the role of Elmo proteins in regulating Dock2 function in primary T cells is not known. |
| 404 | 24821968 | In this article, we show that endogenous Elmo1, but not Elmo2, interacts constitutively with Dock2 in mouse and human primary T cells. |
| 405 | 24821968 | CD4(+) T cells from Elmo1(-/-) mice were profoundly impaired in polarization, Rac activation, and chemotaxis in response to CCR7 and CXCR4 stimulation. |
| 406 | 24821968 | Transfection of full-length Elmo1, but not Elmo2 or a Dock2-binding mutant of Elmo1, rescued defective migration of Elmo1(-/-) T cells. |
| 407 | 24821968 | Interestingly, Dock2 protein levels were reduced by 4-fold in Elmo1(-/-) lymphocytes despite normal levels of Dock2 mRNA. |
| 408 | 24821968 | Dock2 polyubiquitination was increased in Elmo1(-/-) T cells, and treatment with proteasome inhibitors partially restored Dock2 levels in Elmo1(-/-) T cells. |
| 409 | 24821968 | Finally, we show that Dock2 is directly ubiquitinated in CD4(+) T cells and that Elmo1 expression in heterologous cells inhibits ubiquitination of Dock2. |
| 410 | 24821968 | Taken together, these findings reveal a previously unknown, nonredundant role for Elmo1 in controlling Dock2 levels and Dock2-dependent T cell migration in primary lymphocytes. |
| 411 | 24821968 | This work provides valuable insights into the molecular regulation of Dock2 by Elmo1 that can be used to design improved inhibitors that target the Elmo-Dock-Rac signaling complex. |
| 412 | 24821968 | Elmo1 and Elmo2 are highly homologous cytoplasmic adaptor proteins that interact with Dock family guanine nucleotide exchange factors to promote activation of the small GTPase Rac. |
| 413 | 24821968 | In T lymphocytes, Dock2 is essential for CCR7- and CXCR4-dependent Rac activation and chemotaxis, but the role of Elmo proteins in regulating Dock2 function in primary T cells is not known. |
| 414 | 24821968 | In this article, we show that endogenous Elmo1, but not Elmo2, interacts constitutively with Dock2 in mouse and human primary T cells. |
| 415 | 24821968 | CD4(+) T cells from Elmo1(-/-) mice were profoundly impaired in polarization, Rac activation, and chemotaxis in response to CCR7 and CXCR4 stimulation. |
| 416 | 24821968 | Transfection of full-length Elmo1, but not Elmo2 or a Dock2-binding mutant of Elmo1, rescued defective migration of Elmo1(-/-) T cells. |
| 417 | 24821968 | Interestingly, Dock2 protein levels were reduced by 4-fold in Elmo1(-/-) lymphocytes despite normal levels of Dock2 mRNA. |
| 418 | 24821968 | Dock2 polyubiquitination was increased in Elmo1(-/-) T cells, and treatment with proteasome inhibitors partially restored Dock2 levels in Elmo1(-/-) T cells. |
| 419 | 24821968 | Finally, we show that Dock2 is directly ubiquitinated in CD4(+) T cells and that Elmo1 expression in heterologous cells inhibits ubiquitination of Dock2. |
| 420 | 24821968 | Taken together, these findings reveal a previously unknown, nonredundant role for Elmo1 in controlling Dock2 levels and Dock2-dependent T cell migration in primary lymphocytes. |
| 421 | 24821968 | This work provides valuable insights into the molecular regulation of Dock2 by Elmo1 that can be used to design improved inhibitors that target the Elmo-Dock-Rac signaling complex. |
| 422 | 24897520 | However, we recently identified a transmitted/founder (T/F) virus (ZP6248) that efficiently used an alternative coreceptor GPR15, rather than commonly used CXCR4 and CCR5, to establish clinical infection. |
| 423 | 24897520 | These results demonstrated that amino acids in ZP6248 V3 might form a unique conformation that was critical for the interaction with GPR15 while the amino acids at position 314 in the V3 crown of ZP6248 played a key role in interaction with both CCR5 and GPR15. |
| 424 | 25070183 | Stromal-derived factor 1α (SDF‑1α, also known as CXCL12) is a chemokine that exerts its effects through the G-protein coupled receptors, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and 7 (CXCR7). |
| 425 | 25070183 | There is marked evidence that the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis is involved in the pathogenesis of leukemia and therapies that target this axis are under development. |
| 426 | 25070183 | Stromal-derived factor 1α (SDF‑1α, also known as CXCL12) is a chemokine that exerts its effects through the G-protein coupled receptors, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and 7 (CXCR7). |
| 427 | 25070183 | There is marked evidence that the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis is involved in the pathogenesis of leukemia and therapies that target this axis are under development. |
| 428 | 25191323 | Furthermore, using high-color flow-cytometry, on day 7 after immunization, we observed the appearance of conventional PB (CPB, CD19(dim) CD20(-) CD27(+high) CD38(+high) CD3(-)), as well as a PB population that did not express CD27 (CD27(-) PB; pre-plasmablasts). |
| 429 | 25191323 | The pattern of individual or simultaneous expression of homing markers (integrin α4β7, CD62L, CXCR3, and CXCR4) suggested that CPB cells homed preferentially to the inflamed gut mucosa. |
| 430 | 25224013 | Cellular and biochemical assays were used to elucidate the antiviral mechanisms of action of PDB oligomers against both lab-adapted and primary CCR5- and CXCR4-utilizing HIV-1 strains, including a multidrug-resistant isolate. |
| 431 | 25795219 | The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is the cognate receptor of the CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) and plays a pivotal role under immune-pathophysiological conditions. |
| 432 | 26039883 | The 'improved' maturation cytokine cocktail DCs showed a higher levels surface markers expression (CD80, CD83, CD86 and HLA-DR), the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 and chemokine CCL19, CCL21 and CXCL21, whereas CCR5 expression was reduced. |
| 433 | 26229980 | Previous studies, using phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA) as a differentiating agent, have suggested that the CD34+/CD38+ TF-1 cell line may be used as one model to study the differentiation processes of HPCs. |
| 434 | 26229980 | The conditioned medium (CM) from this bone marrow-derived cell population is enriched with respect to numerous cytokines and induces differentiation and activation of TF-1 cells, as indicated by changes in the expression of CD34, CD38, and CD69 cell surface molecules. |
| 435 | 26229980 | Furthermore, treatment with CM was also shown to induce the expression of CCR5 and CXCR4, while maintaining the expression of CD4, which was ultimately correlated with increased susceptibility to HIV-1. |
| 436 | 26259811 | An HIV-1 infection in a host cell occurs through an ordered process that involves HIV-1 attachment to the host's cellular CD4 receptor, co-receptor binding to CCR5 or CXCR4, and the subsequent fusion with the cellular membrane. |
| 437 | 26339033 | Experiments with granulocyte-specific CXCL12 conditionally depleted mice and a CXCR4 antagonist revealed that CXCL12 derived from neutrophil trails is critical for virus-specific CD8(+) T cell recruitment and effector functions. |
| 438 | 26435001 | We also observed that inhibition of CXCL12 binding to its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 by chalcone 4 blocked BPAF-induced cell growth. |