- About
- Home
- Introduction
- Statistics
- Programs
- Dignet
- Gene
- GenePair
- BioSummarAI
- Help & Docs
- Documents
- Help
- FAQs
- Links
- Acknowledge
- Disclaimer
- Contact Us
Gene Information
Gene symbol: IL15
Gene name: interleukin 15
HGNC ID: 5977
Synonyms: IL-15, MGC9721
Related Genes
Related Sentences
| # | PMID | Sentence |
| 1 | 8877133 | Differential effects of interleukin-12, interleukin-15, and interleukin-2 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro. |
| 2 | 8877133 | The effect of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-15 on in vitro HIV-1 replication was investigated. |
| 3 | 8877133 | IL-12 and IL-15 at doses up to 10 ng/ml had little effect on basal HIV-1 p24 antigen production by chronically HIV-infected T (ACH-2) and monocytic (U1) cell lines. |
| 4 | 8877133 | For ACH-2 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 50 ng/ml), IL-12 and IL-15 significantly increased p24 antigen production by 20 and 30%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 5 | 8877133 | In contrast, IL-12 and IL-15 (10 ng/ml) treatment of PMA-stimulated U1 cells decreased p24 antigen production by 16 and 15%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 6 | 8877133 | We next studied the effect of IL-12 and IL-15 on HIV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). |
| 7 | 8877133 | In 10 HIV-seropositive patients' PBMCs cocultured with mitogen-activated HIV-seronegative donor cells, two patterns of p24 antigen production were observed in response to IL-2: low (p24 antigen production < 10(3) pg/ml; n = 8) and high (p24 antigen production > 10(3) pg/ml; n = 2) response. |
| 8 | 8877133 | For the low-response pattern, IL-12 and IL-15 increased viral replication by 97-fold and 100-fold, respectively (P = 0.05 and 0.004, respectively). |
| 9 | 8877133 | For the high-response pattern, both IL-12 and IL-15 suppressed HIV replication. |
| 10 | 8877133 | The effect of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 on acute in vitro infection by HIV-1JRCSF was also examined. |
| 11 | 8877133 | IL-12 did not increase p24 antigen production above basal levels while IL-2 and IL-15 significantly enhanced p24 antigen production (by approximately 2-fold). |
| 12 | 8877133 | In conclusion, IL-12 and IL-15 may have differential effects on latent and acute HIV infection, and their ability to enhance HIV production may depend on cell activation. |
| 13 | 8877133 | Differential effects of interleukin-12, interleukin-15, and interleukin-2 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro. |
| 14 | 8877133 | The effect of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-15 on in vitro HIV-1 replication was investigated. |
| 15 | 8877133 | IL-12 and IL-15 at doses up to 10 ng/ml had little effect on basal HIV-1 p24 antigen production by chronically HIV-infected T (ACH-2) and monocytic (U1) cell lines. |
| 16 | 8877133 | For ACH-2 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 50 ng/ml), IL-12 and IL-15 significantly increased p24 antigen production by 20 and 30%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 17 | 8877133 | In contrast, IL-12 and IL-15 (10 ng/ml) treatment of PMA-stimulated U1 cells decreased p24 antigen production by 16 and 15%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 18 | 8877133 | We next studied the effect of IL-12 and IL-15 on HIV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). |
| 19 | 8877133 | In 10 HIV-seropositive patients' PBMCs cocultured with mitogen-activated HIV-seronegative donor cells, two patterns of p24 antigen production were observed in response to IL-2: low (p24 antigen production < 10(3) pg/ml; n = 8) and high (p24 antigen production > 10(3) pg/ml; n = 2) response. |
| 20 | 8877133 | For the low-response pattern, IL-12 and IL-15 increased viral replication by 97-fold and 100-fold, respectively (P = 0.05 and 0.004, respectively). |
| 21 | 8877133 | For the high-response pattern, both IL-12 and IL-15 suppressed HIV replication. |
| 22 | 8877133 | The effect of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 on acute in vitro infection by HIV-1JRCSF was also examined. |
| 23 | 8877133 | IL-12 did not increase p24 antigen production above basal levels while IL-2 and IL-15 significantly enhanced p24 antigen production (by approximately 2-fold). |
| 24 | 8877133 | In conclusion, IL-12 and IL-15 may have differential effects on latent and acute HIV infection, and their ability to enhance HIV production may depend on cell activation. |
| 25 | 8877133 | Differential effects of interleukin-12, interleukin-15, and interleukin-2 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro. |
| 26 | 8877133 | The effect of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-15 on in vitro HIV-1 replication was investigated. |
| 27 | 8877133 | IL-12 and IL-15 at doses up to 10 ng/ml had little effect on basal HIV-1 p24 antigen production by chronically HIV-infected T (ACH-2) and monocytic (U1) cell lines. |
| 28 | 8877133 | For ACH-2 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 50 ng/ml), IL-12 and IL-15 significantly increased p24 antigen production by 20 and 30%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 29 | 8877133 | In contrast, IL-12 and IL-15 (10 ng/ml) treatment of PMA-stimulated U1 cells decreased p24 antigen production by 16 and 15%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 30 | 8877133 | We next studied the effect of IL-12 and IL-15 on HIV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). |
| 31 | 8877133 | In 10 HIV-seropositive patients' PBMCs cocultured with mitogen-activated HIV-seronegative donor cells, two patterns of p24 antigen production were observed in response to IL-2: low (p24 antigen production < 10(3) pg/ml; n = 8) and high (p24 antigen production > 10(3) pg/ml; n = 2) response. |
| 32 | 8877133 | For the low-response pattern, IL-12 and IL-15 increased viral replication by 97-fold and 100-fold, respectively (P = 0.05 and 0.004, respectively). |
| 33 | 8877133 | For the high-response pattern, both IL-12 and IL-15 suppressed HIV replication. |
| 34 | 8877133 | The effect of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 on acute in vitro infection by HIV-1JRCSF was also examined. |
| 35 | 8877133 | IL-12 did not increase p24 antigen production above basal levels while IL-2 and IL-15 significantly enhanced p24 antigen production (by approximately 2-fold). |
| 36 | 8877133 | In conclusion, IL-12 and IL-15 may have differential effects on latent and acute HIV infection, and their ability to enhance HIV production may depend on cell activation. |
| 37 | 8877133 | Differential effects of interleukin-12, interleukin-15, and interleukin-2 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro. |
| 38 | 8877133 | The effect of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-15 on in vitro HIV-1 replication was investigated. |
| 39 | 8877133 | IL-12 and IL-15 at doses up to 10 ng/ml had little effect on basal HIV-1 p24 antigen production by chronically HIV-infected T (ACH-2) and monocytic (U1) cell lines. |
| 40 | 8877133 | For ACH-2 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 50 ng/ml), IL-12 and IL-15 significantly increased p24 antigen production by 20 and 30%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 41 | 8877133 | In contrast, IL-12 and IL-15 (10 ng/ml) treatment of PMA-stimulated U1 cells decreased p24 antigen production by 16 and 15%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 42 | 8877133 | We next studied the effect of IL-12 and IL-15 on HIV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). |
| 43 | 8877133 | In 10 HIV-seropositive patients' PBMCs cocultured with mitogen-activated HIV-seronegative donor cells, two patterns of p24 antigen production were observed in response to IL-2: low (p24 antigen production < 10(3) pg/ml; n = 8) and high (p24 antigen production > 10(3) pg/ml; n = 2) response. |
| 44 | 8877133 | For the low-response pattern, IL-12 and IL-15 increased viral replication by 97-fold and 100-fold, respectively (P = 0.05 and 0.004, respectively). |
| 45 | 8877133 | For the high-response pattern, both IL-12 and IL-15 suppressed HIV replication. |
| 46 | 8877133 | The effect of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 on acute in vitro infection by HIV-1JRCSF was also examined. |
| 47 | 8877133 | IL-12 did not increase p24 antigen production above basal levels while IL-2 and IL-15 significantly enhanced p24 antigen production (by approximately 2-fold). |
| 48 | 8877133 | In conclusion, IL-12 and IL-15 may have differential effects on latent and acute HIV infection, and their ability to enhance HIV production may depend on cell activation. |
| 49 | 8877133 | Differential effects of interleukin-12, interleukin-15, and interleukin-2 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro. |
| 50 | 8877133 | The effect of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-15 on in vitro HIV-1 replication was investigated. |
| 51 | 8877133 | IL-12 and IL-15 at doses up to 10 ng/ml had little effect on basal HIV-1 p24 antigen production by chronically HIV-infected T (ACH-2) and monocytic (U1) cell lines. |
| 52 | 8877133 | For ACH-2 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 50 ng/ml), IL-12 and IL-15 significantly increased p24 antigen production by 20 and 30%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 53 | 8877133 | In contrast, IL-12 and IL-15 (10 ng/ml) treatment of PMA-stimulated U1 cells decreased p24 antigen production by 16 and 15%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 54 | 8877133 | We next studied the effect of IL-12 and IL-15 on HIV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). |
| 55 | 8877133 | In 10 HIV-seropositive patients' PBMCs cocultured with mitogen-activated HIV-seronegative donor cells, two patterns of p24 antigen production were observed in response to IL-2: low (p24 antigen production < 10(3) pg/ml; n = 8) and high (p24 antigen production > 10(3) pg/ml; n = 2) response. |
| 56 | 8877133 | For the low-response pattern, IL-12 and IL-15 increased viral replication by 97-fold and 100-fold, respectively (P = 0.05 and 0.004, respectively). |
| 57 | 8877133 | For the high-response pattern, both IL-12 and IL-15 suppressed HIV replication. |
| 58 | 8877133 | The effect of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 on acute in vitro infection by HIV-1JRCSF was also examined. |
| 59 | 8877133 | IL-12 did not increase p24 antigen production above basal levels while IL-2 and IL-15 significantly enhanced p24 antigen production (by approximately 2-fold). |
| 60 | 8877133 | In conclusion, IL-12 and IL-15 may have differential effects on latent and acute HIV infection, and their ability to enhance HIV production may depend on cell activation. |
| 61 | 8877133 | Differential effects of interleukin-12, interleukin-15, and interleukin-2 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro. |
| 62 | 8877133 | The effect of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-15 on in vitro HIV-1 replication was investigated. |
| 63 | 8877133 | IL-12 and IL-15 at doses up to 10 ng/ml had little effect on basal HIV-1 p24 antigen production by chronically HIV-infected T (ACH-2) and monocytic (U1) cell lines. |
| 64 | 8877133 | For ACH-2 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 50 ng/ml), IL-12 and IL-15 significantly increased p24 antigen production by 20 and 30%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 65 | 8877133 | In contrast, IL-12 and IL-15 (10 ng/ml) treatment of PMA-stimulated U1 cells decreased p24 antigen production by 16 and 15%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 66 | 8877133 | We next studied the effect of IL-12 and IL-15 on HIV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). |
| 67 | 8877133 | In 10 HIV-seropositive patients' PBMCs cocultured with mitogen-activated HIV-seronegative donor cells, two patterns of p24 antigen production were observed in response to IL-2: low (p24 antigen production < 10(3) pg/ml; n = 8) and high (p24 antigen production > 10(3) pg/ml; n = 2) response. |
| 68 | 8877133 | For the low-response pattern, IL-12 and IL-15 increased viral replication by 97-fold and 100-fold, respectively (P = 0.05 and 0.004, respectively). |
| 69 | 8877133 | For the high-response pattern, both IL-12 and IL-15 suppressed HIV replication. |
| 70 | 8877133 | The effect of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 on acute in vitro infection by HIV-1JRCSF was also examined. |
| 71 | 8877133 | IL-12 did not increase p24 antigen production above basal levels while IL-2 and IL-15 significantly enhanced p24 antigen production (by approximately 2-fold). |
| 72 | 8877133 | In conclusion, IL-12 and IL-15 may have differential effects on latent and acute HIV infection, and their ability to enhance HIV production may depend on cell activation. |
| 73 | 8877133 | Differential effects of interleukin-12, interleukin-15, and interleukin-2 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro. |
| 74 | 8877133 | The effect of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-15 on in vitro HIV-1 replication was investigated. |
| 75 | 8877133 | IL-12 and IL-15 at doses up to 10 ng/ml had little effect on basal HIV-1 p24 antigen production by chronically HIV-infected T (ACH-2) and monocytic (U1) cell lines. |
| 76 | 8877133 | For ACH-2 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 50 ng/ml), IL-12 and IL-15 significantly increased p24 antigen production by 20 and 30%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 77 | 8877133 | In contrast, IL-12 and IL-15 (10 ng/ml) treatment of PMA-stimulated U1 cells decreased p24 antigen production by 16 and 15%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 78 | 8877133 | We next studied the effect of IL-12 and IL-15 on HIV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). |
| 79 | 8877133 | In 10 HIV-seropositive patients' PBMCs cocultured with mitogen-activated HIV-seronegative donor cells, two patterns of p24 antigen production were observed in response to IL-2: low (p24 antigen production < 10(3) pg/ml; n = 8) and high (p24 antigen production > 10(3) pg/ml; n = 2) response. |
| 80 | 8877133 | For the low-response pattern, IL-12 and IL-15 increased viral replication by 97-fold and 100-fold, respectively (P = 0.05 and 0.004, respectively). |
| 81 | 8877133 | For the high-response pattern, both IL-12 and IL-15 suppressed HIV replication. |
| 82 | 8877133 | The effect of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 on acute in vitro infection by HIV-1JRCSF was also examined. |
| 83 | 8877133 | IL-12 did not increase p24 antigen production above basal levels while IL-2 and IL-15 significantly enhanced p24 antigen production (by approximately 2-fold). |
| 84 | 8877133 | In conclusion, IL-12 and IL-15 may have differential effects on latent and acute HIV infection, and their ability to enhance HIV production may depend on cell activation. |
| 85 | 8877133 | Differential effects of interleukin-12, interleukin-15, and interleukin-2 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro. |
| 86 | 8877133 | The effect of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-15 on in vitro HIV-1 replication was investigated. |
| 87 | 8877133 | IL-12 and IL-15 at doses up to 10 ng/ml had little effect on basal HIV-1 p24 antigen production by chronically HIV-infected T (ACH-2) and monocytic (U1) cell lines. |
| 88 | 8877133 | For ACH-2 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 50 ng/ml), IL-12 and IL-15 significantly increased p24 antigen production by 20 and 30%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 89 | 8877133 | In contrast, IL-12 and IL-15 (10 ng/ml) treatment of PMA-stimulated U1 cells decreased p24 antigen production by 16 and 15%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 90 | 8877133 | We next studied the effect of IL-12 and IL-15 on HIV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). |
| 91 | 8877133 | In 10 HIV-seropositive patients' PBMCs cocultured with mitogen-activated HIV-seronegative donor cells, two patterns of p24 antigen production were observed in response to IL-2: low (p24 antigen production < 10(3) pg/ml; n = 8) and high (p24 antigen production > 10(3) pg/ml; n = 2) response. |
| 92 | 8877133 | For the low-response pattern, IL-12 and IL-15 increased viral replication by 97-fold and 100-fold, respectively (P = 0.05 and 0.004, respectively). |
| 93 | 8877133 | For the high-response pattern, both IL-12 and IL-15 suppressed HIV replication. |
| 94 | 8877133 | The effect of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 on acute in vitro infection by HIV-1JRCSF was also examined. |
| 95 | 8877133 | IL-12 did not increase p24 antigen production above basal levels while IL-2 and IL-15 significantly enhanced p24 antigen production (by approximately 2-fold). |
| 96 | 8877133 | In conclusion, IL-12 and IL-15 may have differential effects on latent and acute HIV infection, and their ability to enhance HIV production may depend on cell activation. |
| 97 | 8877133 | Differential effects of interleukin-12, interleukin-15, and interleukin-2 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro. |
| 98 | 8877133 | The effect of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-15 on in vitro HIV-1 replication was investigated. |
| 99 | 8877133 | IL-12 and IL-15 at doses up to 10 ng/ml had little effect on basal HIV-1 p24 antigen production by chronically HIV-infected T (ACH-2) and monocytic (U1) cell lines. |
| 100 | 8877133 | For ACH-2 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 50 ng/ml), IL-12 and IL-15 significantly increased p24 antigen production by 20 and 30%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 101 | 8877133 | In contrast, IL-12 and IL-15 (10 ng/ml) treatment of PMA-stimulated U1 cells decreased p24 antigen production by 16 and 15%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 102 | 8877133 | We next studied the effect of IL-12 and IL-15 on HIV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). |
| 103 | 8877133 | In 10 HIV-seropositive patients' PBMCs cocultured with mitogen-activated HIV-seronegative donor cells, two patterns of p24 antigen production were observed in response to IL-2: low (p24 antigen production < 10(3) pg/ml; n = 8) and high (p24 antigen production > 10(3) pg/ml; n = 2) response. |
| 104 | 8877133 | For the low-response pattern, IL-12 and IL-15 increased viral replication by 97-fold and 100-fold, respectively (P = 0.05 and 0.004, respectively). |
| 105 | 8877133 | For the high-response pattern, both IL-12 and IL-15 suppressed HIV replication. |
| 106 | 8877133 | The effect of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 on acute in vitro infection by HIV-1JRCSF was also examined. |
| 107 | 8877133 | IL-12 did not increase p24 antigen production above basal levels while IL-2 and IL-15 significantly enhanced p24 antigen production (by approximately 2-fold). |
| 108 | 8877133 | In conclusion, IL-12 and IL-15 may have differential effects on latent and acute HIV infection, and their ability to enhance HIV production may depend on cell activation. |
| 109 | 8877133 | Differential effects of interleukin-12, interleukin-15, and interleukin-2 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro. |
| 110 | 8877133 | The effect of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-15 on in vitro HIV-1 replication was investigated. |
| 111 | 8877133 | IL-12 and IL-15 at doses up to 10 ng/ml had little effect on basal HIV-1 p24 antigen production by chronically HIV-infected T (ACH-2) and monocytic (U1) cell lines. |
| 112 | 8877133 | For ACH-2 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 50 ng/ml), IL-12 and IL-15 significantly increased p24 antigen production by 20 and 30%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 113 | 8877133 | In contrast, IL-12 and IL-15 (10 ng/ml) treatment of PMA-stimulated U1 cells decreased p24 antigen production by 16 and 15%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 114 | 8877133 | We next studied the effect of IL-12 and IL-15 on HIV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). |
| 115 | 8877133 | In 10 HIV-seropositive patients' PBMCs cocultured with mitogen-activated HIV-seronegative donor cells, two patterns of p24 antigen production were observed in response to IL-2: low (p24 antigen production < 10(3) pg/ml; n = 8) and high (p24 antigen production > 10(3) pg/ml; n = 2) response. |
| 116 | 8877133 | For the low-response pattern, IL-12 and IL-15 increased viral replication by 97-fold and 100-fold, respectively (P = 0.05 and 0.004, respectively). |
| 117 | 8877133 | For the high-response pattern, both IL-12 and IL-15 suppressed HIV replication. |
| 118 | 8877133 | The effect of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 on acute in vitro infection by HIV-1JRCSF was also examined. |
| 119 | 8877133 | IL-12 did not increase p24 antigen production above basal levels while IL-2 and IL-15 significantly enhanced p24 antigen production (by approximately 2-fold). |
| 120 | 8877133 | In conclusion, IL-12 and IL-15 may have differential effects on latent and acute HIV infection, and their ability to enhance HIV production may depend on cell activation. |
| 121 | 8877133 | Differential effects of interleukin-12, interleukin-15, and interleukin-2 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro. |
| 122 | 8877133 | The effect of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-15 on in vitro HIV-1 replication was investigated. |
| 123 | 8877133 | IL-12 and IL-15 at doses up to 10 ng/ml had little effect on basal HIV-1 p24 antigen production by chronically HIV-infected T (ACH-2) and monocytic (U1) cell lines. |
| 124 | 8877133 | For ACH-2 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 50 ng/ml), IL-12 and IL-15 significantly increased p24 antigen production by 20 and 30%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 125 | 8877133 | In contrast, IL-12 and IL-15 (10 ng/ml) treatment of PMA-stimulated U1 cells decreased p24 antigen production by 16 and 15%, respectively (n = 6). |
| 126 | 8877133 | We next studied the effect of IL-12 and IL-15 on HIV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). |
| 127 | 8877133 | In 10 HIV-seropositive patients' PBMCs cocultured with mitogen-activated HIV-seronegative donor cells, two patterns of p24 antigen production were observed in response to IL-2: low (p24 antigen production < 10(3) pg/ml; n = 8) and high (p24 antigen production > 10(3) pg/ml; n = 2) response. |
| 128 | 8877133 | For the low-response pattern, IL-12 and IL-15 increased viral replication by 97-fold and 100-fold, respectively (P = 0.05 and 0.004, respectively). |
| 129 | 8877133 | For the high-response pattern, both IL-12 and IL-15 suppressed HIV replication. |
| 130 | 8877133 | The effect of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 on acute in vitro infection by HIV-1JRCSF was also examined. |
| 131 | 8877133 | IL-12 did not increase p24 antigen production above basal levels while IL-2 and IL-15 significantly enhanced p24 antigen production (by approximately 2-fold). |
| 132 | 8877133 | In conclusion, IL-12 and IL-15 may have differential effects on latent and acute HIV infection, and their ability to enhance HIV production may depend on cell activation. |
| 133 | 9161882 | The recently discovered interleukin-15 (IL-15) is known to bind to the receptor of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and to share several of the latter's immunological properties. |
| 134 | 9161882 | In the present study, the first to our knowledge on IL-15 behaviour in vivo, we examined the possibility that IL-15 also shares the ability of IL-2 to enhance the immunological adjuvant property of liposomes by acting as a co-adjuvant. |
| 135 | 9161882 | The recently discovered interleukin-15 (IL-15) is known to bind to the receptor of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and to share several of the latter's immunological properties. |
| 136 | 9161882 | In the present study, the first to our knowledge on IL-15 behaviour in vivo, we examined the possibility that IL-15 also shares the ability of IL-2 to enhance the immunological adjuvant property of liposomes by acting as a co-adjuvant. |
| 137 | 9349474 | The intravenous infection of the C8 variant of the SIVmac251/32H virus, carrying an in-frame 12 bp deletion in the nef gene, did not affect the CD4+ and CD8+ cell counts, and a persistent infection associated with an extremely low virus burden in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was established. |
| 138 | 9349474 | Furthermore, in contrast to the control monkeys, the vaccinated monkeys showed normal levels for CD4+ and CD8+ cells, minimal lymphoid hyperplasia and no clinical signs of infection. |
| 139 | 9349474 | This appears to be dependent on the ability of the C8 variant to establish a persistent but attenuated infection which is necessary for inducing an immune response, as suggested by the persistence of a strong immune B cell memory and by the over-expression of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma and IL-15 mRNAs in PBMCs of C8-vaccinated monkeys but not in those of control monkeys. |
| 140 | 9541605 | Recently we and others reported that specific immune responses generated by DNA vaccine could be modulated by co-delivery of gene expression cassettes encoding for IL-12, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and the co-stimulatory molecule CD86. |
| 141 | 9541605 | To further engineer the immune response in vivo, we investigated the induction and regulation of immune responses following the co-delivery of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1 alpha, TNF-alpha, and TNF-beta), Th1 cytokine (IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18), and Th2 cytokine (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) genes. |
| 142 | 9541605 | We observed enhancement of antigen-specific humoral response with the co-delivery of Th2 cytokine genes IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 as well as those of IL-2 and IL-18. |
| 143 | 9541605 | A dramatic increase in antigen-specific T helper cell proliferation was seen with IL-2 and TNF-alpha gene co-injections. |
| 144 | 9541605 | In addition, we observed a significant enhancement of the cytotoxic response with the co-administration of TNF-alpha and IL-15 genes with HIV-1 DNA immunogens. |
| 145 | 9541605 | Recently we and others reported that specific immune responses generated by DNA vaccine could be modulated by co-delivery of gene expression cassettes encoding for IL-12, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and the co-stimulatory molecule CD86. |
| 146 | 9541605 | To further engineer the immune response in vivo, we investigated the induction and regulation of immune responses following the co-delivery of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1 alpha, TNF-alpha, and TNF-beta), Th1 cytokine (IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18), and Th2 cytokine (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) genes. |
| 147 | 9541605 | We observed enhancement of antigen-specific humoral response with the co-delivery of Th2 cytokine genes IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 as well as those of IL-2 and IL-18. |
| 148 | 9541605 | A dramatic increase in antigen-specific T helper cell proliferation was seen with IL-2 and TNF-alpha gene co-injections. |
| 149 | 9541605 | In addition, we observed a significant enhancement of the cytotoxic response with the co-administration of TNF-alpha and IL-15 genes with HIV-1 DNA immunogens. |
| 150 | 9711774 | We have studied the mechanisms associated with the dysregulation of myeloid lineage cytokines, GM-CSF and M-CSF, and lymphokines, IL-12, and IL-15 in activated CB when compared with APB MNC. |
| 151 | 9711774 | Furthermore, we have studied the effects of IL-12 and IL-15 on induction of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production, NK, and LAK activities in CB and APB. |
| 152 | 9711774 | GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL-12 and IL-15 protein and mRNA are decreased in activated CB MNC. |
| 153 | 9711774 | The impaired ability of CB to produce IL-12 and IL-15 in response to stimulation may contribute to the decrease in IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha production, NK and LAK activities. |
| 154 | 9711774 | Furthermore, combination of low dose IL-12 and IL-15 may augment cytotoxic activities and minimize toxicity. |
| 155 | 9711774 | We have studied the mechanisms associated with the dysregulation of myeloid lineage cytokines, GM-CSF and M-CSF, and lymphokines, IL-12, and IL-15 in activated CB when compared with APB MNC. |
| 156 | 9711774 | Furthermore, we have studied the effects of IL-12 and IL-15 on induction of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production, NK, and LAK activities in CB and APB. |
| 157 | 9711774 | GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL-12 and IL-15 protein and mRNA are decreased in activated CB MNC. |
| 158 | 9711774 | The impaired ability of CB to produce IL-12 and IL-15 in response to stimulation may contribute to the decrease in IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha production, NK and LAK activities. |
| 159 | 9711774 | Furthermore, combination of low dose IL-12 and IL-15 may augment cytotoxic activities and minimize toxicity. |
| 160 | 9711774 | We have studied the mechanisms associated with the dysregulation of myeloid lineage cytokines, GM-CSF and M-CSF, and lymphokines, IL-12, and IL-15 in activated CB when compared with APB MNC. |
| 161 | 9711774 | Furthermore, we have studied the effects of IL-12 and IL-15 on induction of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production, NK, and LAK activities in CB and APB. |
| 162 | 9711774 | GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL-12 and IL-15 protein and mRNA are decreased in activated CB MNC. |
| 163 | 9711774 | The impaired ability of CB to produce IL-12 and IL-15 in response to stimulation may contribute to the decrease in IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha production, NK and LAK activities. |
| 164 | 9711774 | Furthermore, combination of low dose IL-12 and IL-15 may augment cytotoxic activities and minimize toxicity. |
| 165 | 9711774 | We have studied the mechanisms associated with the dysregulation of myeloid lineage cytokines, GM-CSF and M-CSF, and lymphokines, IL-12, and IL-15 in activated CB when compared with APB MNC. |
| 166 | 9711774 | Furthermore, we have studied the effects of IL-12 and IL-15 on induction of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production, NK, and LAK activities in CB and APB. |
| 167 | 9711774 | GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL-12 and IL-15 protein and mRNA are decreased in activated CB MNC. |
| 168 | 9711774 | The impaired ability of CB to produce IL-12 and IL-15 in response to stimulation may contribute to the decrease in IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha production, NK and LAK activities. |
| 169 | 9711774 | Furthermore, combination of low dose IL-12 and IL-15 may augment cytotoxic activities and minimize toxicity. |
| 170 | 9711774 | We have studied the mechanisms associated with the dysregulation of myeloid lineage cytokines, GM-CSF and M-CSF, and lymphokines, IL-12, and IL-15 in activated CB when compared with APB MNC. |
| 171 | 9711774 | Furthermore, we have studied the effects of IL-12 and IL-15 on induction of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production, NK, and LAK activities in CB and APB. |
| 172 | 9711774 | GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL-12 and IL-15 protein and mRNA are decreased in activated CB MNC. |
| 173 | 9711774 | The impaired ability of CB to produce IL-12 and IL-15 in response to stimulation may contribute to the decrease in IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha production, NK and LAK activities. |
| 174 | 9711774 | Furthermore, combination of low dose IL-12 and IL-15 may augment cytotoxic activities and minimize toxicity. |
| 175 | 9847356 | To investigate whether the Th1- or Th2-type immune responses are more important for protection from HSV-2 infection, we codelivered the DNA expression construct encoding the HSV-2 gD protein with the gene plasmids encoding the Th1-type (interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18) and Th2-type (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines in an effort to drive immunity induced by vaccination. |
| 176 | 10067692 | Restimulated immune lymphoid cells from mice which received both agents showed enhanced production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and reduced secretion of IL-4. |
| 177 | 10067692 | However, administration of DNA vaccine with IL-15 and IL-2 or IL-12 expression plasmids did not alter the effect of IL-15 expression plasmid on the DNA vaccine. |
| 178 | 10067692 | These results indicate that intranasal administration of DNA vaccine and IL-15 expression plasmid is capable of enhancing the T helper type 1 (Th1) dependent HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immunity, and that the IL-15 and IL-2 or IL-12 expression plasmids may not have a synergistic effect on the immune response induced by DNA vaccine in vivo. |
| 179 | 10067692 | Restimulated immune lymphoid cells from mice which received both agents showed enhanced production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and reduced secretion of IL-4. |
| 180 | 10067692 | However, administration of DNA vaccine with IL-15 and IL-2 or IL-12 expression plasmids did not alter the effect of IL-15 expression plasmid on the DNA vaccine. |
| 181 | 10067692 | These results indicate that intranasal administration of DNA vaccine and IL-15 expression plasmid is capable of enhancing the T helper type 1 (Th1) dependent HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immunity, and that the IL-15 and IL-2 or IL-12 expression plasmids may not have a synergistic effect on the immune response induced by DNA vaccine in vivo. |
| 182 | 10092787 | Proliferative responses and production of the Th1 cytokines, IL-2 and IFN-gamma, were reduced in T cells responsive to PLP139-151. |
| 183 | 10092787 | In the brains of mice that were successfully vaccinated, mRNA for IL-2, IL-15, and IFN-gamma were reduced. |
| 184 | 10092787 | DNA immunization with the myelin minigene for PLP-altered expression of B7.1 (CD80), and B7.2 (CD86) on APCs in the spleen. |
| 185 | 10321955 | Interestingly, though gamma-interferon (gammaIfn) and IL-10 were both secreted in response to stimulation by NS3 antigen, IL-2 was not. |
| 186 | 10321955 | Lack of IL-2 induction was confirmed by a failure to amplify IL-2 mRNA upon NS3 antigen stimulation, whereas IL-4, IL-15, and gammaIfn mRNA were seen as early as 24 h. |
| 187 | 10321955 | The predominance of IL-4 and IL-10 and the lack of IL-2 suggests that in vitro responses to at least some HCV antigens are biased towards a Th2 phenotype, which may be conducive to viral persistence. |
| 188 | 10386864 | Human IL-2 or IL-15-induced CTLL proliferation was not blocked by rChIL-2 or polyclonal anti-rChIL-2 antibodies, indicating that chicken IL-2 cannot act as an antagonist of the mammalian IL-2 response. |
| 189 | 10510393 | IL-15 prolongs the duration of CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in mice infected with a vaccine strain of Toxoplasma gondii. |
| 190 | 10510393 | The protective effect of IL-15 treatment was due to a rise in the frequency of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 191 | 10510393 | CD8+ T cells from IL-15-administered animals showed increased proliferation and IFN-gamma production in response to antigenic restimulation. |
| 192 | 10510393 | IL-15 prolongs the duration of CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in mice infected with a vaccine strain of Toxoplasma gondii. |
| 193 | 10510393 | The protective effect of IL-15 treatment was due to a rise in the frequency of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 194 | 10510393 | CD8+ T cells from IL-15-administered animals showed increased proliferation and IFN-gamma production in response to antigenic restimulation. |
| 195 | 10510393 | IL-15 prolongs the duration of CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in mice infected with a vaccine strain of Toxoplasma gondii. |
| 196 | 10510393 | The protective effect of IL-15 treatment was due to a rise in the frequency of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 197 | 10510393 | CD8+ T cells from IL-15-administered animals showed increased proliferation and IFN-gamma production in response to antigenic restimulation. |
| 198 | 10714546 | The IL-15-stimulated CD8 cells had increased levels of the activation markers CD69 and DR. |
| 199 | 10725728 | Immunization and treatment with IL-12 within 24 h of birth resulted in elevated expression of IFN-gamma, IL-10, and IL-15 mRNA in the spleens of newborn mice compared with animals exposed to vaccine only. |
| 200 | 10725728 | In addition, these animals showed dramatic increases in IFN-gamma-, IL-2-, and IL-4-secreting cells, and in IgG2a Ab levels upon adult challenge compared with mice primed with vaccine alone. |
| 201 | 10781859 | The results were as follows. (1) Partial but significant reduction of the nasal-wash virus titres (prevention) was detected beginning 3 days after the vaccination, that is, 2 days earlier than the appearance of both virus-specific antibody-forming cells (AFCs) in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and virus-specific IgA antibody responses in the nasal washes of mice immunized with the CTB*-combined vaccine. (2) The protection, detected on day 3 and peaking on day 5 but lost by day 21, was also conferred in mice immunized with CTB* alone. (3) The non-specific prevention was detected at doses of more than 0.3 microg of CTB*/mouse. (4) The nonspecific protection beginning 3 days after the immunization involved the enhanced expression of cytokine mRNAs (IL-15 and IL-18), considered responsible for natural killer (NK) cell activation, by the non-T cell populations in the NALT. (5) Normal NALT cells, when cultured in vitro with CTB*, secreted IL-1beta within a few hours in culture. |
| 202 | 10811870 | Here, we have investigated the effects of type I IFNs on freshly isolated granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-treated human monocytes in terms of dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and activity in vitro and in severe combined immunodeficiency mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood leukocytes (hu-PBL-SCID) mice. |
| 203 | 10811870 | Type I IFNs induced a surprisingly rapid maturation of monocytes into short-lived tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-expressing DCs endowed with potent functional activities, superior with respect to the interleukin (IL)-4/GM-CSF treatment, as shown by FACS((R)) analyses, mixed leukocyte reaction assays with allogeneic PBLs, and lymphocyte proliferation responses to HIV-1-pulsed autologous DCs. |
| 204 | 10811870 | Type I IFN induced IL-15 production and strongly promoted a T helper cell type 1 response. |
| 205 | 10841077 | For example, coadministration of costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86), proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1alpha [IL-1alpha], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha, and TNF-beta), Th1 cytokines (interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18), Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10), and granulocytes-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with DNA vaccine constructs leads to modulation of the magnitude and direction (humoral or cellular) of the immune responses. |
| 206 | 10841077 | To further engineer the immune response in vivo, we compared the induction and regulation of immune responses from the codelivery of chemokine (IL-8, interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 [gammaIP-10], macrophage inhibitory protein-1alpha [MIP-1alpha], and RANTES) genes with codelivery of cytokine genes. |
| 207 | 10841077 | We observed that coimmunization with IL-8, gammaIP-10, and MIP-1alpha genes increased the antibody response. |
| 208 | 10841077 | We also found that coinjection with IL-8, gammaIP-10, and RANTES resulted in a dramatic enhancement of T helper (Th) proliferation response. |
| 209 | 10841077 | This enhancement of CTL responses observed from the coinjection with RANTES was CD8+ T cell dependent. |
| 210 | 10918200 | IL-15 is an immunostimulatory cytokine with IL-2-like activities. |
| 211 | 10918200 | Significant IL-15 secretion was achieved only by the use of a modified cDNA encoding for an IL-15 pre-protein bearing the IgK light chain signal peptide. |
| 212 | 10918200 | TS/A IL-15 was restored in animals depleted of CD8(+) lymphocytes or of natural killer cells and partially in CD4(+)-depleted mice. |
| 213 | 10918200 | Cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, specifically inhibited by anti-CD3 antibodies, was inducible in the splenocytes of TS/A IL-15-immunized animals by mixed lymphocyte/tumor culture (MLTC), and IFN-gamma was released in the supernatant of MLTC, mainly by CD8(+) cells. |
| 214 | 10918200 | Immunohistochemistry of the TS/A IL-15 tumor area revealed the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate with predominant natural killer, macrophage, and granulocyte components and expression of IFN-gamma as a distinctive secondary cytokine. |
| 215 | 10918200 | IL-15 is an immunostimulatory cytokine with IL-2-like activities. |
| 216 | 10918200 | Significant IL-15 secretion was achieved only by the use of a modified cDNA encoding for an IL-15 pre-protein bearing the IgK light chain signal peptide. |
| 217 | 10918200 | TS/A IL-15 was restored in animals depleted of CD8(+) lymphocytes or of natural killer cells and partially in CD4(+)-depleted mice. |
| 218 | 10918200 | Cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, specifically inhibited by anti-CD3 antibodies, was inducible in the splenocytes of TS/A IL-15-immunized animals by mixed lymphocyte/tumor culture (MLTC), and IFN-gamma was released in the supernatant of MLTC, mainly by CD8(+) cells. |
| 219 | 10918200 | Immunohistochemistry of the TS/A IL-15 tumor area revealed the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate with predominant natural killer, macrophage, and granulocyte components and expression of IFN-gamma as a distinctive secondary cytokine. |
| 220 | 10918200 | IL-15 is an immunostimulatory cytokine with IL-2-like activities. |
| 221 | 10918200 | Significant IL-15 secretion was achieved only by the use of a modified cDNA encoding for an IL-15 pre-protein bearing the IgK light chain signal peptide. |
| 222 | 10918200 | TS/A IL-15 was restored in animals depleted of CD8(+) lymphocytes or of natural killer cells and partially in CD4(+)-depleted mice. |
| 223 | 10918200 | Cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, specifically inhibited by anti-CD3 antibodies, was inducible in the splenocytes of TS/A IL-15-immunized animals by mixed lymphocyte/tumor culture (MLTC), and IFN-gamma was released in the supernatant of MLTC, mainly by CD8(+) cells. |
| 224 | 10918200 | Immunohistochemistry of the TS/A IL-15 tumor area revealed the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate with predominant natural killer, macrophage, and granulocyte components and expression of IFN-gamma as a distinctive secondary cytokine. |
| 225 | 10918200 | IL-15 is an immunostimulatory cytokine with IL-2-like activities. |
| 226 | 10918200 | Significant IL-15 secretion was achieved only by the use of a modified cDNA encoding for an IL-15 pre-protein bearing the IgK light chain signal peptide. |
| 227 | 10918200 | TS/A IL-15 was restored in animals depleted of CD8(+) lymphocytes or of natural killer cells and partially in CD4(+)-depleted mice. |
| 228 | 10918200 | Cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, specifically inhibited by anti-CD3 antibodies, was inducible in the splenocytes of TS/A IL-15-immunized animals by mixed lymphocyte/tumor culture (MLTC), and IFN-gamma was released in the supernatant of MLTC, mainly by CD8(+) cells. |
| 229 | 10918200 | Immunohistochemistry of the TS/A IL-15 tumor area revealed the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate with predominant natural killer, macrophage, and granulocyte components and expression of IFN-gamma as a distinctive secondary cytokine. |
| 230 | 10918200 | IL-15 is an immunostimulatory cytokine with IL-2-like activities. |
| 231 | 10918200 | Significant IL-15 secretion was achieved only by the use of a modified cDNA encoding for an IL-15 pre-protein bearing the IgK light chain signal peptide. |
| 232 | 10918200 | TS/A IL-15 was restored in animals depleted of CD8(+) lymphocytes or of natural killer cells and partially in CD4(+)-depleted mice. |
| 233 | 10918200 | Cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, specifically inhibited by anti-CD3 antibodies, was inducible in the splenocytes of TS/A IL-15-immunized animals by mixed lymphocyte/tumor culture (MLTC), and IFN-gamma was released in the supernatant of MLTC, mainly by CD8(+) cells. |
| 234 | 10918200 | Immunohistochemistry of the TS/A IL-15 tumor area revealed the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate with predominant natural killer, macrophage, and granulocyte components and expression of IFN-gamma as a distinctive secondary cytokine. |
| 235 | 11145714 | Mutations in the common gamma-chain (gamma(c)) of cytokine receptors, including those for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15, are responsible for an X-linked form of the disease, while mutations of several other genes, including Janus-associated kinase-3, may cause autosomal recessive forms of SCID. |
| 236 | 11145714 | We report here that a homozygous 6-bp deletion in the gene encoding CD45 (PTPRC, gene map locus 1q31-32), which results in a loss of glutamic acid 339 and tyrosine 340 in the first fibronectin type III module of the extracellular domain of CD45, is associated with failure of surface expression of CD45 and SCID. |
| 237 | 11188929 | These include: 1) continuing traditional approaches of drug discovery stemming from lead chemical structures and in many cases utilizing combinational chemistry followed by suitable screening efforts; 2) Increasing the antitumor effectiveness of available drugs through: a) making it possible to increase drug dose intensity by protecting normal tissues from limiting toxicity through genetic manipulation or combination with such agents as GM-CSF or IL15; b) attempting to increase the specificity of drug delivery through the administration of agents encapsulated in suitable liposome or conjugated with appropriate antibodies or cytokines; c) increasing the sensitivity of target tumor to a drug by specific metabolic modulations as it was done, for example, in the case of combinations of fluoropyrimidines with leukovorin; 3) counteracting resistance to drugs through genetic and/or epigenetic approaches aimed at modifying, for example, mechanisms of drug uptake or retention or at reducing anti-apoptotic mechanisms; 4) attempting to improve biotherapeutic treatments, for example, utilizing novel therapeutic vaccines or antibodies, or treatments based on intervention on angiogenesis or on intercellular or cell-matrix relationships; 5) continuing efforts to develop more effective and selective combination treatments with drugs, biologicals or different modalities; and, 6) developing new treatments based on intervention at novel molecular targets which have an essential role in the physio-pathology of the cancer cell. |
| 238 | 11196691 | Cytokines such as IL-2, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18 have been used to enhance CTL activity while IL-5, IL-6 and the chemokine MIP-1 alpha have shown the capacity to increase IgA responses to vaccines. |
| 239 | 11239443 | Contrasting roles of IL-2 and IL-15 in the life and death of lymphocytes: implications for immunotherapy. |
| 240 | 11265774 | Proinflammatory cytokines and CD40 ligand enhance cross-presentation and cross-priming capability of human dendritic cells internalizing apoptotic cancer cells. |
| 241 | 11265774 | Proinflammatory cytokines (PC), CD40 ligand (CD40L) and/or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were found to markedly enhance the immunogenicity of TAA presented by DC. |
| 242 | 11265774 | While PC upregulated expression of major histocompatibility complex class I/II and costimulatory molecules on the surface of DC, CD40L +/- IFN-gamma increased interleukin (IL)- 12 and to a lesser extent, IL-15 production by DC. |
| 243 | 11265774 | Additionally, lactacystin, a specific proteasome inhibitor, significantly abrogated the effects of IFN-gamma and, in part, also those of CD40L or PC. |
| 244 | 11265774 | The ability of DC + ATC to cross-prime TAA-inexperienced ("naive") T cells was significantly enhanced by PC and CD40L or CD40L + IFN-gamma, but not by IFN-gamma alone. |
| 245 | 11265774 | These results indicate that future vaccines for patients with cancer incorporating DC fed with ATC could be made more effective by the addition of proinflammatory cytokines or CD40L +/- IFN-gamma to improve the DC function. |
| 246 | 11292314 | Chicken interleukin 2 (chIL-2) has low, but significant, homology to both mammalian IL-2 and mammalian IL-15. |
| 247 | 11292314 | It was found that Asp17 is a critical N terminal contact site for binding to the putative chIL-2 receptor, which is similar to results obtained for mammalian IL-2 and IL-15. |
| 248 | 11292314 | Chicken interleukin 2 (chIL-2) has low, but significant, homology to both mammalian IL-2 and mammalian IL-15. |
| 249 | 11292314 | It was found that Asp17 is a critical N terminal contact site for binding to the putative chIL-2 receptor, which is similar to results obtained for mammalian IL-2 and IL-15. |
| 250 | 11342616 | An IFN-gamma-dependent pathway controls stimulation of memory phenotype CD8+ T cell turnover in vivo by IL-12, IL-18, and IFN-gamma. |
| 251 | 11342616 | Previous studies showed that the turnover of memory phenotype CD8(+) (but not CD4(+)) cells in vivo can be considerably enhanced by products of infectious agents such as LPS. |
| 252 | 11342616 | Such stimulation is TCR independent and hinges on the release of type I IFNs (IFN-I) which leads to the production of an effector cytokine, probably IL-15. |
| 253 | 11342616 | In this study, we describe a second pathway of CD44(high) CD8(+) stimulation in vivo. |
| 254 | 11342616 | This pathway is IFN-gamma rather than IFN-I dependent and is mediated by at least three cytokines, IL-12, IL-18, and IFN-gamma. |
| 255 | 11418309 | In vivo transfection and/or cross-priming of dendritic cells following DNA and adenoviral immunizations for immunotherapy of cancer--changes in peripheral mononuclear subsets and intracellular IL-4 and IFN-gamma lymphokine profile. |
| 256 | 11418309 | One approach is to genetically manipulate tumor cells to either secrete lymphokines (GM-CSF, IL-12, IL-15) or express membrane bound molecules (CD80, CD86). |
| 257 | 11418309 | We have successfully completed a phase I and phase II clinical trials on immunotherapy of prostate cancer using naked DNA and adenoviral immunizations against the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and phase I clinical trial on colorectal cancer using naked DNA immunization against the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). |
| 258 | 11427282 | A large-scale DNA vaccination trial was performed in sheep to investigate whether co-delivery of the cytokine genes IL-4, IL-5, IL-15, GM-CSF or IFN-gamma could modulate the immune response generated to an antigen, in a DNA prime-recombinant protein boost regime. |
| 259 | 11427282 | Co-delivery of the EG95 DNA vaccine with DNA encoding GM-CSF enhanced the antibody titre to EG95 while co-delivery of IFN-gamma or IL-4 encoding DNA appeared to reduce the ability of the DNA vaccine to prime an IgG antibody response. |
| 260 | 11449073 | Proinflammatory Cytokines and CD40 Ligand Enhance Cross-Presentation and Cross-Priming Capability of Human Dendritic Cells Internalizing Apoptotic Cancer Cells. |
| 261 | 11449073 | Proinflammatory cytokines (PC), CD40 ligand (CD40L) and/or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were found to markedly enhance the immunogenicity of TAA presented by DC. |
| 262 | 11449073 | While PC upregulated expression of major histocompatibility complex class I/II and costimulatory molecules on the surface of DC, CD40L +/- IFN-gamma increased interleukin (IL)-12 and to a lesser extent, IL-15 production by DC. |
| 263 | 11449073 | Additionally, lactacystin, a specific proteasome inhibitor, significantly abrogated the effects of IFN-gamma and, in part, also those of CD40L or PC. |
| 264 | 11449073 | The ability of DC + ATC to cross-prime TAA-inexperienced ("naive") T cells was significantly enhanced by PC and CD40L or CD40L + IFN-gamma, but not by IFN-gamma alone. |
| 265 | 11449073 | These results indicate that future vaccines for patients with cancer incorporating DC fed with ATC could be made more effective by the addition of proinflammatory cytokines or CD40L +/- IFN-gamma to improve the DC function. |
| 266 | 11567773 | Adjuvant effects of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-8, IL-15, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma TGF-beta4 and lymphotactin on DNA vaccination against Eimeria acervulina. |
| 267 | 11567773 | Eight chicken cytokine genes (IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-8, IL-15, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta4, lymphotactin) were evaluated for their adjuvant effect on a suboptimal dose of an Eimeria DNA vaccine carrying the 3-1E parasite gene (pcDNA3-1E). |
| 268 | 11567773 | IFN-alpha (1 microg) or 10 microg of lymphotactin expressing plasmids, when given simultaneously with the pcDNA3-1E vaccine, significantly protected against body weight loss induced by E. acervulina. |
| 269 | 11567773 | Parasite replication was significantly reduced in chickens given the pcDNA3-1E vaccine along with 10 microg of the IL-8, lymphotactin, IFN-gamma, IL-15, TGF-beta4, or IL-1beta plasmids compared with chickens given the pcDNA3-1E vaccine alone. |
| 270 | 11567773 | Flow cytometric analysis of duodenum intraepithelial lymphocytes showed chickens that received the pcDNA3-1E vaccine simultaneously with the IL-8 or IL-15 genes had significantly increased CD3+ cells compared with vaccination using pcDNA3-1E alone or in combination with the other cytokine genes tested. |
| 271 | 11567773 | Adjuvant effects of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-8, IL-15, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma TGF-beta4 and lymphotactin on DNA vaccination against Eimeria acervulina. |
| 272 | 11567773 | Eight chicken cytokine genes (IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-8, IL-15, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta4, lymphotactin) were evaluated for their adjuvant effect on a suboptimal dose of an Eimeria DNA vaccine carrying the 3-1E parasite gene (pcDNA3-1E). |
| 273 | 11567773 | IFN-alpha (1 microg) or 10 microg of lymphotactin expressing plasmids, when given simultaneously with the pcDNA3-1E vaccine, significantly protected against body weight loss induced by E. acervulina. |
| 274 | 11567773 | Parasite replication was significantly reduced in chickens given the pcDNA3-1E vaccine along with 10 microg of the IL-8, lymphotactin, IFN-gamma, IL-15, TGF-beta4, or IL-1beta plasmids compared with chickens given the pcDNA3-1E vaccine alone. |
| 275 | 11567773 | Flow cytometric analysis of duodenum intraepithelial lymphocytes showed chickens that received the pcDNA3-1E vaccine simultaneously with the IL-8 or IL-15 genes had significantly increased CD3+ cells compared with vaccination using pcDNA3-1E alone or in combination with the other cytokine genes tested. |
| 276 | 11567773 | Adjuvant effects of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-8, IL-15, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma TGF-beta4 and lymphotactin on DNA vaccination against Eimeria acervulina. |
| 277 | 11567773 | Eight chicken cytokine genes (IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-8, IL-15, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta4, lymphotactin) were evaluated for their adjuvant effect on a suboptimal dose of an Eimeria DNA vaccine carrying the 3-1E parasite gene (pcDNA3-1E). |
| 278 | 11567773 | IFN-alpha (1 microg) or 10 microg of lymphotactin expressing plasmids, when given simultaneously with the pcDNA3-1E vaccine, significantly protected against body weight loss induced by E. acervulina. |
| 279 | 11567773 | Parasite replication was significantly reduced in chickens given the pcDNA3-1E vaccine along with 10 microg of the IL-8, lymphotactin, IFN-gamma, IL-15, TGF-beta4, or IL-1beta plasmids compared with chickens given the pcDNA3-1E vaccine alone. |
| 280 | 11567773 | Flow cytometric analysis of duodenum intraepithelial lymphocytes showed chickens that received the pcDNA3-1E vaccine simultaneously with the IL-8 or IL-15 genes had significantly increased CD3+ cells compared with vaccination using pcDNA3-1E alone or in combination with the other cytokine genes tested. |
| 281 | 11567773 | Adjuvant effects of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-8, IL-15, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma TGF-beta4 and lymphotactin on DNA vaccination against Eimeria acervulina. |
| 282 | 11567773 | Eight chicken cytokine genes (IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-8, IL-15, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta4, lymphotactin) were evaluated for their adjuvant effect on a suboptimal dose of an Eimeria DNA vaccine carrying the 3-1E parasite gene (pcDNA3-1E). |
| 283 | 11567773 | IFN-alpha (1 microg) or 10 microg of lymphotactin expressing plasmids, when given simultaneously with the pcDNA3-1E vaccine, significantly protected against body weight loss induced by E. acervulina. |
| 284 | 11567773 | Parasite replication was significantly reduced in chickens given the pcDNA3-1E vaccine along with 10 microg of the IL-8, lymphotactin, IFN-gamma, IL-15, TGF-beta4, or IL-1beta plasmids compared with chickens given the pcDNA3-1E vaccine alone. |
| 285 | 11567773 | Flow cytometric analysis of duodenum intraepithelial lymphocytes showed chickens that received the pcDNA3-1E vaccine simultaneously with the IL-8 or IL-15 genes had significantly increased CD3+ cells compared with vaccination using pcDNA3-1E alone or in combination with the other cytokine genes tested. |
| 286 | 11728234 | Preliminary data have discussed the ex vivo and in vivo generation of cytotoxic effector cells employing IL-2 and/or IFN-alpha/gamma in the auto-PBSCT setting. |
| 287 | 11728234 | Other cytokines such as IL-12, IL-15 and prolactin have likewise been considered. |
| 288 | 11739689 | The ability to modify these antigen-specific immune responses was investigated by coinjection of DNA plasmids encoding cytokine and/or hematopoietic growth factors, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-12, IL-15, Flt3 ligand (FL), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). |
| 289 | 11739689 | IL-12 induced the greatest increase in IFN-gamma and immunoglobulin G responses to Nef, and GM-CSF induced the strongest IFN-gamma and CTL responses to Env. |
| 290 | 11739689 | A dual approach of expanding innate immunity by administering the FL gene, together with a cytokine that enhances adaptive immune responses, IL-2, IL-12, or IL-15, generated the most potent immune response at the lowest doses of Nef antigen. |
| 291 | 11739689 | The ability to modify these antigen-specific immune responses was investigated by coinjection of DNA plasmids encoding cytokine and/or hematopoietic growth factors, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-12, IL-15, Flt3 ligand (FL), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). |
| 292 | 11739689 | IL-12 induced the greatest increase in IFN-gamma and immunoglobulin G responses to Nef, and GM-CSF induced the strongest IFN-gamma and CTL responses to Env. |
| 293 | 11739689 | A dual approach of expanding innate immunity by administering the FL gene, together with a cytokine that enhances adaptive immune responses, IL-2, IL-12, or IL-15, generated the most potent immune response at the lowest doses of Nef antigen. |
| 294 | 11900992 | Interleukin-2 and interleukin-15: immunotherapy for cancer. |
| 295 | 11900992 | Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15 are two cytokine growth factors that regulate lymphocyte function and homeostasis. |
| 296 | 11900992 | IL-15, initially thought to mediate similar biological effects as IL-2, has been shown to have unique properties in basic and pre-clinical studies that may be of benefit in the immunotherapy of cancer. |
| 297 | 11900992 | This review first summarizes the differences between IL-2 and IL-15 and highlights that better understanding of normal physiology creates new ideas for the immunotherapy of cancer. |
| 298 | 11900992 | Interleukin-2 and interleukin-15: immunotherapy for cancer. |
| 299 | 11900992 | Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15 are two cytokine growth factors that regulate lymphocyte function and homeostasis. |
| 300 | 11900992 | IL-15, initially thought to mediate similar biological effects as IL-2, has been shown to have unique properties in basic and pre-clinical studies that may be of benefit in the immunotherapy of cancer. |
| 301 | 11900992 | This review first summarizes the differences between IL-2 and IL-15 and highlights that better understanding of normal physiology creates new ideas for the immunotherapy of cancer. |
| 302 | 11900992 | Interleukin-2 and interleukin-15: immunotherapy for cancer. |
| 303 | 11900992 | Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15 are two cytokine growth factors that regulate lymphocyte function and homeostasis. |
| 304 | 11900992 | IL-15, initially thought to mediate similar biological effects as IL-2, has been shown to have unique properties in basic and pre-clinical studies that may be of benefit in the immunotherapy of cancer. |
| 305 | 11900992 | This review first summarizes the differences between IL-2 and IL-15 and highlights that better understanding of normal physiology creates new ideas for the immunotherapy of cancer. |
| 306 | 11900992 | Interleukin-2 and interleukin-15: immunotherapy for cancer. |
| 307 | 11900992 | Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15 are two cytokine growth factors that regulate lymphocyte function and homeostasis. |
| 308 | 11900992 | IL-15, initially thought to mediate similar biological effects as IL-2, has been shown to have unique properties in basic and pre-clinical studies that may be of benefit in the immunotherapy of cancer. |
| 309 | 11900992 | This review first summarizes the differences between IL-2 and IL-15 and highlights that better understanding of normal physiology creates new ideas for the immunotherapy of cancer. |
| 310 | 11962727 | Peritoneal cells collected from mice intraperitoneally injected with a 100 microg/dose of Lactoferrin demonstrated modest, but significant, production of TNF-alpha, IL-12 and MIP-1alpha when cultured in vitro, compared to saline-injected controls. |
| 311 | 11962727 | J774A.1 murine macrophages stimulated with Lactoferrin resulted in increased TNF-alpha protein production, and upregulated IL-12 and IL-15 mRNA. |
| 312 | 11962727 | Levels of message for chemokines MIP-1alpha and MIP-2 were also increased in a dose-dependent way. |
| 313 | 11964715 | IL-10 initiates anergy in T cells by blocking tyrosine phosphorylation of CD28 and inhibiting the CD28 co-stimulatory signal. |
| 314 | 11964715 | Restimulation in the presence of IL-2, IL-15 and possibly IL-12 leads to a T helper type 1 cytokine pattern (immunity:effective immunotherapy) and with IL-4 a T helper type 2 pattern (persistence of allergy:relapse). |
| 315 | 11983250 | The stimulation of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells with phosphocarbohydrates induces the production of cytokines (IFNgamma and TNFalpha) and the release of chemokines with suppressive activity on HIV replication. |
| 316 | 11983250 | Th1 cytokines (IL-12 and IL-15) positively regulate cytokine production by Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells but they are inefficient in restoring normal functions in patients' gammadelta T cells. |
| 317 | 12070282 | Interleukin 15 is required for proliferative renewal of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells. |
| 318 | 12070282 | In this study, we examined the role of interleukin (IL)-15 in the generation and maintenance of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells using mice deficient in either IL-15 or the IL-15 receptor alpha chain. |
| 319 | 12070282 | Both cytokine- and receptor-deficient mice made potent primary CD8 T cell responses to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), effectively cleared the virus and generated a pool of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells that were phenotypically and functionally similar to memory CD8 T cells present in IL-15(+/+) mice. |
| 320 | 12070282 | However, longitudinal analysis revealed a slow attrition of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15 signals. |
| 321 | 12070282 | This loss of CD8 T cells was due to a severe defect in the proliferative renewal of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells in IL-15(-/-) mice. |
| 322 | 12070282 | Taken together, these results show that IL-15 is not essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells, but is required for homeostatic proliferation to maintain populations of memory cells over long periods of time. |
| 323 | 12070282 | Interleukin 15 is required for proliferative renewal of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells. |
| 324 | 12070282 | In this study, we examined the role of interleukin (IL)-15 in the generation and maintenance of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells using mice deficient in either IL-15 or the IL-15 receptor alpha chain. |
| 325 | 12070282 | Both cytokine- and receptor-deficient mice made potent primary CD8 T cell responses to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), effectively cleared the virus and generated a pool of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells that were phenotypically and functionally similar to memory CD8 T cells present in IL-15(+/+) mice. |
| 326 | 12070282 | However, longitudinal analysis revealed a slow attrition of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15 signals. |
| 327 | 12070282 | This loss of CD8 T cells was due to a severe defect in the proliferative renewal of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells in IL-15(-/-) mice. |
| 328 | 12070282 | Taken together, these results show that IL-15 is not essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells, but is required for homeostatic proliferation to maintain populations of memory cells over long periods of time. |
| 329 | 12070282 | Interleukin 15 is required for proliferative renewal of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells. |
| 330 | 12070282 | In this study, we examined the role of interleukin (IL)-15 in the generation and maintenance of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells using mice deficient in either IL-15 or the IL-15 receptor alpha chain. |
| 331 | 12070282 | Both cytokine- and receptor-deficient mice made potent primary CD8 T cell responses to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), effectively cleared the virus and generated a pool of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells that were phenotypically and functionally similar to memory CD8 T cells present in IL-15(+/+) mice. |
| 332 | 12070282 | However, longitudinal analysis revealed a slow attrition of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15 signals. |
| 333 | 12070282 | This loss of CD8 T cells was due to a severe defect in the proliferative renewal of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells in IL-15(-/-) mice. |
| 334 | 12070282 | Taken together, these results show that IL-15 is not essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells, but is required for homeostatic proliferation to maintain populations of memory cells over long periods of time. |
| 335 | 12070282 | Interleukin 15 is required for proliferative renewal of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells. |
| 336 | 12070282 | In this study, we examined the role of interleukin (IL)-15 in the generation and maintenance of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells using mice deficient in either IL-15 or the IL-15 receptor alpha chain. |
| 337 | 12070282 | Both cytokine- and receptor-deficient mice made potent primary CD8 T cell responses to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), effectively cleared the virus and generated a pool of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells that were phenotypically and functionally similar to memory CD8 T cells present in IL-15(+/+) mice. |
| 338 | 12070282 | However, longitudinal analysis revealed a slow attrition of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15 signals. |
| 339 | 12070282 | This loss of CD8 T cells was due to a severe defect in the proliferative renewal of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells in IL-15(-/-) mice. |
| 340 | 12070282 | Taken together, these results show that IL-15 is not essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells, but is required for homeostatic proliferation to maintain populations of memory cells over long periods of time. |
| 341 | 12070282 | Interleukin 15 is required for proliferative renewal of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells. |
| 342 | 12070282 | In this study, we examined the role of interleukin (IL)-15 in the generation and maintenance of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells using mice deficient in either IL-15 or the IL-15 receptor alpha chain. |
| 343 | 12070282 | Both cytokine- and receptor-deficient mice made potent primary CD8 T cell responses to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), effectively cleared the virus and generated a pool of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells that were phenotypically and functionally similar to memory CD8 T cells present in IL-15(+/+) mice. |
| 344 | 12070282 | However, longitudinal analysis revealed a slow attrition of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15 signals. |
| 345 | 12070282 | This loss of CD8 T cells was due to a severe defect in the proliferative renewal of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells in IL-15(-/-) mice. |
| 346 | 12070282 | Taken together, these results show that IL-15 is not essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells, but is required for homeostatic proliferation to maintain populations of memory cells over long periods of time. |
| 347 | 12070282 | Interleukin 15 is required for proliferative renewal of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells. |
| 348 | 12070282 | In this study, we examined the role of interleukin (IL)-15 in the generation and maintenance of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells using mice deficient in either IL-15 or the IL-15 receptor alpha chain. |
| 349 | 12070282 | Both cytokine- and receptor-deficient mice made potent primary CD8 T cell responses to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), effectively cleared the virus and generated a pool of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells that were phenotypically and functionally similar to memory CD8 T cells present in IL-15(+/+) mice. |
| 350 | 12070282 | However, longitudinal analysis revealed a slow attrition of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15 signals. |
| 351 | 12070282 | This loss of CD8 T cells was due to a severe defect in the proliferative renewal of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells in IL-15(-/-) mice. |
| 352 | 12070282 | Taken together, these results show that IL-15 is not essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells, but is required for homeostatic proliferation to maintain populations of memory cells over long periods of time. |
| 353 | 12149420 | Although BRSV did not appear to replicate in MoDC or to affect expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, MHC class II, or CD80/86, a higher percentage of cells exposed to live virus appeared to undergo apoptosis/necrosis. |
| 354 | 12149420 | Exposure of MoDC to live BRSV induced more interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA and markedly less IL-12p40 and IL-15 mRNA than did heat-inactivated virus. |
| 355 | 12149420 | Stimulation of CD4(+) T cells induced similar levels of IL-2-and IL-4-like activity and interferon-gamma. |
| 356 | 12149420 | These observations suggest that while IL-10, produced by MoDC as a result of exposure to live BRSV, may affect IL-12 and IL-15 synthesis by MoDC, it does not appear to affect the cytokine response of BRSV-specific memory CD4(+) T cells. |
| 357 | 12149420 | Although BRSV did not appear to replicate in MoDC or to affect expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, MHC class II, or CD80/86, a higher percentage of cells exposed to live virus appeared to undergo apoptosis/necrosis. |
| 358 | 12149420 | Exposure of MoDC to live BRSV induced more interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA and markedly less IL-12p40 and IL-15 mRNA than did heat-inactivated virus. |
| 359 | 12149420 | Stimulation of CD4(+) T cells induced similar levels of IL-2-and IL-4-like activity and interferon-gamma. |
| 360 | 12149420 | These observations suggest that while IL-10, produced by MoDC as a result of exposure to live BRSV, may affect IL-12 and IL-15 synthesis by MoDC, it does not appear to affect the cytokine response of BRSV-specific memory CD4(+) T cells. |
| 361 | 12381575 | In the initial testing of this system, we found that mRNA expression of certain cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, GM-CSF, iNOS, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha) is enhanced when monocyte-derived macrophages are stimulated with peptide antigen conjugated with mannan under oxidizing conditions compared to peptide conjugated with reduced mannan. |
| 362 | 12391205 | Systemic administration of IL-15 augments the antigen-specific primary CD8+ T cell response following vaccination with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. |
| 363 | 12391205 | A recently identified cytokine, IL-15, shares many properties with IL-2 and may provide a preferential means of augmenting T cell-directed vaccine responses. |
| 364 | 12391205 | We did not observe either enhanced resistance to activation-induced cell death or preferential generation of memory T cells as a result of treatment with IL-15 compared with IL-2. |
| 365 | 12391205 | These studies show for the first time that IL-15 is capable of augmenting the primary CD8(+) T cell response to vaccination and contribute to the basis for future experiments exploring the clinical role of IL-15. |
| 366 | 12391205 | Systemic administration of IL-15 augments the antigen-specific primary CD8+ T cell response following vaccination with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. |
| 367 | 12391205 | A recently identified cytokine, IL-15, shares many properties with IL-2 and may provide a preferential means of augmenting T cell-directed vaccine responses. |
| 368 | 12391205 | We did not observe either enhanced resistance to activation-induced cell death or preferential generation of memory T cells as a result of treatment with IL-15 compared with IL-2. |
| 369 | 12391205 | These studies show for the first time that IL-15 is capable of augmenting the primary CD8(+) T cell response to vaccination and contribute to the basis for future experiments exploring the clinical role of IL-15. |
| 370 | 12391205 | Systemic administration of IL-15 augments the antigen-specific primary CD8+ T cell response following vaccination with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. |
| 371 | 12391205 | A recently identified cytokine, IL-15, shares many properties with IL-2 and may provide a preferential means of augmenting T cell-directed vaccine responses. |
| 372 | 12391205 | We did not observe either enhanced resistance to activation-induced cell death or preferential generation of memory T cells as a result of treatment with IL-15 compared with IL-2. |
| 373 | 12391205 | These studies show for the first time that IL-15 is capable of augmenting the primary CD8(+) T cell response to vaccination and contribute to the basis for future experiments exploring the clinical role of IL-15. |
| 374 | 12391205 | Systemic administration of IL-15 augments the antigen-specific primary CD8+ T cell response following vaccination with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. |
| 375 | 12391205 | A recently identified cytokine, IL-15, shares many properties with IL-2 and may provide a preferential means of augmenting T cell-directed vaccine responses. |
| 376 | 12391205 | We did not observe either enhanced resistance to activation-induced cell death or preferential generation of memory T cells as a result of treatment with IL-15 compared with IL-2. |
| 377 | 12391205 | These studies show for the first time that IL-15 is capable of augmenting the primary CD8(+) T cell response to vaccination and contribute to the basis for future experiments exploring the clinical role of IL-15. |
| 378 | 12405201 | Homeostatic proliferation but not the generation of virus specific memory CD8 T cells is impaired in the absence of IL-15 or IL-15Ralpha. |
| 379 | 12405201 | Recently, IL-15 has received attention for its potential effect on memory CD8 T cells. |
| 380 | 12405201 | In this report we examine the role of IL-15 in the generation and maintenance of virus specific memory CD8 T cells using mice deficient in either IL-15 or the IL-15 receptor a chain. |
| 381 | 12405201 | Further, virus specific memory CD8 T cells are generated in both IL-15 -/- and IL-15Ralpha -/- mice. |
| 382 | 12405201 | However, longitudinal analysis reveals a slow attrition of LCMV specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15 signals. |
| 383 | 12405201 | Indeed, direct examination of homeostatic proliferation reveals a severe defect in the turnover of antigen specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15. |
| 384 | 12405201 | Together these results suggest that IL-15 is not essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells, but is required for homeostatic proliferation to maintain populations of memory cells over long periods of time. |
| 385 | 12405201 | Homeostatic proliferation but not the generation of virus specific memory CD8 T cells is impaired in the absence of IL-15 or IL-15Ralpha. |
| 386 | 12405201 | Recently, IL-15 has received attention for its potential effect on memory CD8 T cells. |
| 387 | 12405201 | In this report we examine the role of IL-15 in the generation and maintenance of virus specific memory CD8 T cells using mice deficient in either IL-15 or the IL-15 receptor a chain. |
| 388 | 12405201 | Further, virus specific memory CD8 T cells are generated in both IL-15 -/- and IL-15Ralpha -/- mice. |
| 389 | 12405201 | However, longitudinal analysis reveals a slow attrition of LCMV specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15 signals. |
| 390 | 12405201 | Indeed, direct examination of homeostatic proliferation reveals a severe defect in the turnover of antigen specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15. |
| 391 | 12405201 | Together these results suggest that IL-15 is not essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells, but is required for homeostatic proliferation to maintain populations of memory cells over long periods of time. |
| 392 | 12405201 | Homeostatic proliferation but not the generation of virus specific memory CD8 T cells is impaired in the absence of IL-15 or IL-15Ralpha. |
| 393 | 12405201 | Recently, IL-15 has received attention for its potential effect on memory CD8 T cells. |
| 394 | 12405201 | In this report we examine the role of IL-15 in the generation and maintenance of virus specific memory CD8 T cells using mice deficient in either IL-15 or the IL-15 receptor a chain. |
| 395 | 12405201 | Further, virus specific memory CD8 T cells are generated in both IL-15 -/- and IL-15Ralpha -/- mice. |
| 396 | 12405201 | However, longitudinal analysis reveals a slow attrition of LCMV specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15 signals. |
| 397 | 12405201 | Indeed, direct examination of homeostatic proliferation reveals a severe defect in the turnover of antigen specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15. |
| 398 | 12405201 | Together these results suggest that IL-15 is not essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells, but is required for homeostatic proliferation to maintain populations of memory cells over long periods of time. |
| 399 | 12405201 | Homeostatic proliferation but not the generation of virus specific memory CD8 T cells is impaired in the absence of IL-15 or IL-15Ralpha. |
| 400 | 12405201 | Recently, IL-15 has received attention for its potential effect on memory CD8 T cells. |
| 401 | 12405201 | In this report we examine the role of IL-15 in the generation and maintenance of virus specific memory CD8 T cells using mice deficient in either IL-15 or the IL-15 receptor a chain. |
| 402 | 12405201 | Further, virus specific memory CD8 T cells are generated in both IL-15 -/- and IL-15Ralpha -/- mice. |
| 403 | 12405201 | However, longitudinal analysis reveals a slow attrition of LCMV specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15 signals. |
| 404 | 12405201 | Indeed, direct examination of homeostatic proliferation reveals a severe defect in the turnover of antigen specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15. |
| 405 | 12405201 | Together these results suggest that IL-15 is not essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells, but is required for homeostatic proliferation to maintain populations of memory cells over long periods of time. |
| 406 | 12405201 | Homeostatic proliferation but not the generation of virus specific memory CD8 T cells is impaired in the absence of IL-15 or IL-15Ralpha. |
| 407 | 12405201 | Recently, IL-15 has received attention for its potential effect on memory CD8 T cells. |
| 408 | 12405201 | In this report we examine the role of IL-15 in the generation and maintenance of virus specific memory CD8 T cells using mice deficient in either IL-15 or the IL-15 receptor a chain. |
| 409 | 12405201 | Further, virus specific memory CD8 T cells are generated in both IL-15 -/- and IL-15Ralpha -/- mice. |
| 410 | 12405201 | However, longitudinal analysis reveals a slow attrition of LCMV specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15 signals. |
| 411 | 12405201 | Indeed, direct examination of homeostatic proliferation reveals a severe defect in the turnover of antigen specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15. |
| 412 | 12405201 | Together these results suggest that IL-15 is not essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells, but is required for homeostatic proliferation to maintain populations of memory cells over long periods of time. |
| 413 | 12405201 | Homeostatic proliferation but not the generation of virus specific memory CD8 T cells is impaired in the absence of IL-15 or IL-15Ralpha. |
| 414 | 12405201 | Recently, IL-15 has received attention for its potential effect on memory CD8 T cells. |
| 415 | 12405201 | In this report we examine the role of IL-15 in the generation and maintenance of virus specific memory CD8 T cells using mice deficient in either IL-15 or the IL-15 receptor a chain. |
| 416 | 12405201 | Further, virus specific memory CD8 T cells are generated in both IL-15 -/- and IL-15Ralpha -/- mice. |
| 417 | 12405201 | However, longitudinal analysis reveals a slow attrition of LCMV specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15 signals. |
| 418 | 12405201 | Indeed, direct examination of homeostatic proliferation reveals a severe defect in the turnover of antigen specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15. |
| 419 | 12405201 | Together these results suggest that IL-15 is not essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells, but is required for homeostatic proliferation to maintain populations of memory cells over long periods of time. |
| 420 | 12405201 | Homeostatic proliferation but not the generation of virus specific memory CD8 T cells is impaired in the absence of IL-15 or IL-15Ralpha. |
| 421 | 12405201 | Recently, IL-15 has received attention for its potential effect on memory CD8 T cells. |
| 422 | 12405201 | In this report we examine the role of IL-15 in the generation and maintenance of virus specific memory CD8 T cells using mice deficient in either IL-15 or the IL-15 receptor a chain. |
| 423 | 12405201 | Further, virus specific memory CD8 T cells are generated in both IL-15 -/- and IL-15Ralpha -/- mice. |
| 424 | 12405201 | However, longitudinal analysis reveals a slow attrition of LCMV specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15 signals. |
| 425 | 12405201 | Indeed, direct examination of homeostatic proliferation reveals a severe defect in the turnover of antigen specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15. |
| 426 | 12405201 | Together these results suggest that IL-15 is not essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells, but is required for homeostatic proliferation to maintain populations of memory cells over long periods of time. |
| 427 | 12433688 | This lack of proliferative ability of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells is defined by surface expression of CD57 but not by absence of CD28 or CCR7. |
| 428 | 12433688 | This inability to proliferate in response to antigen cannot be overcome by exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2) or IL-15. |
| 429 | 12433688 | Furthermore, CD57 expression on CD8(+) T cells, CD4(+) T cells, and NK cells is a general marker of proliferative inability, a history of more cell divisions, and short telomeres. |
| 430 | 12522051 | Fifteen human cytokines (interleukin 1alpha [IL-1alpha], IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) were validated with a panel of healthy individuals, rheumatoid arthritis patients, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients. |
| 431 | 12601525 | From a panel of tested cytokine plasmids only mouse IFNbeta, IL-15, and GM-CSF encoding plasmids showed an effect. |
| 432 | 12601525 | Intradermal gene gun vaccination with 1 micro g plasmid DNA encoding intracellular HBsAg (large LS) showed enhanced CTL priming when IFNbeta, IL15, or GM-CSF encoding plasmids were codelivered; this was not observed when a DNA vaccine encoding secreted HBsAg (small S) was injected. |
| 433 | 12601525 | Intramuscular injection of low (5 micro g) doses of a DNA vaccine encoding large HBsAg did not prime CTL when delivered without cytokines, with IFNbeta or IL15-encoding plasmids. |
| 434 | 12601525 | However, codelivery with GM-CSF encoding plasmid DNA primed potent, specific CTL immunity detected either in a cytotoxic assay or by determining the frequency of L(d)-restricted CD8(+) T cells specifically inducible to IFNgamma production. |
| 435 | 12601525 | From a panel of tested cytokine plasmids only mouse IFNbeta, IL-15, and GM-CSF encoding plasmids showed an effect. |
| 436 | 12601525 | Intradermal gene gun vaccination with 1 micro g plasmid DNA encoding intracellular HBsAg (large LS) showed enhanced CTL priming when IFNbeta, IL15, or GM-CSF encoding plasmids were codelivered; this was not observed when a DNA vaccine encoding secreted HBsAg (small S) was injected. |
| 437 | 12601525 | Intramuscular injection of low (5 micro g) doses of a DNA vaccine encoding large HBsAg did not prime CTL when delivered without cytokines, with IFNbeta or IL15-encoding plasmids. |
| 438 | 12601525 | However, codelivery with GM-CSF encoding plasmid DNA primed potent, specific CTL immunity detected either in a cytotoxic assay or by determining the frequency of L(d)-restricted CD8(+) T cells specifically inducible to IFNgamma production. |
| 439 | 12601525 | From a panel of tested cytokine plasmids only mouse IFNbeta, IL-15, and GM-CSF encoding plasmids showed an effect. |
| 440 | 12601525 | Intradermal gene gun vaccination with 1 micro g plasmid DNA encoding intracellular HBsAg (large LS) showed enhanced CTL priming when IFNbeta, IL15, or GM-CSF encoding plasmids were codelivered; this was not observed when a DNA vaccine encoding secreted HBsAg (small S) was injected. |
| 441 | 12601525 | Intramuscular injection of low (5 micro g) doses of a DNA vaccine encoding large HBsAg did not prime CTL when delivered without cytokines, with IFNbeta or IL15-encoding plasmids. |
| 442 | 12601525 | However, codelivery with GM-CSF encoding plasmid DNA primed potent, specific CTL immunity detected either in a cytotoxic assay or by determining the frequency of L(d)-restricted CD8(+) T cells specifically inducible to IFNgamma production. |
| 443 | 12604047 | We observed that IL-12 and IL-15 were effective as plasmid vaccine adjuvants. |
| 444 | 12626740 | Coadministration of HIV vaccine vectors with vaccinia viruses expressing IL-15 but not IL-2 induces long-lasting cellular immunity. |
| 445 | 12626740 | IL-2 and IL-15 were evaluated in vaccinia vectors expressing HIV gp160 for the establishment of an effective vaccine strategy. |
| 446 | 12626740 | Both IL-2 and IL-15 in the vaccinia vector induced strong and long-lasting antibody-mediated immunity as well as a short-term cytotoxic T cell response against HIV gp120. |
| 447 | 12626740 | In addition, IL-15 also supported robust CD8+ T cell-mediated long-term immunity, whereas the CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity induced by IL-2 was short-lived. |
| 448 | 12626740 | Coadministration of HIV vaccine vectors with vaccinia viruses expressing IL-15 but not IL-2 induces long-lasting cellular immunity. |
| 449 | 12626740 | IL-2 and IL-15 were evaluated in vaccinia vectors expressing HIV gp160 for the establishment of an effective vaccine strategy. |
| 450 | 12626740 | Both IL-2 and IL-15 in the vaccinia vector induced strong and long-lasting antibody-mediated immunity as well as a short-term cytotoxic T cell response against HIV gp120. |
| 451 | 12626740 | In addition, IL-15 also supported robust CD8+ T cell-mediated long-term immunity, whereas the CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity induced by IL-2 was short-lived. |
| 452 | 12626740 | Coadministration of HIV vaccine vectors with vaccinia viruses expressing IL-15 but not IL-2 induces long-lasting cellular immunity. |
| 453 | 12626740 | IL-2 and IL-15 were evaluated in vaccinia vectors expressing HIV gp160 for the establishment of an effective vaccine strategy. |
| 454 | 12626740 | Both IL-2 and IL-15 in the vaccinia vector induced strong and long-lasting antibody-mediated immunity as well as a short-term cytotoxic T cell response against HIV gp120. |
| 455 | 12626740 | In addition, IL-15 also supported robust CD8+ T cell-mediated long-term immunity, whereas the CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity induced by IL-2 was short-lived. |
| 456 | 12626740 | Coadministration of HIV vaccine vectors with vaccinia viruses expressing IL-15 but not IL-2 induces long-lasting cellular immunity. |
| 457 | 12626740 | IL-2 and IL-15 were evaluated in vaccinia vectors expressing HIV gp160 for the establishment of an effective vaccine strategy. |
| 458 | 12626740 | Both IL-2 and IL-15 in the vaccinia vector induced strong and long-lasting antibody-mediated immunity as well as a short-term cytotoxic T cell response against HIV gp120. |
| 459 | 12626740 | In addition, IL-15 also supported robust CD8+ T cell-mediated long-term immunity, whereas the CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity induced by IL-2 was short-lived. |
| 460 | 12734346 | IL-15 promotes the survival of naive and memory phenotype CD8+ T cells. |
| 461 | 12734346 | IL-15 stimulates the proliferation of memory phenotype CD44(high)CD8(+) T cells and is thought to play a key role in regulating the turnover of these cells in vivo. |
| 462 | 12734346 | We have investigated whether IL-15 also has the capacity to affect the life span of naive phenotype (CD44(low)) CD8(+) T cells. |
| 463 | 12734346 | We report that IL-15 promotes the survival of both CD44(low) and CD44(high) CD8(+) T cells, doing so at much lower concentrations than required to induce proliferation of CD44(high) cells. |
| 464 | 12734346 | Rescue from apoptosis was associated with the up-regulation of Bcl-2 in both cell types, whereas elevated expression of Bcl-x(L) was observed among CD44(high) but not CD44(low) CD8(+) cells. |
| 465 | 12734346 | By contrast, the beta- and gamma-chains of the IL-15R were absolutely required for the proliferative and pro-survival effects of IL-15, although it was not necessary for CD44(high)CD8(+) cells to express higher levels of IL-15R beta than CD44(low) cells to proliferate in response to IL-15. |
| 466 | 12734346 | These results show that IL-15 has multiple effects on CD8 T cells and possesses the potential to regulate the life span of naive as well as memory CD8(+) T cells. |
| 467 | 12734346 | IL-15 promotes the survival of naive and memory phenotype CD8+ T cells. |
| 468 | 12734346 | IL-15 stimulates the proliferation of memory phenotype CD44(high)CD8(+) T cells and is thought to play a key role in regulating the turnover of these cells in vivo. |
| 469 | 12734346 | We have investigated whether IL-15 also has the capacity to affect the life span of naive phenotype (CD44(low)) CD8(+) T cells. |
| 470 | 12734346 | We report that IL-15 promotes the survival of both CD44(low) and CD44(high) CD8(+) T cells, doing so at much lower concentrations than required to induce proliferation of CD44(high) cells. |
| 471 | 12734346 | Rescue from apoptosis was associated with the up-regulation of Bcl-2 in both cell types, whereas elevated expression of Bcl-x(L) was observed among CD44(high) but not CD44(low) CD8(+) cells. |
| 472 | 12734346 | By contrast, the beta- and gamma-chains of the IL-15R were absolutely required for the proliferative and pro-survival effects of IL-15, although it was not necessary for CD44(high)CD8(+) cells to express higher levels of IL-15R beta than CD44(low) cells to proliferate in response to IL-15. |
| 473 | 12734346 | These results show that IL-15 has multiple effects on CD8 T cells and possesses the potential to regulate the life span of naive as well as memory CD8(+) T cells. |
| 474 | 12734346 | IL-15 promotes the survival of naive and memory phenotype CD8+ T cells. |
| 475 | 12734346 | IL-15 stimulates the proliferation of memory phenotype CD44(high)CD8(+) T cells and is thought to play a key role in regulating the turnover of these cells in vivo. |
| 476 | 12734346 | We have investigated whether IL-15 also has the capacity to affect the life span of naive phenotype (CD44(low)) CD8(+) T cells. |
| 477 | 12734346 | We report that IL-15 promotes the survival of both CD44(low) and CD44(high) CD8(+) T cells, doing so at much lower concentrations than required to induce proliferation of CD44(high) cells. |
| 478 | 12734346 | Rescue from apoptosis was associated with the up-regulation of Bcl-2 in both cell types, whereas elevated expression of Bcl-x(L) was observed among CD44(high) but not CD44(low) CD8(+) cells. |
| 479 | 12734346 | By contrast, the beta- and gamma-chains of the IL-15R were absolutely required for the proliferative and pro-survival effects of IL-15, although it was not necessary for CD44(high)CD8(+) cells to express higher levels of IL-15R beta than CD44(low) cells to proliferate in response to IL-15. |
| 480 | 12734346 | These results show that IL-15 has multiple effects on CD8 T cells and possesses the potential to regulate the life span of naive as well as memory CD8(+) T cells. |
| 481 | 12734346 | IL-15 promotes the survival of naive and memory phenotype CD8+ T cells. |
| 482 | 12734346 | IL-15 stimulates the proliferation of memory phenotype CD44(high)CD8(+) T cells and is thought to play a key role in regulating the turnover of these cells in vivo. |
| 483 | 12734346 | We have investigated whether IL-15 also has the capacity to affect the life span of naive phenotype (CD44(low)) CD8(+) T cells. |
| 484 | 12734346 | We report that IL-15 promotes the survival of both CD44(low) and CD44(high) CD8(+) T cells, doing so at much lower concentrations than required to induce proliferation of CD44(high) cells. |
| 485 | 12734346 | Rescue from apoptosis was associated with the up-regulation of Bcl-2 in both cell types, whereas elevated expression of Bcl-x(L) was observed among CD44(high) but not CD44(low) CD8(+) cells. |
| 486 | 12734346 | By contrast, the beta- and gamma-chains of the IL-15R were absolutely required for the proliferative and pro-survival effects of IL-15, although it was not necessary for CD44(high)CD8(+) cells to express higher levels of IL-15R beta than CD44(low) cells to proliferate in response to IL-15. |
| 487 | 12734346 | These results show that IL-15 has multiple effects on CD8 T cells and possesses the potential to regulate the life span of naive as well as memory CD8(+) T cells. |
| 488 | 12734346 | IL-15 promotes the survival of naive and memory phenotype CD8+ T cells. |
| 489 | 12734346 | IL-15 stimulates the proliferation of memory phenotype CD44(high)CD8(+) T cells and is thought to play a key role in regulating the turnover of these cells in vivo. |
| 490 | 12734346 | We have investigated whether IL-15 also has the capacity to affect the life span of naive phenotype (CD44(low)) CD8(+) T cells. |
| 491 | 12734346 | We report that IL-15 promotes the survival of both CD44(low) and CD44(high) CD8(+) T cells, doing so at much lower concentrations than required to induce proliferation of CD44(high) cells. |
| 492 | 12734346 | Rescue from apoptosis was associated with the up-regulation of Bcl-2 in both cell types, whereas elevated expression of Bcl-x(L) was observed among CD44(high) but not CD44(low) CD8(+) cells. |
| 493 | 12734346 | By contrast, the beta- and gamma-chains of the IL-15R were absolutely required for the proliferative and pro-survival effects of IL-15, although it was not necessary for CD44(high)CD8(+) cells to express higher levels of IL-15R beta than CD44(low) cells to proliferate in response to IL-15. |
| 494 | 12734346 | These results show that IL-15 has multiple effects on CD8 T cells and possesses the potential to regulate the life span of naive as well as memory CD8(+) T cells. |
| 495 | 12734346 | IL-15 promotes the survival of naive and memory phenotype CD8+ T cells. |
| 496 | 12734346 | IL-15 stimulates the proliferation of memory phenotype CD44(high)CD8(+) T cells and is thought to play a key role in regulating the turnover of these cells in vivo. |
| 497 | 12734346 | We have investigated whether IL-15 also has the capacity to affect the life span of naive phenotype (CD44(low)) CD8(+) T cells. |
| 498 | 12734346 | We report that IL-15 promotes the survival of both CD44(low) and CD44(high) CD8(+) T cells, doing so at much lower concentrations than required to induce proliferation of CD44(high) cells. |
| 499 | 12734346 | Rescue from apoptosis was associated with the up-regulation of Bcl-2 in both cell types, whereas elevated expression of Bcl-x(L) was observed among CD44(high) but not CD44(low) CD8(+) cells. |
| 500 | 12734346 | By contrast, the beta- and gamma-chains of the IL-15R were absolutely required for the proliferative and pro-survival effects of IL-15, although it was not necessary for CD44(high)CD8(+) cells to express higher levels of IL-15R beta than CD44(low) cells to proliferate in response to IL-15. |
| 501 | 12734346 | These results show that IL-15 has multiple effects on CD8 T cells and possesses the potential to regulate the life span of naive as well as memory CD8(+) T cells. |
| 502 | 12883202 | In this article, we show that chronic elevation of interleukin-15 levels interferes with the tolerant state of CD8+ T cells through a process that involves activation of nonlymphoid antigen-presenting cells by CD4+asialo-GM1+ (ASGM1) or both CD4+ASGM1- and CD4-ASGM1+ cells. |
| 503 | 12959322 | During the course of HIV-1 infection secretion of T-helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-2, and antiviral interferon (IFN)-gamma, is generally decreased, whereas production of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines, IL-4, IL-10, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, is increased. |
| 504 | 12959322 | HIV-inductive cytokines include: TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, IL-1 and IL-6, which stimulate HIV-1 replication in T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15, which upregulate HIV-1 in T cells, and macrophage-colony stimulating factor, which stimulates HIV-1 in MDM. |
| 505 | 12959322 | HIV-suppressive cytokines include: IFN-alpha, IFN-beta and IL-16, which inhibit HIV-1 replication in T cells and MDM, and IL-10 and IL-13, which inhibit HIV-1 in MDM. |
| 506 | 12959322 | Bifunctional cytokines such as IFN-gamma, IL-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor have been shown to have both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on HIV-1. |
| 507 | 12959322 | The beta-chemokines, macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES are important inhibitors of macrophage-tropic strains of HIV-1, whereas the alpha-chemokine stromal-derived factor-1 suppresses infection of T-tropic strains of HIV-1. |
| 508 | 12969547 | Use of interleukin 15 to enhance interferon-gamma production by antigen-specific stimulated lymphocytes from rhesus macaques. |
| 509 | 12969547 | Interleukin (IL)-15 has been demonstrated to stimulate expansion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and to regulate homeostatic proliferation of CD8+ memory cells. |
| 510 | 12969547 | We evaluated the in vitro effect of IL-15 to increase the detection of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by antigen-specific stimulated lymphocytes from a group of rhesus macaques exposed to simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) and a second group infected with SIVmac251, before and after antiretroviral treatment (ART). |
| 511 | 12969547 | Results from these studies demonstrate that the presence of IL-15 during stimulation in a peptide-based ELISPOT assay greatly enhanced IFN-gamma production in both SHIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques. |
| 512 | 12969547 | IFN-gamma production was mainly mediated by CD8 lymphocytes. |
| 513 | 12969547 | The optimal concentrations of IL-15 that give enhancement of IFN-gamma production to specific antigen, without a significant increase in the spontaneous IFN-gamma release, ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 ng/ml. |
| 514 | 12969547 | Similarly, in SIV-infected macaques, IL-15 increased the mean number of IFN-gamma spots 2.7-fold in response to both SIV gag and env peptide pools. |
| 515 | 12969547 | Use of interleukin 15 to enhance interferon-gamma production by antigen-specific stimulated lymphocytes from rhesus macaques. |
| 516 | 12969547 | Interleukin (IL)-15 has been demonstrated to stimulate expansion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and to regulate homeostatic proliferation of CD8+ memory cells. |
| 517 | 12969547 | We evaluated the in vitro effect of IL-15 to increase the detection of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by antigen-specific stimulated lymphocytes from a group of rhesus macaques exposed to simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) and a second group infected with SIVmac251, before and after antiretroviral treatment (ART). |
| 518 | 12969547 | Results from these studies demonstrate that the presence of IL-15 during stimulation in a peptide-based ELISPOT assay greatly enhanced IFN-gamma production in both SHIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques. |
| 519 | 12969547 | IFN-gamma production was mainly mediated by CD8 lymphocytes. |
| 520 | 12969547 | The optimal concentrations of IL-15 that give enhancement of IFN-gamma production to specific antigen, without a significant increase in the spontaneous IFN-gamma release, ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 ng/ml. |
| 521 | 12969547 | Similarly, in SIV-infected macaques, IL-15 increased the mean number of IFN-gamma spots 2.7-fold in response to both SIV gag and env peptide pools. |
| 522 | 12969547 | Use of interleukin 15 to enhance interferon-gamma production by antigen-specific stimulated lymphocytes from rhesus macaques. |
| 523 | 12969547 | Interleukin (IL)-15 has been demonstrated to stimulate expansion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and to regulate homeostatic proliferation of CD8+ memory cells. |
| 524 | 12969547 | We evaluated the in vitro effect of IL-15 to increase the detection of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by antigen-specific stimulated lymphocytes from a group of rhesus macaques exposed to simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) and a second group infected with SIVmac251, before and after antiretroviral treatment (ART). |
| 525 | 12969547 | Results from these studies demonstrate that the presence of IL-15 during stimulation in a peptide-based ELISPOT assay greatly enhanced IFN-gamma production in both SHIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques. |
| 526 | 12969547 | IFN-gamma production was mainly mediated by CD8 lymphocytes. |
| 527 | 12969547 | The optimal concentrations of IL-15 that give enhancement of IFN-gamma production to specific antigen, without a significant increase in the spontaneous IFN-gamma release, ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 ng/ml. |
| 528 | 12969547 | Similarly, in SIV-infected macaques, IL-15 increased the mean number of IFN-gamma spots 2.7-fold in response to both SIV gag and env peptide pools. |
| 529 | 12969547 | Use of interleukin 15 to enhance interferon-gamma production by antigen-specific stimulated lymphocytes from rhesus macaques. |
| 530 | 12969547 | Interleukin (IL)-15 has been demonstrated to stimulate expansion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and to regulate homeostatic proliferation of CD8+ memory cells. |
| 531 | 12969547 | We evaluated the in vitro effect of IL-15 to increase the detection of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by antigen-specific stimulated lymphocytes from a group of rhesus macaques exposed to simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) and a second group infected with SIVmac251, before and after antiretroviral treatment (ART). |
| 532 | 12969547 | Results from these studies demonstrate that the presence of IL-15 during stimulation in a peptide-based ELISPOT assay greatly enhanced IFN-gamma production in both SHIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques. |
| 533 | 12969547 | IFN-gamma production was mainly mediated by CD8 lymphocytes. |
| 534 | 12969547 | The optimal concentrations of IL-15 that give enhancement of IFN-gamma production to specific antigen, without a significant increase in the spontaneous IFN-gamma release, ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 ng/ml. |
| 535 | 12969547 | Similarly, in SIV-infected macaques, IL-15 increased the mean number of IFN-gamma spots 2.7-fold in response to both SIV gag and env peptide pools. |
| 536 | 12969547 | Use of interleukin 15 to enhance interferon-gamma production by antigen-specific stimulated lymphocytes from rhesus macaques. |
| 537 | 12969547 | Interleukin (IL)-15 has been demonstrated to stimulate expansion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and to regulate homeostatic proliferation of CD8+ memory cells. |
| 538 | 12969547 | We evaluated the in vitro effect of IL-15 to increase the detection of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by antigen-specific stimulated lymphocytes from a group of rhesus macaques exposed to simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) and a second group infected with SIVmac251, before and after antiretroviral treatment (ART). |
| 539 | 12969547 | Results from these studies demonstrate that the presence of IL-15 during stimulation in a peptide-based ELISPOT assay greatly enhanced IFN-gamma production in both SHIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques. |
| 540 | 12969547 | IFN-gamma production was mainly mediated by CD8 lymphocytes. |
| 541 | 12969547 | The optimal concentrations of IL-15 that give enhancement of IFN-gamma production to specific antigen, without a significant increase in the spontaneous IFN-gamma release, ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 ng/ml. |
| 542 | 12969547 | Similarly, in SIV-infected macaques, IL-15 increased the mean number of IFN-gamma spots 2.7-fold in response to both SIV gag and env peptide pools. |
| 543 | 12969547 | Use of interleukin 15 to enhance interferon-gamma production by antigen-specific stimulated lymphocytes from rhesus macaques. |
| 544 | 12969547 | Interleukin (IL)-15 has been demonstrated to stimulate expansion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and to regulate homeostatic proliferation of CD8+ memory cells. |
| 545 | 12969547 | We evaluated the in vitro effect of IL-15 to increase the detection of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by antigen-specific stimulated lymphocytes from a group of rhesus macaques exposed to simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) and a second group infected with SIVmac251, before and after antiretroviral treatment (ART). |
| 546 | 12969547 | Results from these studies demonstrate that the presence of IL-15 during stimulation in a peptide-based ELISPOT assay greatly enhanced IFN-gamma production in both SHIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques. |
| 547 | 12969547 | IFN-gamma production was mainly mediated by CD8 lymphocytes. |
| 548 | 12969547 | The optimal concentrations of IL-15 that give enhancement of IFN-gamma production to specific antigen, without a significant increase in the spontaneous IFN-gamma release, ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 ng/ml. |
| 549 | 12969547 | Similarly, in SIV-infected macaques, IL-15 increased the mean number of IFN-gamma spots 2.7-fold in response to both SIV gag and env peptide pools. |
| 550 | 14500526 | Interleukin-15 (IL-15) transgenic mice which had been inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) 24 weeks previously showed resistance against airborne infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv accompanied by an increased CD8(+)-Tc1-cell response. |
| 551 | 14605763 | Complete tumour regressions induced by vaccination with IL-12 gene-transduced tumour cells in combination with IL-15 in a melanoma model in mice. |
| 552 | 14605763 | In the present study, IL-12 gene-transduced B78-H1 melanoma cells (B78/IL-12) were used in combination with IL-15 to treat melanoma-bearing mice. |
| 553 | 14605763 | When used in combination, vaccination with B78/IL-12 cells and treatment with IL-15 caused eradication of established tumours in all treated mice. |
| 554 | 14605763 | The combined treatment with B78/IL-12 cells and IL-15 activated not only a local response against tumour, but also induced systemic antitumour immunity that led to a delay or inhibition of tumour development at a distant site. |
| 555 | 14605763 | In vitro studies demonstrated that when used together, B78/IL-12 cells and IL-15 induced a shift from a type Th2 to a type Th1 response. |
| 556 | 14605763 | The results confirmed that vaccination with IL-12 gene-modified tumour cells is superior to the treatment with unmodified tumour cell vaccine and, additionally, showed that IL-15 is an excellent candidate for adjuvant therapy, inducing synergistically not only a delay of tumour growth but also its complete eradication. |
| 557 | 14605763 | Complete tumour regressions induced by vaccination with IL-12 gene-transduced tumour cells in combination with IL-15 in a melanoma model in mice. |
| 558 | 14605763 | In the present study, IL-12 gene-transduced B78-H1 melanoma cells (B78/IL-12) were used in combination with IL-15 to treat melanoma-bearing mice. |
| 559 | 14605763 | When used in combination, vaccination with B78/IL-12 cells and treatment with IL-15 caused eradication of established tumours in all treated mice. |
| 560 | 14605763 | The combined treatment with B78/IL-12 cells and IL-15 activated not only a local response against tumour, but also induced systemic antitumour immunity that led to a delay or inhibition of tumour development at a distant site. |
| 561 | 14605763 | In vitro studies demonstrated that when used together, B78/IL-12 cells and IL-15 induced a shift from a type Th2 to a type Th1 response. |
| 562 | 14605763 | The results confirmed that vaccination with IL-12 gene-modified tumour cells is superior to the treatment with unmodified tumour cell vaccine and, additionally, showed that IL-15 is an excellent candidate for adjuvant therapy, inducing synergistically not only a delay of tumour growth but also its complete eradication. |
| 563 | 14605763 | Complete tumour regressions induced by vaccination with IL-12 gene-transduced tumour cells in combination with IL-15 in a melanoma model in mice. |
| 564 | 14605763 | In the present study, IL-12 gene-transduced B78-H1 melanoma cells (B78/IL-12) were used in combination with IL-15 to treat melanoma-bearing mice. |
| 565 | 14605763 | When used in combination, vaccination with B78/IL-12 cells and treatment with IL-15 caused eradication of established tumours in all treated mice. |
| 566 | 14605763 | The combined treatment with B78/IL-12 cells and IL-15 activated not only a local response against tumour, but also induced systemic antitumour immunity that led to a delay or inhibition of tumour development at a distant site. |
| 567 | 14605763 | In vitro studies demonstrated that when used together, B78/IL-12 cells and IL-15 induced a shift from a type Th2 to a type Th1 response. |
| 568 | 14605763 | The results confirmed that vaccination with IL-12 gene-modified tumour cells is superior to the treatment with unmodified tumour cell vaccine and, additionally, showed that IL-15 is an excellent candidate for adjuvant therapy, inducing synergistically not only a delay of tumour growth but also its complete eradication. |
| 569 | 14605763 | Complete tumour regressions induced by vaccination with IL-12 gene-transduced tumour cells in combination with IL-15 in a melanoma model in mice. |
| 570 | 14605763 | In the present study, IL-12 gene-transduced B78-H1 melanoma cells (B78/IL-12) were used in combination with IL-15 to treat melanoma-bearing mice. |
| 571 | 14605763 | When used in combination, vaccination with B78/IL-12 cells and treatment with IL-15 caused eradication of established tumours in all treated mice. |
| 572 | 14605763 | The combined treatment with B78/IL-12 cells and IL-15 activated not only a local response against tumour, but also induced systemic antitumour immunity that led to a delay or inhibition of tumour development at a distant site. |
| 573 | 14605763 | In vitro studies demonstrated that when used together, B78/IL-12 cells and IL-15 induced a shift from a type Th2 to a type Th1 response. |
| 574 | 14605763 | The results confirmed that vaccination with IL-12 gene-modified tumour cells is superior to the treatment with unmodified tumour cell vaccine and, additionally, showed that IL-15 is an excellent candidate for adjuvant therapy, inducing synergistically not only a delay of tumour growth but also its complete eradication. |
| 575 | 14605763 | Complete tumour regressions induced by vaccination with IL-12 gene-transduced tumour cells in combination with IL-15 in a melanoma model in mice. |
| 576 | 14605763 | In the present study, IL-12 gene-transduced B78-H1 melanoma cells (B78/IL-12) were used in combination with IL-15 to treat melanoma-bearing mice. |
| 577 | 14605763 | When used in combination, vaccination with B78/IL-12 cells and treatment with IL-15 caused eradication of established tumours in all treated mice. |
| 578 | 14605763 | The combined treatment with B78/IL-12 cells and IL-15 activated not only a local response against tumour, but also induced systemic antitumour immunity that led to a delay or inhibition of tumour development at a distant site. |
| 579 | 14605763 | In vitro studies demonstrated that when used together, B78/IL-12 cells and IL-15 induced a shift from a type Th2 to a type Th1 response. |
| 580 | 14605763 | The results confirmed that vaccination with IL-12 gene-modified tumour cells is superior to the treatment with unmodified tumour cell vaccine and, additionally, showed that IL-15 is an excellent candidate for adjuvant therapy, inducing synergistically not only a delay of tumour growth but also its complete eradication. |
| 581 | 14605763 | Complete tumour regressions induced by vaccination with IL-12 gene-transduced tumour cells in combination with IL-15 in a melanoma model in mice. |
| 582 | 14605763 | In the present study, IL-12 gene-transduced B78-H1 melanoma cells (B78/IL-12) were used in combination with IL-15 to treat melanoma-bearing mice. |
| 583 | 14605763 | When used in combination, vaccination with B78/IL-12 cells and treatment with IL-15 caused eradication of established tumours in all treated mice. |
| 584 | 14605763 | The combined treatment with B78/IL-12 cells and IL-15 activated not only a local response against tumour, but also induced systemic antitumour immunity that led to a delay or inhibition of tumour development at a distant site. |
| 585 | 14605763 | In vitro studies demonstrated that when used together, B78/IL-12 cells and IL-15 induced a shift from a type Th2 to a type Th1 response. |
| 586 | 14605763 | The results confirmed that vaccination with IL-12 gene-modified tumour cells is superior to the treatment with unmodified tumour cell vaccine and, additionally, showed that IL-15 is an excellent candidate for adjuvant therapy, inducing synergistically not only a delay of tumour growth but also its complete eradication. |
| 587 | 14634094 | Protection depended on the presence of costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and CD40 on the DCs, but surprisingly did not require DCs that could make IL-12 or IL-15. |
| 588 | 14634094 | As NK cells lack memory, we found by depletion that CD4(+) not CD8(+) T cells were required for induction of the NK antitumor response. |
| 589 | 14971031 | Dendritic cells generated in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-15 prime potent CD8+ Tc1 responses in vivo. |
| 590 | 14971031 | DC progenitors can be stimulated to differentiate into immature DC by various growth factors, including GM-CSF and IL-4. |
| 591 | 14971031 | Here we show that IL-15, in combination with GM-CSF, is a growth factor for murine DC. |
| 592 | 14971031 | Murine bone marrow cells, depleted of T cells, B cells, I-A+ cells and Gr-1+ granulocytes, and cultured in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-15 (IL-15 DC), yielded DC expressing high levels of CD11c and MHC class II molecules, as well as CD11b. |
| 593 | 14971031 | These cells expressed significant levels of CD40, CD80 and CD86, and could stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cells efficiently. |
| 594 | 14971031 | Interestingly, IL-15 DC were far superior to DC generated with GM-CSF plus IL-4 in stimulating allogeneic CD8+ T cells in vitro. |
| 595 | 14971031 | Consistent with this, IL-15 DC induced much more potent antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses with high levels of Th1 cytokines in vivo, compared to DC generated with GM-CSF plus IL-4, or with GM-CSF plus TGF-beta, or with GM-CSF alone. |
| 596 | 14971031 | Together, these data suggest that IL-15 promotes the development of DC, which induce potent Th1 and Tc1 responses in vivo. |
| 597 | 14971031 | Dendritic cells generated in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-15 prime potent CD8+ Tc1 responses in vivo. |
| 598 | 14971031 | DC progenitors can be stimulated to differentiate into immature DC by various growth factors, including GM-CSF and IL-4. |
| 599 | 14971031 | Here we show that IL-15, in combination with GM-CSF, is a growth factor for murine DC. |
| 600 | 14971031 | Murine bone marrow cells, depleted of T cells, B cells, I-A+ cells and Gr-1+ granulocytes, and cultured in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-15 (IL-15 DC), yielded DC expressing high levels of CD11c and MHC class II molecules, as well as CD11b. |
| 601 | 14971031 | These cells expressed significant levels of CD40, CD80 and CD86, and could stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cells efficiently. |
| 602 | 14971031 | Interestingly, IL-15 DC were far superior to DC generated with GM-CSF plus IL-4 in stimulating allogeneic CD8+ T cells in vitro. |
| 603 | 14971031 | Consistent with this, IL-15 DC induced much more potent antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses with high levels of Th1 cytokines in vivo, compared to DC generated with GM-CSF plus IL-4, or with GM-CSF plus TGF-beta, or with GM-CSF alone. |
| 604 | 14971031 | Together, these data suggest that IL-15 promotes the development of DC, which induce potent Th1 and Tc1 responses in vivo. |
| 605 | 14971031 | Dendritic cells generated in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-15 prime potent CD8+ Tc1 responses in vivo. |
| 606 | 14971031 | DC progenitors can be stimulated to differentiate into immature DC by various growth factors, including GM-CSF and IL-4. |
| 607 | 14971031 | Here we show that IL-15, in combination with GM-CSF, is a growth factor for murine DC. |
| 608 | 14971031 | Murine bone marrow cells, depleted of T cells, B cells, I-A+ cells and Gr-1+ granulocytes, and cultured in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-15 (IL-15 DC), yielded DC expressing high levels of CD11c and MHC class II molecules, as well as CD11b. |
| 609 | 14971031 | These cells expressed significant levels of CD40, CD80 and CD86, and could stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cells efficiently. |
| 610 | 14971031 | Interestingly, IL-15 DC were far superior to DC generated with GM-CSF plus IL-4 in stimulating allogeneic CD8+ T cells in vitro. |
| 611 | 14971031 | Consistent with this, IL-15 DC induced much more potent antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses with high levels of Th1 cytokines in vivo, compared to DC generated with GM-CSF plus IL-4, or with GM-CSF plus TGF-beta, or with GM-CSF alone. |
| 612 | 14971031 | Together, these data suggest that IL-15 promotes the development of DC, which induce potent Th1 and Tc1 responses in vivo. |
| 613 | 14971031 | Dendritic cells generated in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-15 prime potent CD8+ Tc1 responses in vivo. |
| 614 | 14971031 | DC progenitors can be stimulated to differentiate into immature DC by various growth factors, including GM-CSF and IL-4. |
| 615 | 14971031 | Here we show that IL-15, in combination with GM-CSF, is a growth factor for murine DC. |
| 616 | 14971031 | Murine bone marrow cells, depleted of T cells, B cells, I-A+ cells and Gr-1+ granulocytes, and cultured in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-15 (IL-15 DC), yielded DC expressing high levels of CD11c and MHC class II molecules, as well as CD11b. |
| 617 | 14971031 | These cells expressed significant levels of CD40, CD80 and CD86, and could stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cells efficiently. |
| 618 | 14971031 | Interestingly, IL-15 DC were far superior to DC generated with GM-CSF plus IL-4 in stimulating allogeneic CD8+ T cells in vitro. |
| 619 | 14971031 | Consistent with this, IL-15 DC induced much more potent antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses with high levels of Th1 cytokines in vivo, compared to DC generated with GM-CSF plus IL-4, or with GM-CSF plus TGF-beta, or with GM-CSF alone. |
| 620 | 14971031 | Together, these data suggest that IL-15 promotes the development of DC, which induce potent Th1 and Tc1 responses in vivo. |
| 621 | 14971031 | Dendritic cells generated in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-15 prime potent CD8+ Tc1 responses in vivo. |
| 622 | 14971031 | DC progenitors can be stimulated to differentiate into immature DC by various growth factors, including GM-CSF and IL-4. |
| 623 | 14971031 | Here we show that IL-15, in combination with GM-CSF, is a growth factor for murine DC. |
| 624 | 14971031 | Murine bone marrow cells, depleted of T cells, B cells, I-A+ cells and Gr-1+ granulocytes, and cultured in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-15 (IL-15 DC), yielded DC expressing high levels of CD11c and MHC class II molecules, as well as CD11b. |
| 625 | 14971031 | These cells expressed significant levels of CD40, CD80 and CD86, and could stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cells efficiently. |
| 626 | 14971031 | Interestingly, IL-15 DC were far superior to DC generated with GM-CSF plus IL-4 in stimulating allogeneic CD8+ T cells in vitro. |
| 627 | 14971031 | Consistent with this, IL-15 DC induced much more potent antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses with high levels of Th1 cytokines in vivo, compared to DC generated with GM-CSF plus IL-4, or with GM-CSF plus TGF-beta, or with GM-CSF alone. |
| 628 | 14971031 | Together, these data suggest that IL-15 promotes the development of DC, which induce potent Th1 and Tc1 responses in vivo. |
| 629 | 14971031 | Dendritic cells generated in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-15 prime potent CD8+ Tc1 responses in vivo. |
| 630 | 14971031 | DC progenitors can be stimulated to differentiate into immature DC by various growth factors, including GM-CSF and IL-4. |
| 631 | 14971031 | Here we show that IL-15, in combination with GM-CSF, is a growth factor for murine DC. |
| 632 | 14971031 | Murine bone marrow cells, depleted of T cells, B cells, I-A+ cells and Gr-1+ granulocytes, and cultured in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-15 (IL-15 DC), yielded DC expressing high levels of CD11c and MHC class II molecules, as well as CD11b. |
| 633 | 14971031 | These cells expressed significant levels of CD40, CD80 and CD86, and could stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cells efficiently. |
| 634 | 14971031 | Interestingly, IL-15 DC were far superior to DC generated with GM-CSF plus IL-4 in stimulating allogeneic CD8+ T cells in vitro. |
| 635 | 14971031 | Consistent with this, IL-15 DC induced much more potent antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses with high levels of Th1 cytokines in vivo, compared to DC generated with GM-CSF plus IL-4, or with GM-CSF plus TGF-beta, or with GM-CSF alone. |
| 636 | 14971031 | Together, these data suggest that IL-15 promotes the development of DC, which induce potent Th1 and Tc1 responses in vivo. |
| 637 | 14999599 | In vitro human memory CD8 T cell expansion in response to cytomegalovirus requires CD4+ T cell help. |
| 638 | 14999599 | Expansion of memory CD8(+) T cells was completely dependent on the presence and function of CD4(+) T cells, whose "help" also could be induced by exposure to irrelevant antigen. |
| 639 | 14999599 | Recombinant interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-15 could substitute for help provided by CD4(+) T cells, whereas CD8(+) T cell expansion was blocked by anti-IL-2 but not anti-IL-15 antibody. |
| 640 | 14999599 | Human memory CD8(+) T cells expand dramatically in vitro in response to cross-presentation of HCMV antigens, and, in contrast to observations made in murine systems, this proliferation was critically dependent on CD4(+) T cells that provide essential IL-2. |
| 641 | 14999599 | Thus, in humans, cross-presentation and expansion of memory CD8(+) T cells may be compromised in disease states that result in deficits in CD4(+) T cell numbers or function, such as may be seen in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. |
| 642 | 15013994 | Three ophthalmic sponges, Weck-Cel, Ultracell, and Merocel, were loaded in vitro with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), immunoglobulin A (IgA), or IgG, and sponges were extracted and evaluated for total recovery by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). |
| 643 | 15013994 | There was excellent (>75%) recovery for all immune markers from all three devices except for IL-6, which was poorly recovered (<60%) for all sponge types, IFN-gamma, which was poorly recovered from both Weck-Cel and Ultracell sponges but was completely recovered from Merocel sponges, and IL-4, which was poorly recovered from Weck-Cel sponges but was completely recovered from Ultracell or Merocel sponges. |
| 644 | 15013994 | We then compared the absolute recovery of selected markers (IL-10, IL-12, IgG, and IgA) from cervical secretion specimens collected from women using each type of sponge. |
| 645 | 15013994 | There were no significant differences in the recoveries of IL-10, IL-12, and IgG from cervical specimens collected by any type of ophthalmic sponge, but there was reduced IgA recovery from Merocel sponges. |
| 646 | 15013994 | We infer from our data that the three collection devices are adequate for the measurements of IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-5, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IgG. |
| 647 | 15013994 | Merocel may be a better ophthalmic sponge for the collection of cervical secretions and measurements of IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, GM-CSF, and IFN-gamma, but our data from clinical specimens, not in vitro-loaded sponges, suggested the possibility of reduced recovery of IgA. |
| 648 | 15013994 | Three ophthalmic sponges, Weck-Cel, Ultracell, and Merocel, were loaded in vitro with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), immunoglobulin A (IgA), or IgG, and sponges were extracted and evaluated for total recovery by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). |
| 649 | 15013994 | There was excellent (>75%) recovery for all immune markers from all three devices except for IL-6, which was poorly recovered (<60%) for all sponge types, IFN-gamma, which was poorly recovered from both Weck-Cel and Ultracell sponges but was completely recovered from Merocel sponges, and IL-4, which was poorly recovered from Weck-Cel sponges but was completely recovered from Ultracell or Merocel sponges. |
| 650 | 15013994 | We then compared the absolute recovery of selected markers (IL-10, IL-12, IgG, and IgA) from cervical secretion specimens collected from women using each type of sponge. |
| 651 | 15013994 | There were no significant differences in the recoveries of IL-10, IL-12, and IgG from cervical specimens collected by any type of ophthalmic sponge, but there was reduced IgA recovery from Merocel sponges. |
| 652 | 15013994 | We infer from our data that the three collection devices are adequate for the measurements of IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-5, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IgG. |
| 653 | 15013994 | Merocel may be a better ophthalmic sponge for the collection of cervical secretions and measurements of IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, GM-CSF, and IFN-gamma, but our data from clinical specimens, not in vitro-loaded sponges, suggested the possibility of reduced recovery of IgA. |
| 654 | 15173014 | Immunoprevention of HER-2/neu transgenic mammary carcinoma through an interleukin 12-engineered allogeneic cell vaccine. |
| 655 | 15173014 | Repeated vaccinations with cells engineered to release interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-15, or IFN-gamma showed that IL-12-engineered cell vaccines had the most powerful immunopreventive activity, with >80% of 1-year-old BALB-neuT mice free of tumors. |
| 656 | 15173014 | The IL-12-engineered cell vaccine elicited a high production of IFN-gamma and IL-4 and a strong anti-HER-2/neu antibody response. |
| 657 | 15173014 | The protection afforded by the IL-12-engineered cell vaccine was equal to that provided by the systemic administration of recombinant IL-12 in combination with HER-2/neu H-2(q) cell vaccine. |
| 658 | 15173014 | However, IL-12-engineered cell vaccine induced much lower circulating IL-12 and IFN-gamma, and therefore lower potential side effects and systemic toxicity. |
| 659 | 15185348 | Modulation by factors that affect T-cell function or hematopoiesis, including interleukin-12, interleukin-15, interleukin-18, interleukin-23, Eta-1, Flt3L and GM-CSF, was studied in the forms of monocistronic and bicistronic plasmid. |
| 660 | 15185348 | Our results demonstrated that vaccination of pHM could induce successful antitumor immunity against Her-2/neu-expressing murine tumor cells in BALB/c mice. |
| 661 | 15185348 | In particular, coexpression of interleukin-18 or GM-CSF with Her-2/neu increased antitumor activity in both preventive and therapeutic experiments. |
| 662 | 15233729 | Encouraging studies involving cytokines such as granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-12, IL-18, and many others are examined. |
| 663 | 15233729 | Notable chemokines that may offer hope in such efforts include IL-8, RANTES, CCL19, CCL21, and a few others. |
| 664 | 15233729 | In addition, as more is discovered regarding the requirements for memory development of T cells, boosters involving key cytokines such as IL-15 and IL-23 may prove beneficial to long-term maintenance of the memory pool. |
| 665 | 15308379 | IL-15 is superior to IL-2 in the generation of long-lived antigen specific memory CD4 and CD8 T cells in rhesus macaques. |
| 666 | 15308379 | Using tetanus toxoid (TT) and influenza (Flu) immunization of rhesus macaques as a model, the effect of IL-2 and IL-15 on the generation and maintenance of antigen specific memory T cells was evaluated following primary and secondary immunization. |
| 667 | 15308379 | Following primary immunization, TT specific CD4 and influenza matrix protein (Flu-MP) specific CD8 effector responses were enhanced by IL-2 administration but CD8 specific memory responses were no different from cytokine non-treated monkeys. |
| 668 | 15308379 | IL-15 also significantly enhanced early and late TT specific CD4 responses. |
| 669 | 15308379 | The highest levels of primary effector and memory T cells were observed following alternate administration of both IL-2 and IL-15. |
| 670 | 15308379 | Following booster immunization, however, only IL-15 appeared able to enhance CD8 T cell responses while IL-2 or IL2/IL-15 administration were less effective. |
| 671 | 15308379 | IL-15 is superior to IL-2 in the generation of long-lived antigen specific memory CD4 and CD8 T cells in rhesus macaques. |
| 672 | 15308379 | Using tetanus toxoid (TT) and influenza (Flu) immunization of rhesus macaques as a model, the effect of IL-2 and IL-15 on the generation and maintenance of antigen specific memory T cells was evaluated following primary and secondary immunization. |
| 673 | 15308379 | Following primary immunization, TT specific CD4 and influenza matrix protein (Flu-MP) specific CD8 effector responses were enhanced by IL-2 administration but CD8 specific memory responses were no different from cytokine non-treated monkeys. |
| 674 | 15308379 | IL-15 also significantly enhanced early and late TT specific CD4 responses. |
| 675 | 15308379 | The highest levels of primary effector and memory T cells were observed following alternate administration of both IL-2 and IL-15. |
| 676 | 15308379 | Following booster immunization, however, only IL-15 appeared able to enhance CD8 T cell responses while IL-2 or IL2/IL-15 administration were less effective. |
| 677 | 15308379 | IL-15 is superior to IL-2 in the generation of long-lived antigen specific memory CD4 and CD8 T cells in rhesus macaques. |
| 678 | 15308379 | Using tetanus toxoid (TT) and influenza (Flu) immunization of rhesus macaques as a model, the effect of IL-2 and IL-15 on the generation and maintenance of antigen specific memory T cells was evaluated following primary and secondary immunization. |
| 679 | 15308379 | Following primary immunization, TT specific CD4 and influenza matrix protein (Flu-MP) specific CD8 effector responses were enhanced by IL-2 administration but CD8 specific memory responses were no different from cytokine non-treated monkeys. |
| 680 | 15308379 | IL-15 also significantly enhanced early and late TT specific CD4 responses. |
| 681 | 15308379 | The highest levels of primary effector and memory T cells were observed following alternate administration of both IL-2 and IL-15. |
| 682 | 15308379 | Following booster immunization, however, only IL-15 appeared able to enhance CD8 T cell responses while IL-2 or IL2/IL-15 administration were less effective. |
| 683 | 15308379 | IL-15 is superior to IL-2 in the generation of long-lived antigen specific memory CD4 and CD8 T cells in rhesus macaques. |
| 684 | 15308379 | Using tetanus toxoid (TT) and influenza (Flu) immunization of rhesus macaques as a model, the effect of IL-2 and IL-15 on the generation and maintenance of antigen specific memory T cells was evaluated following primary and secondary immunization. |
| 685 | 15308379 | Following primary immunization, TT specific CD4 and influenza matrix protein (Flu-MP) specific CD8 effector responses were enhanced by IL-2 administration but CD8 specific memory responses were no different from cytokine non-treated monkeys. |
| 686 | 15308379 | IL-15 also significantly enhanced early and late TT specific CD4 responses. |
| 687 | 15308379 | The highest levels of primary effector and memory T cells were observed following alternate administration of both IL-2 and IL-15. |
| 688 | 15308379 | Following booster immunization, however, only IL-15 appeared able to enhance CD8 T cell responses while IL-2 or IL2/IL-15 administration were less effective. |
| 689 | 15308379 | IL-15 is superior to IL-2 in the generation of long-lived antigen specific memory CD4 and CD8 T cells in rhesus macaques. |
| 690 | 15308379 | Using tetanus toxoid (TT) and influenza (Flu) immunization of rhesus macaques as a model, the effect of IL-2 and IL-15 on the generation and maintenance of antigen specific memory T cells was evaluated following primary and secondary immunization. |
| 691 | 15308379 | Following primary immunization, TT specific CD4 and influenza matrix protein (Flu-MP) specific CD8 effector responses were enhanced by IL-2 administration but CD8 specific memory responses were no different from cytokine non-treated monkeys. |
| 692 | 15308379 | IL-15 also significantly enhanced early and late TT specific CD4 responses. |
| 693 | 15308379 | The highest levels of primary effector and memory T cells were observed following alternate administration of both IL-2 and IL-15. |
| 694 | 15308379 | Following booster immunization, however, only IL-15 appeared able to enhance CD8 T cell responses while IL-2 or IL2/IL-15 administration were less effective. |
| 695 | 15375003 | In addition, some main presentations focused on new adjuvants (CpG oligonucleotides) and on the role of cytokines (i.e., type I IFN, interleukin 12, and interleukin 15) in promoting an antitumor immune response to vaccines. |
| 696 | 15375583 | Tumor secreting high levels of IL-15 induces specific immunity to low immunogenic colon adenocarcinoma via CD8+ T cells. |
| 697 | 15470476 | We investigated whether the vaccine potency is further improved by coadministration of cytokine genes together with a low dose of genetic vaccine. pDNA encoding IL-12, IL-15, IL-18 or IL-21 was capable of elevating survival rates of HSV-1-infected mice when coinjected with 1 microg of gB pDNA, while IL-10 gene delivery failed to affect the effectiveness of the genetic immunization. |
| 698 | 15470476 | Coadministration of the gB and IL-12 genes also elevated the serum level of interferon-gamma. |
| 699 | 15477598 | IL-15/IL-15Ralpha-mediated avidity maturation of memory CD8+ T cells. |
| 700 | 15505208 | These chronically stimulated CD8 T cells were unable to undergo homeostatic proliferation, responded poorly to IL-7 and IL-15, and expressed reduced levels of the IL-7 and IL-15 receptors, thus providing a possible mechanism for the inability of these cells to persist long term in the absence of antigen. |
| 701 | 15505208 | In striking contrast, virus-specific memory CD8 T cells that developed after an acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection could persist without antigen, were capable of self-renewal because of homeostatic proliferation, responded efficiently to IL-7 and IL-15, and expressed high levels of receptors for these two cytokines. |
| 702 | 15505208 | These chronically stimulated CD8 T cells were unable to undergo homeostatic proliferation, responded poorly to IL-7 and IL-15, and expressed reduced levels of the IL-7 and IL-15 receptors, thus providing a possible mechanism for the inability of these cells to persist long term in the absence of antigen. |
| 703 | 15505208 | In striking contrast, virus-specific memory CD8 T cells that developed after an acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection could persist without antigen, were capable of self-renewal because of homeostatic proliferation, responded efficiently to IL-7 and IL-15, and expressed high levels of receptors for these two cytokines. |
| 704 | 15507306 | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from these pigs responded to PRRSV exposure with a limited increase in their expression of the Th1 immune markers, IFNG, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-15 (IL15), and a reduction in the quantity of mRNAs encoding the innate and inflammatory proteins, IL1B, IL8 and IFNA. |
| 705 | 15507306 | Efforts to enhance Th1 immunity, by utilizing an expression plasmid encoding porcine IFNA (pINA) as an adjuvant, resulted in a temporary increase in the frequency of PRRSV-specific IFNG SC but only minor changes overall in the expression of Th1 associated cytokine or innate immune marker mRNA by virus-stimulated PBMC. |
| 706 | 15507306 | Administration of pINA, however, did correlate with decreased IL1B secretion by cultured, unstimulated PBMC but had no effect on their ability to release IFNG. |
| 707 | 15557615 | A purified recombinant protein from Eimeria acervulina (3-1E) was used to vaccinate chickens in ovo against coccidiosis both alone and in combination with expression plasmids encoding the interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, or gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) gene. |
| 708 | 15557615 | Simultaneous immunization with 3-1E and the IL-2, -15, -17, or -18 or IFN-gamma gene further reduced oocyst shedding compared with that achieved with 3-1E alone. |
| 709 | 15566356 | This study investigated the effects of the common gamma chain-binding cytokines, interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15, on costimulatory properties of primary CLL cells from 51 patients. |
| 710 | 15566356 | IL-2 improved the ability of CLL cells to stimulate T cell proliferation and increased the expression of costimulatory molecules (particularly CD80) in a dose-dependent fashion, especially in CLL cells with weak expression of CD38. |
| 711 | 15566356 | CD80 and CD86 induction by IL-2 were positively regulated through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, while CD86 expression was negatively regulated through Janus kinase pathways. |
| 712 | 15566356 | However, further activation with protein kinase C agonists was required for IL-2 activated CLL cells to stimulate autologous T cells sufficiently to clear bystander CLL cells from mixed lymphocyte responses. |
| 713 | 15566356 | These results suggest a role for IL-2, or IL-15, in immunotherapeutic strategies for CLL. |
| 714 | 15566356 | This study investigated the effects of the common gamma chain-binding cytokines, interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15, on costimulatory properties of primary CLL cells from 51 patients. |
| 715 | 15566356 | IL-2 improved the ability of CLL cells to stimulate T cell proliferation and increased the expression of costimulatory molecules (particularly CD80) in a dose-dependent fashion, especially in CLL cells with weak expression of CD38. |
| 716 | 15566356 | CD80 and CD86 induction by IL-2 were positively regulated through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, while CD86 expression was negatively regulated through Janus kinase pathways. |
| 717 | 15566356 | However, further activation with protein kinase C agonists was required for IL-2 activated CLL cells to stimulate autologous T cells sufficiently to clear bystander CLL cells from mixed lymphocyte responses. |
| 718 | 15566356 | These results suggest a role for IL-2, or IL-15, in immunotherapeutic strategies for CLL. |
| 719 | 15582662 | Rescue of memory CD8+ T cell reactivity in peptide/TLR9 ligand immunization by codelivery of cytokines or CD40 ligation. |
| 720 | 15582662 | Here, we show that immunization of mice with SSIEFARL peptide (immunodominant epitope in glycoprotein B of herpes simplex virus type 1, aa498-505) combined with TLR9 ligand in the absence of helper CD4(+) T cell activation generates a functionally impaired CD8(+) T cell memory response. |
| 721 | 15582662 | Codelivery of IL-12, IL-15, or anti-CD40 together with MHC class-I-restricted peptide combined with TLR9 ligand at inception of immunization resulted in generation of memory CD8(+) T cells that were several fold less compromised than immunization with peptide alone. |
| 722 | 15582662 | Furthermore, administration of either plasmid DNA encoding IL-15 or anti-CD40 mAb but not rIL-12 during the memory phase restored the reactivity of memory CD8(+) T cells. |
| 723 | 15582662 | Rescue of memory CD8+ T cell reactivity in peptide/TLR9 ligand immunization by codelivery of cytokines or CD40 ligation. |
| 724 | 15582662 | Here, we show that immunization of mice with SSIEFARL peptide (immunodominant epitope in glycoprotein B of herpes simplex virus type 1, aa498-505) combined with TLR9 ligand in the absence of helper CD4(+) T cell activation generates a functionally impaired CD8(+) T cell memory response. |
| 725 | 15582662 | Codelivery of IL-12, IL-15, or anti-CD40 together with MHC class-I-restricted peptide combined with TLR9 ligand at inception of immunization resulted in generation of memory CD8(+) T cells that were several fold less compromised than immunization with peptide alone. |
| 726 | 15582662 | Furthermore, administration of either plasmid DNA encoding IL-15 or anti-CD40 mAb but not rIL-12 during the memory phase restored the reactivity of memory CD8(+) T cells. |
| 727 | 15629776 | IL-15-independent antiviral function of primary and memory CD8+ T cells. |
| 728 | 15629776 | Memory CD8+ T cells are comprised of CD122hi IL-15-dependent and CD122lo IL-15-independent subsets. |
| 729 | 15629776 | Induction and retention of IL-15-independent memory CD8+ T cells was assessed in IL-15-/- and wild-type (wt) mice immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) or Sindbis virus (rSIN) vectors expressing the identical foreign epitope. |
| 730 | 15629776 | Both vectors induced epitope-specific CD8+ T cell expansion and function, independent of IL-15. |
| 731 | 15629776 | Similar kinetics of rVV clearance confirmed effective CD8+ T cell function in IL-15-/- mice. |
| 732 | 15629776 | CD44hi CD122hi CD8+ T cells, mainly of the CD62L-/lo phenotype, increased more dramatically and declined more rapidly in IL-15-/- mice, independent of the vector. |
| 733 | 15629776 | Rapid IL-15-independent memory CD8+ T cell expansion following challenge of immune mice compensated for the limited memory CD8+ populations in IL-15-/- mice. |
| 734 | 15629776 | IL-15-independent antiviral function of primary and memory CD8+ T cells. |
| 735 | 15629776 | Memory CD8+ T cells are comprised of CD122hi IL-15-dependent and CD122lo IL-15-independent subsets. |
| 736 | 15629776 | Induction and retention of IL-15-independent memory CD8+ T cells was assessed in IL-15-/- and wild-type (wt) mice immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) or Sindbis virus (rSIN) vectors expressing the identical foreign epitope. |
| 737 | 15629776 | Both vectors induced epitope-specific CD8+ T cell expansion and function, independent of IL-15. |
| 738 | 15629776 | Similar kinetics of rVV clearance confirmed effective CD8+ T cell function in IL-15-/- mice. |
| 739 | 15629776 | CD44hi CD122hi CD8+ T cells, mainly of the CD62L-/lo phenotype, increased more dramatically and declined more rapidly in IL-15-/- mice, independent of the vector. |
| 740 | 15629776 | Rapid IL-15-independent memory CD8+ T cell expansion following challenge of immune mice compensated for the limited memory CD8+ populations in IL-15-/- mice. |
| 741 | 15629776 | IL-15-independent antiviral function of primary and memory CD8+ T cells. |
| 742 | 15629776 | Memory CD8+ T cells are comprised of CD122hi IL-15-dependent and CD122lo IL-15-independent subsets. |
| 743 | 15629776 | Induction and retention of IL-15-independent memory CD8+ T cells was assessed in IL-15-/- and wild-type (wt) mice immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) or Sindbis virus (rSIN) vectors expressing the identical foreign epitope. |
| 744 | 15629776 | Both vectors induced epitope-specific CD8+ T cell expansion and function, independent of IL-15. |
| 745 | 15629776 | Similar kinetics of rVV clearance confirmed effective CD8+ T cell function in IL-15-/- mice. |
| 746 | 15629776 | CD44hi CD122hi CD8+ T cells, mainly of the CD62L-/lo phenotype, increased more dramatically and declined more rapidly in IL-15-/- mice, independent of the vector. |
| 747 | 15629776 | Rapid IL-15-independent memory CD8+ T cell expansion following challenge of immune mice compensated for the limited memory CD8+ populations in IL-15-/- mice. |
| 748 | 15629776 | IL-15-independent antiviral function of primary and memory CD8+ T cells. |
| 749 | 15629776 | Memory CD8+ T cells are comprised of CD122hi IL-15-dependent and CD122lo IL-15-independent subsets. |
| 750 | 15629776 | Induction and retention of IL-15-independent memory CD8+ T cells was assessed in IL-15-/- and wild-type (wt) mice immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) or Sindbis virus (rSIN) vectors expressing the identical foreign epitope. |
| 751 | 15629776 | Both vectors induced epitope-specific CD8+ T cell expansion and function, independent of IL-15. |
| 752 | 15629776 | Similar kinetics of rVV clearance confirmed effective CD8+ T cell function in IL-15-/- mice. |
| 753 | 15629776 | CD44hi CD122hi CD8+ T cells, mainly of the CD62L-/lo phenotype, increased more dramatically and declined more rapidly in IL-15-/- mice, independent of the vector. |
| 754 | 15629776 | Rapid IL-15-independent memory CD8+ T cell expansion following challenge of immune mice compensated for the limited memory CD8+ populations in IL-15-/- mice. |
| 755 | 15629776 | IL-15-independent antiviral function of primary and memory CD8+ T cells. |
| 756 | 15629776 | Memory CD8+ T cells are comprised of CD122hi IL-15-dependent and CD122lo IL-15-independent subsets. |
| 757 | 15629776 | Induction and retention of IL-15-independent memory CD8+ T cells was assessed in IL-15-/- and wild-type (wt) mice immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) or Sindbis virus (rSIN) vectors expressing the identical foreign epitope. |
| 758 | 15629776 | Both vectors induced epitope-specific CD8+ T cell expansion and function, independent of IL-15. |
| 759 | 15629776 | Similar kinetics of rVV clearance confirmed effective CD8+ T cell function in IL-15-/- mice. |
| 760 | 15629776 | CD44hi CD122hi CD8+ T cells, mainly of the CD62L-/lo phenotype, increased more dramatically and declined more rapidly in IL-15-/- mice, independent of the vector. |
| 761 | 15629776 | Rapid IL-15-independent memory CD8+ T cell expansion following challenge of immune mice compensated for the limited memory CD8+ populations in IL-15-/- mice. |
| 762 | 15629776 | IL-15-independent antiviral function of primary and memory CD8+ T cells. |
| 763 | 15629776 | Memory CD8+ T cells are comprised of CD122hi IL-15-dependent and CD122lo IL-15-independent subsets. |
| 764 | 15629776 | Induction and retention of IL-15-independent memory CD8+ T cells was assessed in IL-15-/- and wild-type (wt) mice immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) or Sindbis virus (rSIN) vectors expressing the identical foreign epitope. |
| 765 | 15629776 | Both vectors induced epitope-specific CD8+ T cell expansion and function, independent of IL-15. |
| 766 | 15629776 | Similar kinetics of rVV clearance confirmed effective CD8+ T cell function in IL-15-/- mice. |
| 767 | 15629776 | CD44hi CD122hi CD8+ T cells, mainly of the CD62L-/lo phenotype, increased more dramatically and declined more rapidly in IL-15-/- mice, independent of the vector. |
| 768 | 15629776 | Rapid IL-15-independent memory CD8+ T cell expansion following challenge of immune mice compensated for the limited memory CD8+ populations in IL-15-/- mice. |
| 769 | 15629776 | IL-15-independent antiviral function of primary and memory CD8+ T cells. |
| 770 | 15629776 | Memory CD8+ T cells are comprised of CD122hi IL-15-dependent and CD122lo IL-15-independent subsets. |
| 771 | 15629776 | Induction and retention of IL-15-independent memory CD8+ T cells was assessed in IL-15-/- and wild-type (wt) mice immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) or Sindbis virus (rSIN) vectors expressing the identical foreign epitope. |
| 772 | 15629776 | Both vectors induced epitope-specific CD8+ T cell expansion and function, independent of IL-15. |
| 773 | 15629776 | Similar kinetics of rVV clearance confirmed effective CD8+ T cell function in IL-15-/- mice. |
| 774 | 15629776 | CD44hi CD122hi CD8+ T cells, mainly of the CD62L-/lo phenotype, increased more dramatically and declined more rapidly in IL-15-/- mice, independent of the vector. |
| 775 | 15629776 | Rapid IL-15-independent memory CD8+ T cell expansion following challenge of immune mice compensated for the limited memory CD8+ populations in IL-15-/- mice. |
| 776 | 15688403 | We have comparatively evaluated the proliferative response of CTL induced in metastatic melanoma patients upon immunization against Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) tumor associated antigen (TAA) to IL-2, IL-7 or IL-15 cytokines, sharing a receptor common gamma-chain (c gamma-c cytokines). |
| 777 | 15688403 | All clones were able to kill tumor cell lines expressing HLA-A0201 and Melan-A/MART-1, and displayed phenotypic characteristics of effector/memory (CD45RA-/CCR7-) or CD45RA+/CCR7- effector cells in intermediate to late developmental stage (CD28-/CD276+/-) CTL. |
| 778 | 15688403 | Proliferative responses could be elicited or enhanced by IL-2 and IL-15, but not IL-7, in the absence or in the presence of T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering, respectively. |
| 779 | 15688403 | Accordingly, only IL-2 and IL-15 were able to promote the survival of the CTL clones under investigation. |
| 780 | 15688403 | CD8+ cells from one of the patients treated were obtained 6 months after the last vaccine boost and were cultured in the presence of Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) and each of the 3 cytokines under investigation. |
| 781 | 15688403 | Consistent with data from CTL clones, expansion of Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) tetramer positive cells was only observed in the presence of IL-2 or IL-15 but not IL-7. |
| 782 | 15688403 | Instead, when CD8+ cells from the same patient were sampled shortly (14 days) after an additional vaccination only IL-2 was able to promote the expansion of Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) tetramer positive cells. |
| 783 | 15688403 | We have comparatively evaluated the proliferative response of CTL induced in metastatic melanoma patients upon immunization against Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) tumor associated antigen (TAA) to IL-2, IL-7 or IL-15 cytokines, sharing a receptor common gamma-chain (c gamma-c cytokines). |
| 784 | 15688403 | All clones were able to kill tumor cell lines expressing HLA-A0201 and Melan-A/MART-1, and displayed phenotypic characteristics of effector/memory (CD45RA-/CCR7-) or CD45RA+/CCR7- effector cells in intermediate to late developmental stage (CD28-/CD276+/-) CTL. |
| 785 | 15688403 | Proliferative responses could be elicited or enhanced by IL-2 and IL-15, but not IL-7, in the absence or in the presence of T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering, respectively. |
| 786 | 15688403 | Accordingly, only IL-2 and IL-15 were able to promote the survival of the CTL clones under investigation. |
| 787 | 15688403 | CD8+ cells from one of the patients treated were obtained 6 months after the last vaccine boost and were cultured in the presence of Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) and each of the 3 cytokines under investigation. |
| 788 | 15688403 | Consistent with data from CTL clones, expansion of Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) tetramer positive cells was only observed in the presence of IL-2 or IL-15 but not IL-7. |
| 789 | 15688403 | Instead, when CD8+ cells from the same patient were sampled shortly (14 days) after an additional vaccination only IL-2 was able to promote the expansion of Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) tetramer positive cells. |
| 790 | 15688403 | We have comparatively evaluated the proliferative response of CTL induced in metastatic melanoma patients upon immunization against Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) tumor associated antigen (TAA) to IL-2, IL-7 or IL-15 cytokines, sharing a receptor common gamma-chain (c gamma-c cytokines). |
| 791 | 15688403 | All clones were able to kill tumor cell lines expressing HLA-A0201 and Melan-A/MART-1, and displayed phenotypic characteristics of effector/memory (CD45RA-/CCR7-) or CD45RA+/CCR7- effector cells in intermediate to late developmental stage (CD28-/CD276+/-) CTL. |
| 792 | 15688403 | Proliferative responses could be elicited or enhanced by IL-2 and IL-15, but not IL-7, in the absence or in the presence of T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering, respectively. |
| 793 | 15688403 | Accordingly, only IL-2 and IL-15 were able to promote the survival of the CTL clones under investigation. |
| 794 | 15688403 | CD8+ cells from one of the patients treated were obtained 6 months after the last vaccine boost and were cultured in the presence of Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) and each of the 3 cytokines under investigation. |
| 795 | 15688403 | Consistent with data from CTL clones, expansion of Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) tetramer positive cells was only observed in the presence of IL-2 or IL-15 but not IL-7. |
| 796 | 15688403 | Instead, when CD8+ cells from the same patient were sampled shortly (14 days) after an additional vaccination only IL-2 was able to promote the expansion of Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) tetramer positive cells. |
| 797 | 15688403 | We have comparatively evaluated the proliferative response of CTL induced in metastatic melanoma patients upon immunization against Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) tumor associated antigen (TAA) to IL-2, IL-7 or IL-15 cytokines, sharing a receptor common gamma-chain (c gamma-c cytokines). |
| 798 | 15688403 | All clones were able to kill tumor cell lines expressing HLA-A0201 and Melan-A/MART-1, and displayed phenotypic characteristics of effector/memory (CD45RA-/CCR7-) or CD45RA+/CCR7- effector cells in intermediate to late developmental stage (CD28-/CD276+/-) CTL. |
| 799 | 15688403 | Proliferative responses could be elicited or enhanced by IL-2 and IL-15, but not IL-7, in the absence or in the presence of T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering, respectively. |
| 800 | 15688403 | Accordingly, only IL-2 and IL-15 were able to promote the survival of the CTL clones under investigation. |
| 801 | 15688403 | CD8+ cells from one of the patients treated were obtained 6 months after the last vaccine boost and were cultured in the presence of Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) and each of the 3 cytokines under investigation. |
| 802 | 15688403 | Consistent with data from CTL clones, expansion of Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) tetramer positive cells was only observed in the presence of IL-2 or IL-15 but not IL-7. |
| 803 | 15688403 | Instead, when CD8+ cells from the same patient were sampled shortly (14 days) after an additional vaccination only IL-2 was able to promote the expansion of Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) tetramer positive cells. |
| 804 | 15777234 | The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1alpha, IL-12, and IL-18 can replace CT as a mucosal adjuvant for antibody induction and induce an increase of mucosal CTL's. |
| 805 | 15777234 | IL-15 also has the potential to increase antigen-specific CTL activity when used as an adjuvant while IL-5 and IL-6 were shown to be able to markedly increase IgA reactivity to co-expressed heterologous antigen. |
| 806 | 15812230 | Nonreplicating recombinant vaccinia virus expressing CD40 ligand enhances APC capacity to stimulate specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. |
| 807 | 15812230 | Recently, we and others have demonstrated, in vitro and in vivo, that coexpression of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules enhances the immunogenic capacity of a recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) encoding different tumor-associated antigens. |
| 808 | 15812230 | To further investigate the capacity of these vectors to provide ligands for different costimulatory pathways relevant in the generation of T cell responses, we constructed a recombinant virus (rVV) expressing CD40 ligand or CD154 (CD154rVV). |
| 809 | 15812230 | Upon binding the CD40 receptor expressed on antigen presenting cells (APC), this molecule, physiologically expressed on activated CD4+ T cells, increases their antigen presentation and immunostimulatory capacities. |
| 810 | 15812230 | CD154rVV infection of autologous fibroblasts, monocytes, or iDC promoted the expression of a number of cytokines, including GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, and IL-15 in iDC. |
| 811 | 15812230 | Most importantly, IL-12 p40 gene expression and protein secretion were induced by CD154rVV but not by wild-type VV (WT VV) in either CD14+ cells or iDC, and these effects could be blocked by anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies. |
| 812 | 15812230 | Furthermore, phenotypic characterization of CD154rVV infected iDC revealed enhanced expression of CD83 and CD86 surface markers as compared with wild-type vaccinia virus infection. |
| 813 | 15812230 | However, cytokine genes typically expressed by T cell receptor triggered T cells such as those encoding IL-2 and IFN-gamma, or T cell proliferation, were detectable to a significantly higher extent in CD154rVV infected cultures, as compared with WT VV. |
| 814 | 15812230 | Activation of specific CD8+ T cells was then investigated using MART-1/Melan-A(27-35) epitope as the model of tumor-associated antigen (TAA). |
| 815 | 15817700 | In a DNA immunization against Herpes simplex virus (HSV), we examined the ability of plasmid-encoded interleukin-15 (pIL-15) to induce and maintain the mucosal B and T cell immune response. pIL-15 generated memory CD8(+) T cell responses that were threefold higher and mainly maintained in the spleen, but high levels of immunoglobulin A antibodies were induced and maintained long-term in the vaginal mucosa. |
| 816 | 15821891 | We evaluated the immunological properties of a chimeric Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), a plant virus engineered to express on its surface a synthetic peptide derived from many HVR1 sequences of the HCV envelope protein E2 (R9 mimotope). |
| 817 | 15821891 | Furthermore, in patients with chronic HCV infection, purified preparations of R9-CMV down-modulated the lymphocyte surface density of CD3 and CD8, and induced a significant release of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-12 p70 and IL-15 by lymphomonocyte cultures. |
| 818 | 15821891 | Finally, an R9 mimotope-specific CD8 T-cell response, as assessed by intracellular IFN-gamma production, was achieved in the majority of the patients studied. |
| 819 | 15839423 | Resistance to intestinal coccidiosis following DNA immunization with the cloned 3-1E Eimeria gene plus IL-2, IL-15, and IFN-gamma. |
| 820 | 15839423 | A cloned Eimeria acervulina gene (3-1E) was used to vaccinate chickens in ovo against coccidiosis, both alone and in combination with genes encoding interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, or interferon (IFN)-gamma. |
| 821 | 15839423 | Combined immunization with the 3-1E and IL-1, IL-2, IL-15, or IFN-gamma genes induced higher serum antibody responses compared with immunization with 3-1E alone. |
| 822 | 15839423 | Following parasite infection, chickens hatched from embryos given the 3-1E gene plus the IL-2 or IL-15 genes displayed significantly reduced oocyst shedding compared with those given 3-1E alone, while 3-1E plus IL-15 or IFN-gamma significantly increased weight gain compared with administration of 3-1E alone. |
| 823 | 15839423 | Resistance to intestinal coccidiosis following DNA immunization with the cloned 3-1E Eimeria gene plus IL-2, IL-15, and IFN-gamma. |
| 824 | 15839423 | A cloned Eimeria acervulina gene (3-1E) was used to vaccinate chickens in ovo against coccidiosis, both alone and in combination with genes encoding interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, or interferon (IFN)-gamma. |
| 825 | 15839423 | Combined immunization with the 3-1E and IL-1, IL-2, IL-15, or IFN-gamma genes induced higher serum antibody responses compared with immunization with 3-1E alone. |
| 826 | 15839423 | Following parasite infection, chickens hatched from embryos given the 3-1E gene plus the IL-2 or IL-15 genes displayed significantly reduced oocyst shedding compared with those given 3-1E alone, while 3-1E plus IL-15 or IFN-gamma significantly increased weight gain compared with administration of 3-1E alone. |
| 827 | 15839423 | Resistance to intestinal coccidiosis following DNA immunization with the cloned 3-1E Eimeria gene plus IL-2, IL-15, and IFN-gamma. |
| 828 | 15839423 | A cloned Eimeria acervulina gene (3-1E) was used to vaccinate chickens in ovo against coccidiosis, both alone and in combination with genes encoding interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, or interferon (IFN)-gamma. |
| 829 | 15839423 | Combined immunization with the 3-1E and IL-1, IL-2, IL-15, or IFN-gamma genes induced higher serum antibody responses compared with immunization with 3-1E alone. |
| 830 | 15839423 | Following parasite infection, chickens hatched from embryos given the 3-1E gene plus the IL-2 or IL-15 genes displayed significantly reduced oocyst shedding compared with those given 3-1E alone, while 3-1E plus IL-15 or IFN-gamma significantly increased weight gain compared with administration of 3-1E alone. |
| 831 | 15839423 | Resistance to intestinal coccidiosis following DNA immunization with the cloned 3-1E Eimeria gene plus IL-2, IL-15, and IFN-gamma. |
| 832 | 15839423 | A cloned Eimeria acervulina gene (3-1E) was used to vaccinate chickens in ovo against coccidiosis, both alone and in combination with genes encoding interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, or interferon (IFN)-gamma. |
| 833 | 15839423 | Combined immunization with the 3-1E and IL-1, IL-2, IL-15, or IFN-gamma genes induced higher serum antibody responses compared with immunization with 3-1E alone. |
| 834 | 15839423 | Following parasite infection, chickens hatched from embryos given the 3-1E gene plus the IL-2 or IL-15 genes displayed significantly reduced oocyst shedding compared with those given 3-1E alone, while 3-1E plus IL-15 or IFN-gamma significantly increased weight gain compared with administration of 3-1E alone. |
| 835 | 15841203 | Adjuvant IL-7 or IL-15 overcomes immunodominance and improves survival of the CD8+ memory cell pool. |
| 836 | 15868901 | Divergent roles of IL-2 and IL-15. |
| 837 | 15868901 | Since viruses are known to induce memory T cells, an attenuated influenza A/PR8/34 virus with a truncated nonstructural (NS1) gene was generated containing the HER-2 CTL E75 epitope in its neuraminidase protein (KIF-NS virus). |
| 838 | 15868901 | Survival of CD44hi CD122hi cells was dependent on the levels of TCR; cells expressing lower levels of E75-TCR (MFI: 10(2)-10(3)) survived better in IL-2 while cells expressing high levels of TCR (MFI: 10(3)-10(4)) survived better in IL-15. |
| 839 | 15868901 | Divergent roles of IL-2 and IL-15. |
| 840 | 15868901 | Since viruses are known to induce memory T cells, an attenuated influenza A/PR8/34 virus with a truncated nonstructural (NS1) gene was generated containing the HER-2 CTL E75 epitope in its neuraminidase protein (KIF-NS virus). |
| 841 | 15868901 | Survival of CD44hi CD122hi cells was dependent on the levels of TCR; cells expressing lower levels of E75-TCR (MFI: 10(2)-10(3)) survived better in IL-2 while cells expressing high levels of TCR (MFI: 10(3)-10(4)) survived better in IL-15. |
| 842 | 15961574 | To identify DCs with differing abilities to direct Th1/Th2 cell differentiation, we cultured mouse bone marrow progenitors in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM), GM + interleukin (IL)-4, or GM + IL-15 and generated three distinct DC populations. |
| 843 | 15961574 | The GM + IL-4 DCs expressed high levels of CD80/CD86 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and produced low levels of IL-12p70. |
| 844 | 15961574 | GM and GM + IL-15 DCs expressed low levels of CD80/CD86 and MHC class II. |
| 845 | 15961574 | The GM + IL-15 DCs produced high levels of IL-12p70 and interferon (IFN)-gamma, whereas GM DCs produced only high levels of IL-12p70. |
| 846 | 15961574 | Naive T cells stimulated with GM + IL-4 DCs secreted high levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in addition to IFN-gamma. |
| 847 | 15961574 | In contrast, the GM + IL-15 DCs induced higher IFN-gamma production by T cells with little or no Th2 cytokines. |
| 848 | 15961574 | To identify DCs with differing abilities to direct Th1/Th2 cell differentiation, we cultured mouse bone marrow progenitors in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM), GM + interleukin (IL)-4, or GM + IL-15 and generated three distinct DC populations. |
| 849 | 15961574 | The GM + IL-4 DCs expressed high levels of CD80/CD86 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and produced low levels of IL-12p70. |
| 850 | 15961574 | GM and GM + IL-15 DCs expressed low levels of CD80/CD86 and MHC class II. |
| 851 | 15961574 | The GM + IL-15 DCs produced high levels of IL-12p70 and interferon (IFN)-gamma, whereas GM DCs produced only high levels of IL-12p70. |
| 852 | 15961574 | Naive T cells stimulated with GM + IL-4 DCs secreted high levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in addition to IFN-gamma. |
| 853 | 15961574 | In contrast, the GM + IL-15 DCs induced higher IFN-gamma production by T cells with little or no Th2 cytokines. |
| 854 | 15961574 | To identify DCs with differing abilities to direct Th1/Th2 cell differentiation, we cultured mouse bone marrow progenitors in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM), GM + interleukin (IL)-4, or GM + IL-15 and generated three distinct DC populations. |
| 855 | 15961574 | The GM + IL-4 DCs expressed high levels of CD80/CD86 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and produced low levels of IL-12p70. |
| 856 | 15961574 | GM and GM + IL-15 DCs expressed low levels of CD80/CD86 and MHC class II. |
| 857 | 15961574 | The GM + IL-15 DCs produced high levels of IL-12p70 and interferon (IFN)-gamma, whereas GM DCs produced only high levels of IL-12p70. |
| 858 | 15961574 | Naive T cells stimulated with GM + IL-4 DCs secreted high levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in addition to IFN-gamma. |
| 859 | 15961574 | In contrast, the GM + IL-15 DCs induced higher IFN-gamma production by T cells with little or no Th2 cytokines. |
| 860 | 15961574 | To identify DCs with differing abilities to direct Th1/Th2 cell differentiation, we cultured mouse bone marrow progenitors in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM), GM + interleukin (IL)-4, or GM + IL-15 and generated three distinct DC populations. |
| 861 | 15961574 | The GM + IL-4 DCs expressed high levels of CD80/CD86 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and produced low levels of IL-12p70. |
| 862 | 15961574 | GM and GM + IL-15 DCs expressed low levels of CD80/CD86 and MHC class II. |
| 863 | 15961574 | The GM + IL-15 DCs produced high levels of IL-12p70 and interferon (IFN)-gamma, whereas GM DCs produced only high levels of IL-12p70. |
| 864 | 15961574 | Naive T cells stimulated with GM + IL-4 DCs secreted high levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in addition to IFN-gamma. |
| 865 | 15961574 | In contrast, the GM + IL-15 DCs induced higher IFN-gamma production by T cells with little or no Th2 cytokines. |
| 866 | 15972637 | Coimmunization with an optimized IL-15 plasmid results in enhanced function and longevity of CD8 T cells that are partially independent of CD4 T cell help. |
| 867 | 15972637 | In this study we test the feasibility of delivering a plasmid encoding IL-15 as a DNA vaccine adjuvant for the induction of improved Ag-specific CD8(+) T cellular immune responses. |
| 868 | 15972637 | Using a DNA vaccination model, we determined that immunization with optimized IL-15 in combination with HIV-1gag DNA constructs resulted in a significant enhancement of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion, and strong induction of long-lived CD8(+) T cell responses. |
| 869 | 15972637 | In an influenza DNA vaccine model, coimmunization with plasmid expressing influenza A PR8/34 hemagglutinin with the optimized IL-15 plasmid generated improved long term CD8(+) T cellular immunity and protected the mice against a lethal mucosal challenge with influenza virus. |
| 870 | 15972637 | Because we observed that IL-15 appeared to mostly adjuvant CD8(+) T cell function, we show that in the partial, but not total, absence of CD4(+) T cell help, plasmid-delivered IL-15 could restore CD8 secondary immune responses to an antigenic DNA plasmid, supporting the idea that the effects of IL-15 on CD8(+) T cell expansion require the presence of low levels of CD4 T cells. |
| 871 | 15972637 | Coimmunization with an optimized IL-15 plasmid results in enhanced function and longevity of CD8 T cells that are partially independent of CD4 T cell help. |
| 872 | 15972637 | In this study we test the feasibility of delivering a plasmid encoding IL-15 as a DNA vaccine adjuvant for the induction of improved Ag-specific CD8(+) T cellular immune responses. |
| 873 | 15972637 | Using a DNA vaccination model, we determined that immunization with optimized IL-15 in combination with HIV-1gag DNA constructs resulted in a significant enhancement of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion, and strong induction of long-lived CD8(+) T cell responses. |
| 874 | 15972637 | In an influenza DNA vaccine model, coimmunization with plasmid expressing influenza A PR8/34 hemagglutinin with the optimized IL-15 plasmid generated improved long term CD8(+) T cellular immunity and protected the mice against a lethal mucosal challenge with influenza virus. |
| 875 | 15972637 | Because we observed that IL-15 appeared to mostly adjuvant CD8(+) T cell function, we show that in the partial, but not total, absence of CD4(+) T cell help, plasmid-delivered IL-15 could restore CD8 secondary immune responses to an antigenic DNA plasmid, supporting the idea that the effects of IL-15 on CD8(+) T cell expansion require the presence of low levels of CD4 T cells. |
| 876 | 15972637 | Coimmunization with an optimized IL-15 plasmid results in enhanced function and longevity of CD8 T cells that are partially independent of CD4 T cell help. |
| 877 | 15972637 | In this study we test the feasibility of delivering a plasmid encoding IL-15 as a DNA vaccine adjuvant for the induction of improved Ag-specific CD8(+) T cellular immune responses. |
| 878 | 15972637 | Using a DNA vaccination model, we determined that immunization with optimized IL-15 in combination with HIV-1gag DNA constructs resulted in a significant enhancement of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion, and strong induction of long-lived CD8(+) T cell responses. |
| 879 | 15972637 | In an influenza DNA vaccine model, coimmunization with plasmid expressing influenza A PR8/34 hemagglutinin with the optimized IL-15 plasmid generated improved long term CD8(+) T cellular immunity and protected the mice against a lethal mucosal challenge with influenza virus. |
| 880 | 15972637 | Because we observed that IL-15 appeared to mostly adjuvant CD8(+) T cell function, we show that in the partial, but not total, absence of CD4(+) T cell help, plasmid-delivered IL-15 could restore CD8 secondary immune responses to an antigenic DNA plasmid, supporting the idea that the effects of IL-15 on CD8(+) T cell expansion require the presence of low levels of CD4 T cells. |
| 881 | 15972637 | Coimmunization with an optimized IL-15 plasmid results in enhanced function and longevity of CD8 T cells that are partially independent of CD4 T cell help. |
| 882 | 15972637 | In this study we test the feasibility of delivering a plasmid encoding IL-15 as a DNA vaccine adjuvant for the induction of improved Ag-specific CD8(+) T cellular immune responses. |
| 883 | 15972637 | Using a DNA vaccination model, we determined that immunization with optimized IL-15 in combination with HIV-1gag DNA constructs resulted in a significant enhancement of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion, and strong induction of long-lived CD8(+) T cell responses. |
| 884 | 15972637 | In an influenza DNA vaccine model, coimmunization with plasmid expressing influenza A PR8/34 hemagglutinin with the optimized IL-15 plasmid generated improved long term CD8(+) T cellular immunity and protected the mice against a lethal mucosal challenge with influenza virus. |
| 885 | 15972637 | Because we observed that IL-15 appeared to mostly adjuvant CD8(+) T cell function, we show that in the partial, but not total, absence of CD4(+) T cell help, plasmid-delivered IL-15 could restore CD8 secondary immune responses to an antigenic DNA plasmid, supporting the idea that the effects of IL-15 on CD8(+) T cell expansion require the presence of low levels of CD4 T cells. |
| 886 | 15972637 | Coimmunization with an optimized IL-15 plasmid results in enhanced function and longevity of CD8 T cells that are partially independent of CD4 T cell help. |
| 887 | 15972637 | In this study we test the feasibility of delivering a plasmid encoding IL-15 as a DNA vaccine adjuvant for the induction of improved Ag-specific CD8(+) T cellular immune responses. |
| 888 | 15972637 | Using a DNA vaccination model, we determined that immunization with optimized IL-15 in combination with HIV-1gag DNA constructs resulted in a significant enhancement of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion, and strong induction of long-lived CD8(+) T cell responses. |
| 889 | 15972637 | In an influenza DNA vaccine model, coimmunization with plasmid expressing influenza A PR8/34 hemagglutinin with the optimized IL-15 plasmid generated improved long term CD8(+) T cellular immunity and protected the mice against a lethal mucosal challenge with influenza virus. |
| 890 | 15972637 | Because we observed that IL-15 appeared to mostly adjuvant CD8(+) T cell function, we show that in the partial, but not total, absence of CD4(+) T cell help, plasmid-delivered IL-15 could restore CD8 secondary immune responses to an antigenic DNA plasmid, supporting the idea that the effects of IL-15 on CD8(+) T cell expansion require the presence of low levels of CD4 T cells. |
| 891 | 16025264 | There has been a recent interest in using IL-15 to enhance antitumor activity in several models because of its ability to stimulate CD8+ T cell expansion, inhibit apoptosis and promote memory T cell survival and maintenance. |
| 892 | 16025264 | In this study, we determined whether IL-15 used as immunologic adjuvant would augment vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell immunity against C6VL and further improve the survival of tumor-bearing mice. |
| 893 | 16025264 | We report that IL-15 given after C6VL lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccines stimulated local and systemic expansion of NK, NKT and CD8+ CD44hi T cells. |
| 894 | 16025264 | T cells from mice infused with IL-15 following vaccination did not secrete increased levels of tumor-specific TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma or have enhanced C6VL-specific CTL activity compared to T cells from recipients of the vaccine alone. |
| 895 | 16025264 | Thus, while activated- and memory-phenotype CD8+ T cells were dramatically expanded by IL-15 infusion, vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell specific for C6VL were not significantly expanded. |
| 896 | 16025264 | This is the first account of using IL-15 as an adjuvant in a therapeutic model of active immunotherapy where there was not a preexisting pool of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 897 | 16025264 | Our results contrast the recent studies where IL-15 was successfully used to augment tumor-reactivity of adoptively transferred transgenic CD8+ T cells. |
| 898 | 16025264 | This suggests that the adjuvant potential of IL-15 may be greatest in settings where it can augment the number and activity of preexisting tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 899 | 16025264 | There has been a recent interest in using IL-15 to enhance antitumor activity in several models because of its ability to stimulate CD8+ T cell expansion, inhibit apoptosis and promote memory T cell survival and maintenance. |
| 900 | 16025264 | In this study, we determined whether IL-15 used as immunologic adjuvant would augment vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell immunity against C6VL and further improve the survival of tumor-bearing mice. |
| 901 | 16025264 | We report that IL-15 given after C6VL lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccines stimulated local and systemic expansion of NK, NKT and CD8+ CD44hi T cells. |
| 902 | 16025264 | T cells from mice infused with IL-15 following vaccination did not secrete increased levels of tumor-specific TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma or have enhanced C6VL-specific CTL activity compared to T cells from recipients of the vaccine alone. |
| 903 | 16025264 | Thus, while activated- and memory-phenotype CD8+ T cells were dramatically expanded by IL-15 infusion, vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell specific for C6VL were not significantly expanded. |
| 904 | 16025264 | This is the first account of using IL-15 as an adjuvant in a therapeutic model of active immunotherapy where there was not a preexisting pool of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 905 | 16025264 | Our results contrast the recent studies where IL-15 was successfully used to augment tumor-reactivity of adoptively transferred transgenic CD8+ T cells. |
| 906 | 16025264 | This suggests that the adjuvant potential of IL-15 may be greatest in settings where it can augment the number and activity of preexisting tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 907 | 16025264 | There has been a recent interest in using IL-15 to enhance antitumor activity in several models because of its ability to stimulate CD8+ T cell expansion, inhibit apoptosis and promote memory T cell survival and maintenance. |
| 908 | 16025264 | In this study, we determined whether IL-15 used as immunologic adjuvant would augment vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell immunity against C6VL and further improve the survival of tumor-bearing mice. |
| 909 | 16025264 | We report that IL-15 given after C6VL lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccines stimulated local and systemic expansion of NK, NKT and CD8+ CD44hi T cells. |
| 910 | 16025264 | T cells from mice infused with IL-15 following vaccination did not secrete increased levels of tumor-specific TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma or have enhanced C6VL-specific CTL activity compared to T cells from recipients of the vaccine alone. |
| 911 | 16025264 | Thus, while activated- and memory-phenotype CD8+ T cells were dramatically expanded by IL-15 infusion, vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell specific for C6VL were not significantly expanded. |
| 912 | 16025264 | This is the first account of using IL-15 as an adjuvant in a therapeutic model of active immunotherapy where there was not a preexisting pool of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 913 | 16025264 | Our results contrast the recent studies where IL-15 was successfully used to augment tumor-reactivity of adoptively transferred transgenic CD8+ T cells. |
| 914 | 16025264 | This suggests that the adjuvant potential of IL-15 may be greatest in settings where it can augment the number and activity of preexisting tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 915 | 16025264 | There has been a recent interest in using IL-15 to enhance antitumor activity in several models because of its ability to stimulate CD8+ T cell expansion, inhibit apoptosis and promote memory T cell survival and maintenance. |
| 916 | 16025264 | In this study, we determined whether IL-15 used as immunologic adjuvant would augment vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell immunity against C6VL and further improve the survival of tumor-bearing mice. |
| 917 | 16025264 | We report that IL-15 given after C6VL lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccines stimulated local and systemic expansion of NK, NKT and CD8+ CD44hi T cells. |
| 918 | 16025264 | T cells from mice infused with IL-15 following vaccination did not secrete increased levels of tumor-specific TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma or have enhanced C6VL-specific CTL activity compared to T cells from recipients of the vaccine alone. |
| 919 | 16025264 | Thus, while activated- and memory-phenotype CD8+ T cells were dramatically expanded by IL-15 infusion, vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell specific for C6VL were not significantly expanded. |
| 920 | 16025264 | This is the first account of using IL-15 as an adjuvant in a therapeutic model of active immunotherapy where there was not a preexisting pool of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 921 | 16025264 | Our results contrast the recent studies where IL-15 was successfully used to augment tumor-reactivity of adoptively transferred transgenic CD8+ T cells. |
| 922 | 16025264 | This suggests that the adjuvant potential of IL-15 may be greatest in settings where it can augment the number and activity of preexisting tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 923 | 16025264 | There has been a recent interest in using IL-15 to enhance antitumor activity in several models because of its ability to stimulate CD8+ T cell expansion, inhibit apoptosis and promote memory T cell survival and maintenance. |
| 924 | 16025264 | In this study, we determined whether IL-15 used as immunologic adjuvant would augment vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell immunity against C6VL and further improve the survival of tumor-bearing mice. |
| 925 | 16025264 | We report that IL-15 given after C6VL lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccines stimulated local and systemic expansion of NK, NKT and CD8+ CD44hi T cells. |
| 926 | 16025264 | T cells from mice infused with IL-15 following vaccination did not secrete increased levels of tumor-specific TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma or have enhanced C6VL-specific CTL activity compared to T cells from recipients of the vaccine alone. |
| 927 | 16025264 | Thus, while activated- and memory-phenotype CD8+ T cells were dramatically expanded by IL-15 infusion, vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell specific for C6VL were not significantly expanded. |
| 928 | 16025264 | This is the first account of using IL-15 as an adjuvant in a therapeutic model of active immunotherapy where there was not a preexisting pool of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 929 | 16025264 | Our results contrast the recent studies where IL-15 was successfully used to augment tumor-reactivity of adoptively transferred transgenic CD8+ T cells. |
| 930 | 16025264 | This suggests that the adjuvant potential of IL-15 may be greatest in settings where it can augment the number and activity of preexisting tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 931 | 16025264 | There has been a recent interest in using IL-15 to enhance antitumor activity in several models because of its ability to stimulate CD8+ T cell expansion, inhibit apoptosis and promote memory T cell survival and maintenance. |
| 932 | 16025264 | In this study, we determined whether IL-15 used as immunologic adjuvant would augment vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell immunity against C6VL and further improve the survival of tumor-bearing mice. |
| 933 | 16025264 | We report that IL-15 given after C6VL lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccines stimulated local and systemic expansion of NK, NKT and CD8+ CD44hi T cells. |
| 934 | 16025264 | T cells from mice infused with IL-15 following vaccination did not secrete increased levels of tumor-specific TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma or have enhanced C6VL-specific CTL activity compared to T cells from recipients of the vaccine alone. |
| 935 | 16025264 | Thus, while activated- and memory-phenotype CD8+ T cells were dramatically expanded by IL-15 infusion, vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell specific for C6VL were not significantly expanded. |
| 936 | 16025264 | This is the first account of using IL-15 as an adjuvant in a therapeutic model of active immunotherapy where there was not a preexisting pool of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 937 | 16025264 | Our results contrast the recent studies where IL-15 was successfully used to augment tumor-reactivity of adoptively transferred transgenic CD8+ T cells. |
| 938 | 16025264 | This suggests that the adjuvant potential of IL-15 may be greatest in settings where it can augment the number and activity of preexisting tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 939 | 16025264 | There has been a recent interest in using IL-15 to enhance antitumor activity in several models because of its ability to stimulate CD8+ T cell expansion, inhibit apoptosis and promote memory T cell survival and maintenance. |
| 940 | 16025264 | In this study, we determined whether IL-15 used as immunologic adjuvant would augment vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell immunity against C6VL and further improve the survival of tumor-bearing mice. |
| 941 | 16025264 | We report that IL-15 given after C6VL lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccines stimulated local and systemic expansion of NK, NKT and CD8+ CD44hi T cells. |
| 942 | 16025264 | T cells from mice infused with IL-15 following vaccination did not secrete increased levels of tumor-specific TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma or have enhanced C6VL-specific CTL activity compared to T cells from recipients of the vaccine alone. |
| 943 | 16025264 | Thus, while activated- and memory-phenotype CD8+ T cells were dramatically expanded by IL-15 infusion, vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell specific for C6VL were not significantly expanded. |
| 944 | 16025264 | This is the first account of using IL-15 as an adjuvant in a therapeutic model of active immunotherapy where there was not a preexisting pool of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 945 | 16025264 | Our results contrast the recent studies where IL-15 was successfully used to augment tumor-reactivity of adoptively transferred transgenic CD8+ T cells. |
| 946 | 16025264 | This suggests that the adjuvant potential of IL-15 may be greatest in settings where it can augment the number and activity of preexisting tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 947 | 16025264 | There has been a recent interest in using IL-15 to enhance antitumor activity in several models because of its ability to stimulate CD8+ T cell expansion, inhibit apoptosis and promote memory T cell survival and maintenance. |
| 948 | 16025264 | In this study, we determined whether IL-15 used as immunologic adjuvant would augment vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell immunity against C6VL and further improve the survival of tumor-bearing mice. |
| 949 | 16025264 | We report that IL-15 given after C6VL lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccines stimulated local and systemic expansion of NK, NKT and CD8+ CD44hi T cells. |
| 950 | 16025264 | T cells from mice infused with IL-15 following vaccination did not secrete increased levels of tumor-specific TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma or have enhanced C6VL-specific CTL activity compared to T cells from recipients of the vaccine alone. |
| 951 | 16025264 | Thus, while activated- and memory-phenotype CD8+ T cells were dramatically expanded by IL-15 infusion, vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell specific for C6VL were not significantly expanded. |
| 952 | 16025264 | This is the first account of using IL-15 as an adjuvant in a therapeutic model of active immunotherapy where there was not a preexisting pool of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 953 | 16025264 | Our results contrast the recent studies where IL-15 was successfully used to augment tumor-reactivity of adoptively transferred transgenic CD8+ T cells. |
| 954 | 16025264 | This suggests that the adjuvant potential of IL-15 may be greatest in settings where it can augment the number and activity of preexisting tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 955 | 16040381 | IL-15: targeting CD8+ T cells for immunotherapy. |
| 956 | 16040381 | In addition, IL-15 is essential to the development, homeostasis, function and survival of natural killer (NK) cells, NK T (NKT) cells and CD8+ T cells. |
| 957 | 16040381 | In this paper, we will review the targeting of IL-15 for immunotherapy, with a particular emphasis on its effects on CD8+ T cells. |
| 958 | 16040381 | IL-15: targeting CD8+ T cells for immunotherapy. |
| 959 | 16040381 | In addition, IL-15 is essential to the development, homeostasis, function and survival of natural killer (NK) cells, NK T (NKT) cells and CD8+ T cells. |
| 960 | 16040381 | In this paper, we will review the targeting of IL-15 for immunotherapy, with a particular emphasis on its effects on CD8+ T cells. |
| 961 | 16040381 | IL-15: targeting CD8+ T cells for immunotherapy. |
| 962 | 16040381 | In addition, IL-15 is essential to the development, homeostasis, function and survival of natural killer (NK) cells, NK T (NKT) cells and CD8+ T cells. |
| 963 | 16040381 | In this paper, we will review the targeting of IL-15 for immunotherapy, with a particular emphasis on its effects on CD8+ T cells. |
| 964 | 16149990 | Abomasal lymph nodes and/or abomasal mucosa were collected and messenger RNA for the Th1 cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-12 p40 subunit), the Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15) and the Th3/Tr cytokine TGF-beta was quantified by real-time RT-PCR. |
| 965 | 16149990 | However, following infection all calves showed a significant decrease in the Th1 cytokines, IFN-gamma and IL-12 p40, and a significant increase in the Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 in the lymph nodes, compared to non-infected calves. |
| 966 | 16149990 | In contrast, a Th2 pattern was not observed in the mucosa of the infected calves, which exhibited an increase in IFN-gamma as well as in the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 mRNA. |
| 967 | 16265901 | Malaria antigen (Ag)-specific CD8 T cells that produce IFN-gamma are key effector cells in this model of protection. |
| 968 | 16265901 | In addition, the EM CD8 T cells rapidly release IFN-gamma in response to spz challenge. |
| 969 | 16265901 | Finally, we discuss evidence that is consistent with a model whereby intrahepatic CM CD8 T cells are maintained by IL-15 mediated-homeostatic proliferation while the EM CD8 T cells are conscripted from the CM pool in response to a persisting depot of liver-stage Ag. |
| 970 | 16388819 | Rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of T-cell responses in HIV-1-infected individuals receiving successful HAART and HIV-1 sero-negative controls: concomitant assessment of perforin, IFN-gamma and IL-4 secretion. |
| 971 | 16388819 | We describe here for the first time a perforin-release ELIspot assay which, when used in combination with IFN-gamma and IL-4 ELIspots, permits rapid assessment of these functional parameters for antigen-specific T cells. |
| 972 | 16388819 | Tetanus toxoid stimulation was associated with moderate perforin release and a predominantly type-2 IL-4 producing response, whilst herpes simplex virus antigen stimulation resulted in perforin release but only a weak type-1 IFN-gamma response. |
| 973 | 16388819 | Cytokines IL-2 and IL-12/IL-15 induced perforin release coupled with an IFN-gamma type-1 response. |
| 974 | 16388819 | Perforin release strongly correlated with IFN-gamma production to individual influenza, Epstein-Barr virus or cytomegalovirus MHC class I restricted peptides, in an HIV-1 sero-negative cohort, indicating a cytolytic type-1 CD8+ T-cell response. |
| 975 | 16388819 | Evaluation of immunogenicity and putative efficacy of candidate vaccines using IFN-gamma will not be as informative alone as when combined with perforin and IL-4 evaluations, which allow assessment of specific cytotoxic potential without extensive cell culture. |
| 976 | 16467340 | The production of IL-17 has been linked to stimulation of memory cells by IL-15. |
| 977 | 16467340 | Finally, we show that recombinant IL-15 stimulates the release of IL-17 from lymph node cells obtained near the arthritic site. |
| 978 | 16467340 | These results suggest that IL-15 plays a major role in orchestrating IL-17 induction of arthritis associated with Borrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice. |
| 979 | 16467340 | The production of IL-17 has been linked to stimulation of memory cells by IL-15. |
| 980 | 16467340 | Finally, we show that recombinant IL-15 stimulates the release of IL-17 from lymph node cells obtained near the arthritic site. |
| 981 | 16467340 | These results suggest that IL-15 plays a major role in orchestrating IL-17 induction of arthritis associated with Borrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice. |
| 982 | 16467340 | The production of IL-17 has been linked to stimulation of memory cells by IL-15. |
| 983 | 16467340 | Finally, we show that recombinant IL-15 stimulates the release of IL-17 from lymph node cells obtained near the arthritic site. |
| 984 | 16467340 | These results suggest that IL-15 plays a major role in orchestrating IL-17 induction of arthritis associated with Borrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice. |
| 985 | 16585561 | We have investigated how IFN-alphabeta induces cross-priming, comparing CD8+ T cell responses generated against soluble protein Ags in the presence or absence of IFN-alphabeta. |
| 986 | 16585561 | Injection of IFN-alpha was found to prolong the proliferation and expansion of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, which was associated with marked up-regulation of IL-2 and IL-15 receptors on Ag-specific cells and expression of IL-15 in the draining lymph node. |
| 987 | 16585561 | Surprisingly, neither IL-2 nor IL-15 was required for IFN-alpha-induced cross-priming. |
| 988 | 16585561 | We have investigated how IFN-alphabeta induces cross-priming, comparing CD8+ T cell responses generated against soluble protein Ags in the presence or absence of IFN-alphabeta. |
| 989 | 16585561 | Injection of IFN-alpha was found to prolong the proliferation and expansion of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, which was associated with marked up-regulation of IL-2 and IL-15 receptors on Ag-specific cells and expression of IL-15 in the draining lymph node. |
| 990 | 16585561 | Surprisingly, neither IL-2 nor IL-15 was required for IFN-alpha-induced cross-priming. |
| 991 | 16619285 | Interleukin-15 mediates protection against experimental tuberculosis: a role for NKG2D-dependent effector mechanisms of CD8+ T cells. |
| 992 | 16619285 | Because IL-15 is important for the homeostasis of CD8+ T cells, we studied the immune response in IL-15-deficient mice during tuberculosis. |
| 993 | 16619285 | In the absence of IL-15, CD8+ T cells failed to efficiently accumulate in draining lymph nodes and at the site of infection. |
| 994 | 16619285 | The expression of antigen-specific effector functions, such as the production of interferon-gamma and cytotoxicity, were impaired in CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, from IL-15-deficient mice. |
| 995 | 16619285 | The lectin-like stimulatory receptor natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) was up-regulated on CD8+ T cells only from wild-type mice, but not from IL-15-deficient mice. |
| 996 | 16619285 | Mechanistically, blocking NKG2D function with an mAb inhibited M. tuberculosis-directed CD8+ T cell responses in vitro. |
| 997 | 16619285 | We conclude that in addition to regulating the expansion of CD8+ T cells, IL-15 is also necessary for inducing effector mechanisms in CD8+ T cells that depend on NKG2D expression. |
| 998 | 16619285 | Hence, our results implicate IL-15 and NKG2D as promising targets for modulating CD8+ T cell-mediated protection against tuberculosis. |
| 999 | 16619285 | Interleukin-15 mediates protection against experimental tuberculosis: a role for NKG2D-dependent effector mechanisms of CD8+ T cells. |
| 1000 | 16619285 | Because IL-15 is important for the homeostasis of CD8+ T cells, we studied the immune response in IL-15-deficient mice during tuberculosis. |
| 1001 | 16619285 | In the absence of IL-15, CD8+ T cells failed to efficiently accumulate in draining lymph nodes and at the site of infection. |
| 1002 | 16619285 | The expression of antigen-specific effector functions, such as the production of interferon-gamma and cytotoxicity, were impaired in CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, from IL-15-deficient mice. |
| 1003 | 16619285 | The lectin-like stimulatory receptor natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) was up-regulated on CD8+ T cells only from wild-type mice, but not from IL-15-deficient mice. |
| 1004 | 16619285 | Mechanistically, blocking NKG2D function with an mAb inhibited M. tuberculosis-directed CD8+ T cell responses in vitro. |
| 1005 | 16619285 | We conclude that in addition to regulating the expansion of CD8+ T cells, IL-15 is also necessary for inducing effector mechanisms in CD8+ T cells that depend on NKG2D expression. |
| 1006 | 16619285 | Hence, our results implicate IL-15 and NKG2D as promising targets for modulating CD8+ T cell-mediated protection against tuberculosis. |
| 1007 | 16619285 | Interleukin-15 mediates protection against experimental tuberculosis: a role for NKG2D-dependent effector mechanisms of CD8+ T cells. |
| 1008 | 16619285 | Because IL-15 is important for the homeostasis of CD8+ T cells, we studied the immune response in IL-15-deficient mice during tuberculosis. |
| 1009 | 16619285 | In the absence of IL-15, CD8+ T cells failed to efficiently accumulate in draining lymph nodes and at the site of infection. |
| 1010 | 16619285 | The expression of antigen-specific effector functions, such as the production of interferon-gamma and cytotoxicity, were impaired in CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, from IL-15-deficient mice. |
| 1011 | 16619285 | The lectin-like stimulatory receptor natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) was up-regulated on CD8+ T cells only from wild-type mice, but not from IL-15-deficient mice. |
| 1012 | 16619285 | Mechanistically, blocking NKG2D function with an mAb inhibited M. tuberculosis-directed CD8+ T cell responses in vitro. |
| 1013 | 16619285 | We conclude that in addition to regulating the expansion of CD8+ T cells, IL-15 is also necessary for inducing effector mechanisms in CD8+ T cells that depend on NKG2D expression. |
| 1014 | 16619285 | Hence, our results implicate IL-15 and NKG2D as promising targets for modulating CD8+ T cell-mediated protection against tuberculosis. |
| 1015 | 16619285 | Interleukin-15 mediates protection against experimental tuberculosis: a role for NKG2D-dependent effector mechanisms of CD8+ T cells. |
| 1016 | 16619285 | Because IL-15 is important for the homeostasis of CD8+ T cells, we studied the immune response in IL-15-deficient mice during tuberculosis. |
| 1017 | 16619285 | In the absence of IL-15, CD8+ T cells failed to efficiently accumulate in draining lymph nodes and at the site of infection. |
| 1018 | 16619285 | The expression of antigen-specific effector functions, such as the production of interferon-gamma and cytotoxicity, were impaired in CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, from IL-15-deficient mice. |
| 1019 | 16619285 | The lectin-like stimulatory receptor natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) was up-regulated on CD8+ T cells only from wild-type mice, but not from IL-15-deficient mice. |
| 1020 | 16619285 | Mechanistically, blocking NKG2D function with an mAb inhibited M. tuberculosis-directed CD8+ T cell responses in vitro. |
| 1021 | 16619285 | We conclude that in addition to regulating the expansion of CD8+ T cells, IL-15 is also necessary for inducing effector mechanisms in CD8+ T cells that depend on NKG2D expression. |
| 1022 | 16619285 | Hence, our results implicate IL-15 and NKG2D as promising targets for modulating CD8+ T cell-mediated protection against tuberculosis. |
| 1023 | 16619285 | Interleukin-15 mediates protection against experimental tuberculosis: a role for NKG2D-dependent effector mechanisms of CD8+ T cells. |
| 1024 | 16619285 | Because IL-15 is important for the homeostasis of CD8+ T cells, we studied the immune response in IL-15-deficient mice during tuberculosis. |
| 1025 | 16619285 | In the absence of IL-15, CD8+ T cells failed to efficiently accumulate in draining lymph nodes and at the site of infection. |
| 1026 | 16619285 | The expression of antigen-specific effector functions, such as the production of interferon-gamma and cytotoxicity, were impaired in CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, from IL-15-deficient mice. |
| 1027 | 16619285 | The lectin-like stimulatory receptor natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) was up-regulated on CD8+ T cells only from wild-type mice, but not from IL-15-deficient mice. |
| 1028 | 16619285 | Mechanistically, blocking NKG2D function with an mAb inhibited M. tuberculosis-directed CD8+ T cell responses in vitro. |
| 1029 | 16619285 | We conclude that in addition to regulating the expansion of CD8+ T cells, IL-15 is also necessary for inducing effector mechanisms in CD8+ T cells that depend on NKG2D expression. |
| 1030 | 16619285 | Hence, our results implicate IL-15 and NKG2D as promising targets for modulating CD8+ T cell-mediated protection against tuberculosis. |
| 1031 | 16619285 | Interleukin-15 mediates protection against experimental tuberculosis: a role for NKG2D-dependent effector mechanisms of CD8+ T cells. |
| 1032 | 16619285 | Because IL-15 is important for the homeostasis of CD8+ T cells, we studied the immune response in IL-15-deficient mice during tuberculosis. |
| 1033 | 16619285 | In the absence of IL-15, CD8+ T cells failed to efficiently accumulate in draining lymph nodes and at the site of infection. |
| 1034 | 16619285 | The expression of antigen-specific effector functions, such as the production of interferon-gamma and cytotoxicity, were impaired in CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, from IL-15-deficient mice. |
| 1035 | 16619285 | The lectin-like stimulatory receptor natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) was up-regulated on CD8+ T cells only from wild-type mice, but not from IL-15-deficient mice. |
| 1036 | 16619285 | Mechanistically, blocking NKG2D function with an mAb inhibited M. tuberculosis-directed CD8+ T cell responses in vitro. |
| 1037 | 16619285 | We conclude that in addition to regulating the expansion of CD8+ T cells, IL-15 is also necessary for inducing effector mechanisms in CD8+ T cells that depend on NKG2D expression. |
| 1038 | 16619285 | Hence, our results implicate IL-15 and NKG2D as promising targets for modulating CD8+ T cell-mediated protection against tuberculosis. |
| 1039 | 16619285 | Interleukin-15 mediates protection against experimental tuberculosis: a role for NKG2D-dependent effector mechanisms of CD8+ T cells. |
| 1040 | 16619285 | Because IL-15 is important for the homeostasis of CD8+ T cells, we studied the immune response in IL-15-deficient mice during tuberculosis. |
| 1041 | 16619285 | In the absence of IL-15, CD8+ T cells failed to efficiently accumulate in draining lymph nodes and at the site of infection. |
| 1042 | 16619285 | The expression of antigen-specific effector functions, such as the production of interferon-gamma and cytotoxicity, were impaired in CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, from IL-15-deficient mice. |
| 1043 | 16619285 | The lectin-like stimulatory receptor natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) was up-regulated on CD8+ T cells only from wild-type mice, but not from IL-15-deficient mice. |
| 1044 | 16619285 | Mechanistically, blocking NKG2D function with an mAb inhibited M. tuberculosis-directed CD8+ T cell responses in vitro. |
| 1045 | 16619285 | We conclude that in addition to regulating the expansion of CD8+ T cells, IL-15 is also necessary for inducing effector mechanisms in CD8+ T cells that depend on NKG2D expression. |
| 1046 | 16619285 | Hence, our results implicate IL-15 and NKG2D as promising targets for modulating CD8+ T cell-mediated protection against tuberculosis. |
| 1047 | 16691294 | IL-15 induces CD4 effector memory T cell production and tissue emigration in nonhuman primates. |
| 1048 | 16691294 | Here, we demonstrate that IL-15 dramatically increases in vivo proliferation of rhesus macaque (RM) CD4+ and CD8+ T EM cells with little effect on the naive or central memory T (T CM) cell subsets, a response pattern that is quite distinct from that of either IL-2 or IL-7. |
| 1049 | 16691294 | In RMs with uncontrolled SIV infection and highly activated immune systems, IL-15 did not significantly increase CD4+ T EM cell proliferation, but with virologic control and concomitant reduction in immune activation by ART, IL-15 responsiveness was again observed. |
| 1050 | 16691294 | These data suggest that therapeutic use of IL-15 in the setting of ART might facilitate specific restoration of the CD4 + T cell compartment that is the primary target of HIV with less risk of exhausting precursor T cell compartments or generating potentially deleterious regulatory subsets. |
| 1051 | 16691294 | IL-15 induces CD4 effector memory T cell production and tissue emigration in nonhuman primates. |
| 1052 | 16691294 | Here, we demonstrate that IL-15 dramatically increases in vivo proliferation of rhesus macaque (RM) CD4+ and CD8+ T EM cells with little effect on the naive or central memory T (T CM) cell subsets, a response pattern that is quite distinct from that of either IL-2 or IL-7. |
| 1053 | 16691294 | In RMs with uncontrolled SIV infection and highly activated immune systems, IL-15 did not significantly increase CD4+ T EM cell proliferation, but with virologic control and concomitant reduction in immune activation by ART, IL-15 responsiveness was again observed. |
| 1054 | 16691294 | These data suggest that therapeutic use of IL-15 in the setting of ART might facilitate specific restoration of the CD4 + T cell compartment that is the primary target of HIV with less risk of exhausting precursor T cell compartments or generating potentially deleterious regulatory subsets. |
| 1055 | 16691294 | IL-15 induces CD4 effector memory T cell production and tissue emigration in nonhuman primates. |
| 1056 | 16691294 | Here, we demonstrate that IL-15 dramatically increases in vivo proliferation of rhesus macaque (RM) CD4+ and CD8+ T EM cells with little effect on the naive or central memory T (T CM) cell subsets, a response pattern that is quite distinct from that of either IL-2 or IL-7. |
| 1057 | 16691294 | In RMs with uncontrolled SIV infection and highly activated immune systems, IL-15 did not significantly increase CD4+ T EM cell proliferation, but with virologic control and concomitant reduction in immune activation by ART, IL-15 responsiveness was again observed. |
| 1058 | 16691294 | These data suggest that therapeutic use of IL-15 in the setting of ART might facilitate specific restoration of the CD4 + T cell compartment that is the primary target of HIV with less risk of exhausting precursor T cell compartments or generating potentially deleterious regulatory subsets. |
| 1059 | 16691294 | IL-15 induces CD4 effector memory T cell production and tissue emigration in nonhuman primates. |
| 1060 | 16691294 | Here, we demonstrate that IL-15 dramatically increases in vivo proliferation of rhesus macaque (RM) CD4+ and CD8+ T EM cells with little effect on the naive or central memory T (T CM) cell subsets, a response pattern that is quite distinct from that of either IL-2 or IL-7. |
| 1061 | 16691294 | In RMs with uncontrolled SIV infection and highly activated immune systems, IL-15 did not significantly increase CD4+ T EM cell proliferation, but with virologic control and concomitant reduction in immune activation by ART, IL-15 responsiveness was again observed. |
| 1062 | 16691294 | These data suggest that therapeutic use of IL-15 in the setting of ART might facilitate specific restoration of the CD4 + T cell compartment that is the primary target of HIV with less risk of exhausting precursor T cell compartments or generating potentially deleterious regulatory subsets. |
| 1063 | 16704888 | The adjuvant effects of the toll-like receptor 3 ligand polyinosinic-cytidylic acid poly (I:C) on antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses are partially dependent on NK cells with the induction of a beneficial cytokine milieu. |
| 1064 | 16704888 | Poly (I:C), a TLR3 ligand, has shown promise as a vaccine adjuvant to CD8(+) T cell responses. |
| 1065 | 16704888 | Poly (I:C) treatment was associated with a rapid induction of inflammatory cytokines in the serum, including IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, TNF-alpha, IFN-alpha, and IFN-gamma, and selective increases in the numbers of NK (NK1.1(+)CD11b(+)) cells and Mvarphi (NK1.1(-)CD11b(+)), but not NK T (CD3(+)NK1.1(+)) cells. |
| 1066 | 16704888 | Poly (I:C) treatment in TNF-alpha, type I IFNR, IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-12Rbeta2, or IL-15 gene-deficient mice revealed a reciprocal interaction and interdependence in the induction of these cytokines, where the absence of one cytokine impacted on the production of others. |
| 1067 | 16704888 | Further, the adjuvant effects of poly (I:C) were dependent on the endogenous levels of type I IFNs, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-12, and IL-15. |
| 1068 | 16704888 | IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, but not TNF-alpha or IL-6, were able to mimic the adjuvant effects of poly (I:C). |
| 1069 | 16704888 | The adjuvant effects of the toll-like receptor 3 ligand polyinosinic-cytidylic acid poly (I:C) on antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses are partially dependent on NK cells with the induction of a beneficial cytokine milieu. |
| 1070 | 16704888 | Poly (I:C), a TLR3 ligand, has shown promise as a vaccine adjuvant to CD8(+) T cell responses. |
| 1071 | 16704888 | Poly (I:C) treatment was associated with a rapid induction of inflammatory cytokines in the serum, including IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, TNF-alpha, IFN-alpha, and IFN-gamma, and selective increases in the numbers of NK (NK1.1(+)CD11b(+)) cells and Mvarphi (NK1.1(-)CD11b(+)), but not NK T (CD3(+)NK1.1(+)) cells. |
| 1072 | 16704888 | Poly (I:C) treatment in TNF-alpha, type I IFNR, IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-12Rbeta2, or IL-15 gene-deficient mice revealed a reciprocal interaction and interdependence in the induction of these cytokines, where the absence of one cytokine impacted on the production of others. |
| 1073 | 16704888 | Further, the adjuvant effects of poly (I:C) were dependent on the endogenous levels of type I IFNs, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-12, and IL-15. |
| 1074 | 16704888 | IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, but not TNF-alpha or IL-6, were able to mimic the adjuvant effects of poly (I:C). |
| 1075 | 16785513 | Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery. |
| 1076 | 16785513 | We investigated the ability of a plasmid-derived IL-21 delivered alone or in combination with the IL-15 gene to regulate immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein induced by DNA vaccination. |
| 1077 | 16785513 | Moreover, IL-21 in a synergistic manner with IL-15 expression vector augmented the vaccine-induced recall responses to the vBD3 challenge compared with those elicited by immunization in the presence of either cytokine alone. |
| 1078 | 16785513 | The synergistic combination of IL-21 and IL-15 plasmids promoted expansion of CD8+CD127+ memory T cell pools specific for a subdominant HLA-A2-restricted Env(121-129) epitope (KLTPLCVTL). |
| 1079 | 16785513 | Our results also show that coimmunization with IL-21 and IL-15 plasmid combination resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell function that was partially independent of CD4+ T cell help in mediating protection against vBD3 challenge. |
| 1080 | 16785513 | Furthermore, the use of IL-21 and IL-15 genes was able to increase Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent lysis of Env-expressing target cells through augmentation of Env-specific IgG Ab levels. |
| 1081 | 16785513 | These data indicate that the plasmid-delivered IL-21 and IL-15 can increase the magnitude of the response to DNA vaccines. |
| 1082 | 16785513 | Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery. |
| 1083 | 16785513 | We investigated the ability of a plasmid-derived IL-21 delivered alone or in combination with the IL-15 gene to regulate immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein induced by DNA vaccination. |
| 1084 | 16785513 | Moreover, IL-21 in a synergistic manner with IL-15 expression vector augmented the vaccine-induced recall responses to the vBD3 challenge compared with those elicited by immunization in the presence of either cytokine alone. |
| 1085 | 16785513 | The synergistic combination of IL-21 and IL-15 plasmids promoted expansion of CD8+CD127+ memory T cell pools specific for a subdominant HLA-A2-restricted Env(121-129) epitope (KLTPLCVTL). |
| 1086 | 16785513 | Our results also show that coimmunization with IL-21 and IL-15 plasmid combination resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell function that was partially independent of CD4+ T cell help in mediating protection against vBD3 challenge. |
| 1087 | 16785513 | Furthermore, the use of IL-21 and IL-15 genes was able to increase Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent lysis of Env-expressing target cells through augmentation of Env-specific IgG Ab levels. |
| 1088 | 16785513 | These data indicate that the plasmid-delivered IL-21 and IL-15 can increase the magnitude of the response to DNA vaccines. |
| 1089 | 16785513 | Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery. |
| 1090 | 16785513 | We investigated the ability of a plasmid-derived IL-21 delivered alone or in combination with the IL-15 gene to regulate immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein induced by DNA vaccination. |
| 1091 | 16785513 | Moreover, IL-21 in a synergistic manner with IL-15 expression vector augmented the vaccine-induced recall responses to the vBD3 challenge compared with those elicited by immunization in the presence of either cytokine alone. |
| 1092 | 16785513 | The synergistic combination of IL-21 and IL-15 plasmids promoted expansion of CD8+CD127+ memory T cell pools specific for a subdominant HLA-A2-restricted Env(121-129) epitope (KLTPLCVTL). |
| 1093 | 16785513 | Our results also show that coimmunization with IL-21 and IL-15 plasmid combination resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell function that was partially independent of CD4+ T cell help in mediating protection against vBD3 challenge. |
| 1094 | 16785513 | Furthermore, the use of IL-21 and IL-15 genes was able to increase Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent lysis of Env-expressing target cells through augmentation of Env-specific IgG Ab levels. |
| 1095 | 16785513 | These data indicate that the plasmid-delivered IL-21 and IL-15 can increase the magnitude of the response to DNA vaccines. |
| 1096 | 16785513 | Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery. |
| 1097 | 16785513 | We investigated the ability of a plasmid-derived IL-21 delivered alone or in combination with the IL-15 gene to regulate immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein induced by DNA vaccination. |
| 1098 | 16785513 | Moreover, IL-21 in a synergistic manner with IL-15 expression vector augmented the vaccine-induced recall responses to the vBD3 challenge compared with those elicited by immunization in the presence of either cytokine alone. |
| 1099 | 16785513 | The synergistic combination of IL-21 and IL-15 plasmids promoted expansion of CD8+CD127+ memory T cell pools specific for a subdominant HLA-A2-restricted Env(121-129) epitope (KLTPLCVTL). |
| 1100 | 16785513 | Our results also show that coimmunization with IL-21 and IL-15 plasmid combination resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell function that was partially independent of CD4+ T cell help in mediating protection against vBD3 challenge. |
| 1101 | 16785513 | Furthermore, the use of IL-21 and IL-15 genes was able to increase Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent lysis of Env-expressing target cells through augmentation of Env-specific IgG Ab levels. |
| 1102 | 16785513 | These data indicate that the plasmid-delivered IL-21 and IL-15 can increase the magnitude of the response to DNA vaccines. |
| 1103 | 16785513 | Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery. |
| 1104 | 16785513 | We investigated the ability of a plasmid-derived IL-21 delivered alone or in combination with the IL-15 gene to regulate immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein induced by DNA vaccination. |
| 1105 | 16785513 | Moreover, IL-21 in a synergistic manner with IL-15 expression vector augmented the vaccine-induced recall responses to the vBD3 challenge compared with those elicited by immunization in the presence of either cytokine alone. |
| 1106 | 16785513 | The synergistic combination of IL-21 and IL-15 plasmids promoted expansion of CD8+CD127+ memory T cell pools specific for a subdominant HLA-A2-restricted Env(121-129) epitope (KLTPLCVTL). |
| 1107 | 16785513 | Our results also show that coimmunization with IL-21 and IL-15 plasmid combination resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell function that was partially independent of CD4+ T cell help in mediating protection against vBD3 challenge. |
| 1108 | 16785513 | Furthermore, the use of IL-21 and IL-15 genes was able to increase Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent lysis of Env-expressing target cells through augmentation of Env-specific IgG Ab levels. |
| 1109 | 16785513 | These data indicate that the plasmid-delivered IL-21 and IL-15 can increase the magnitude of the response to DNA vaccines. |
| 1110 | 16785513 | Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery. |
| 1111 | 16785513 | We investigated the ability of a plasmid-derived IL-21 delivered alone or in combination with the IL-15 gene to regulate immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein induced by DNA vaccination. |
| 1112 | 16785513 | Moreover, IL-21 in a synergistic manner with IL-15 expression vector augmented the vaccine-induced recall responses to the vBD3 challenge compared with those elicited by immunization in the presence of either cytokine alone. |
| 1113 | 16785513 | The synergistic combination of IL-21 and IL-15 plasmids promoted expansion of CD8+CD127+ memory T cell pools specific for a subdominant HLA-A2-restricted Env(121-129) epitope (KLTPLCVTL). |
| 1114 | 16785513 | Our results also show that coimmunization with IL-21 and IL-15 plasmid combination resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell function that was partially independent of CD4+ T cell help in mediating protection against vBD3 challenge. |
| 1115 | 16785513 | Furthermore, the use of IL-21 and IL-15 genes was able to increase Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent lysis of Env-expressing target cells through augmentation of Env-specific IgG Ab levels. |
| 1116 | 16785513 | These data indicate that the plasmid-delivered IL-21 and IL-15 can increase the magnitude of the response to DNA vaccines. |
| 1117 | 16785513 | Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery. |
| 1118 | 16785513 | We investigated the ability of a plasmid-derived IL-21 delivered alone or in combination with the IL-15 gene to regulate immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein induced by DNA vaccination. |
| 1119 | 16785513 | Moreover, IL-21 in a synergistic manner with IL-15 expression vector augmented the vaccine-induced recall responses to the vBD3 challenge compared with those elicited by immunization in the presence of either cytokine alone. |
| 1120 | 16785513 | The synergistic combination of IL-21 and IL-15 plasmids promoted expansion of CD8+CD127+ memory T cell pools specific for a subdominant HLA-A2-restricted Env(121-129) epitope (KLTPLCVTL). |
| 1121 | 16785513 | Our results also show that coimmunization with IL-21 and IL-15 plasmid combination resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell function that was partially independent of CD4+ T cell help in mediating protection against vBD3 challenge. |
| 1122 | 16785513 | Furthermore, the use of IL-21 and IL-15 genes was able to increase Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent lysis of Env-expressing target cells through augmentation of Env-specific IgG Ab levels. |
| 1123 | 16785513 | These data indicate that the plasmid-delivered IL-21 and IL-15 can increase the magnitude of the response to DNA vaccines. |
| 1124 | 16824124 | We have identified a role for CD4+ T cells in the generation of CD8+ T-cell-mediated protection from secondary challenge. |
| 1125 | 16824124 | While CD4+ T cells appear to play a role in the programme of CD8 memory, we find that they are also required for the long-term maintenance of CD8+ memory T-cell numbers and function. |
| 1126 | 16824124 | This property is independent of CD40-CD40L interactions, and we propose a role for CD4+ T cells in maintaining the ability of CD8+ memory T cells to respond to interleukin-7 (IL-7) and IL-15. |
| 1127 | 16868550 | The biology of interleukin-2 and interleukin-15: implications for cancer therapy and vaccine design. |
| 1128 | 16868550 | Interleukin-2 and interleukin-15 have pivotal roles in the control of the life and death of lymphocytes. |
| 1129 | 16868550 | The biology of interleukin-2 and interleukin-15: implications for cancer therapy and vaccine design. |
| 1130 | 16868550 | Interleukin-2 and interleukin-15 have pivotal roles in the control of the life and death of lymphocytes. |
| 1131 | 16904153 | A DNA prime-oral Listeria boost vaccine in rhesus macaques induces a SIV-specific CD8 T cell mucosal response characterized by high levels of alpha4beta7 integrin and an effector memory phenotype. |
| 1132 | 16904153 | In this study in Rhesus macaques, we tested whether IL-12 or IL-15 in a DNA prime-oral Listeria boost amplifies the SIV-Gag-specific CD8 mucosal response. |
| 1133 | 16904153 | SIV-specific CD8 T cells were demonstrated in the peripheral blood (PB) in all test vaccine groups, but not the control group. |
| 1134 | 16904153 | Neither Il-12 nor IL-15 amplified the frequency of SIV-specific CD8 T cells in the gut. |
| 1135 | 16904153 | A DNA prime-oral Listeria boost vaccine in rhesus macaques induces a SIV-specific CD8 T cell mucosal response characterized by high levels of alpha4beta7 integrin and an effector memory phenotype. |
| 1136 | 16904153 | In this study in Rhesus macaques, we tested whether IL-12 or IL-15 in a DNA prime-oral Listeria boost amplifies the SIV-Gag-specific CD8 mucosal response. |
| 1137 | 16904153 | SIV-specific CD8 T cells were demonstrated in the peripheral blood (PB) in all test vaccine groups, but not the control group. |
| 1138 | 16904153 | Neither Il-12 nor IL-15 amplified the frequency of SIV-specific CD8 T cells in the gut. |
| 1139 | 16937447 | Coimmunization with IL-15 plasmid enhances the longevity of CD8 T cells induced by DNA encoding hepatitis B virus core antigen. |
| 1140 | 16971487 | Here, we describe an approach to enhance immunogenicity that involves the activation of NF-kappaB by the transgenic expression of an intracellular signaling molecule, NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK). |
| 1141 | 16971487 | In vitro, NIK increases dendritic cell antigen presentation in allogeneic and antigen-specific T cell proliferation assays by potently activating NF-kappaB and consequently up-regulating the expression of cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18), chemokines [IL-8, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-3], MHC antigen-presenting molecules (class I and II), and costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86). |
| 1142 | 16971487 | In vivo, NIK enhances immune responses against a vector-encoded antigen and shifts them toward a T helper 1 immune response with increased IgG2a levels, T cell proliferation, IFN-gamma production, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses more potently than complete Freund's adjuvant, a very efficacious T helper 1-inducing adjuvant. |
| 1143 | 16971487 | These findings define NIK, and possibly other inducers of NF-kappaB activation, as a potent adjuvant strategy that offers great potential for genetic vaccine development. |
| 1144 | 17005004 | Prolonged exposure of naïve CD8+ T cells to interleukin-7 or interleukin-15 stimulates proliferation without differentiation or loss of telomere length. |
| 1145 | 17005004 | Interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-15 are cytokines implicated in homeostatic control of the peripheral CD8 T-cell pool. |
| 1146 | 17005004 | We compared the effects of IL-7 and IL-15 on survival and proliferation of purified human CD8+ T-cell subsets. |
| 1147 | 17005004 | Surprisingly, although minimal proliferation of naïve CD8+ T cells was observed during the first week of culture with cytokines, a marked expansion of these cells occurred at later time points, particularly in response to IL-15. |
| 1148 | 17005004 | These data show that IL-7 and IL-15 induce cell proliferation and rescue from apoptosis in a concentration, time and subset-dependent manner, and have implications for the homeostatic expansion of the naïve CD8+ T-cell pool. |
| 1149 | 17005004 | Prolonged exposure of naïve CD8+ T cells to interleukin-7 or interleukin-15 stimulates proliferation without differentiation or loss of telomere length. |
| 1150 | 17005004 | Interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-15 are cytokines implicated in homeostatic control of the peripheral CD8 T-cell pool. |
| 1151 | 17005004 | We compared the effects of IL-7 and IL-15 on survival and proliferation of purified human CD8+ T-cell subsets. |
| 1152 | 17005004 | Surprisingly, although minimal proliferation of naïve CD8+ T cells was observed during the first week of culture with cytokines, a marked expansion of these cells occurred at later time points, particularly in response to IL-15. |
| 1153 | 17005004 | These data show that IL-7 and IL-15 induce cell proliferation and rescue from apoptosis in a concentration, time and subset-dependent manner, and have implications for the homeostatic expansion of the naïve CD8+ T-cell pool. |
| 1154 | 17005004 | Prolonged exposure of naïve CD8+ T cells to interleukin-7 or interleukin-15 stimulates proliferation without differentiation or loss of telomere length. |
| 1155 | 17005004 | Interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-15 are cytokines implicated in homeostatic control of the peripheral CD8 T-cell pool. |
| 1156 | 17005004 | We compared the effects of IL-7 and IL-15 on survival and proliferation of purified human CD8+ T-cell subsets. |
| 1157 | 17005004 | Surprisingly, although minimal proliferation of naïve CD8+ T cells was observed during the first week of culture with cytokines, a marked expansion of these cells occurred at later time points, particularly in response to IL-15. |
| 1158 | 17005004 | These data show that IL-7 and IL-15 induce cell proliferation and rescue from apoptosis in a concentration, time and subset-dependent manner, and have implications for the homeostatic expansion of the naïve CD8+ T-cell pool. |
| 1159 | 17005004 | Prolonged exposure of naïve CD8+ T cells to interleukin-7 or interleukin-15 stimulates proliferation without differentiation or loss of telomere length. |
| 1160 | 17005004 | Interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-15 are cytokines implicated in homeostatic control of the peripheral CD8 T-cell pool. |
| 1161 | 17005004 | We compared the effects of IL-7 and IL-15 on survival and proliferation of purified human CD8+ T-cell subsets. |
| 1162 | 17005004 | Surprisingly, although minimal proliferation of naïve CD8+ T cells was observed during the first week of culture with cytokines, a marked expansion of these cells occurred at later time points, particularly in response to IL-15. |
| 1163 | 17005004 | These data show that IL-7 and IL-15 induce cell proliferation and rescue from apoptosis in a concentration, time and subset-dependent manner, and have implications for the homeostatic expansion of the naïve CD8+ T-cell pool. |
| 1164 | 17005004 | Prolonged exposure of naïve CD8+ T cells to interleukin-7 or interleukin-15 stimulates proliferation without differentiation or loss of telomere length. |
| 1165 | 17005004 | Interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-15 are cytokines implicated in homeostatic control of the peripheral CD8 T-cell pool. |
| 1166 | 17005004 | We compared the effects of IL-7 and IL-15 on survival and proliferation of purified human CD8+ T-cell subsets. |
| 1167 | 17005004 | Surprisingly, although minimal proliferation of naïve CD8+ T cells was observed during the first week of culture with cytokines, a marked expansion of these cells occurred at later time points, particularly in response to IL-15. |
| 1168 | 17005004 | These data show that IL-7 and IL-15 induce cell proliferation and rescue from apoptosis in a concentration, time and subset-dependent manner, and have implications for the homeostatic expansion of the naïve CD8+ T-cell pool. |
| 1169 | 17053912 | Finally, we describe a novel dendritic cell-targeted vaccine candidate for HIV-1 treatment and prevention called DermaVir and explore the combination of the DermaVir technology with the cytokine adjuvants interleukin-7 and interleukin-15. |
| 1170 | 17106716 | Moreover, proliferative and cytokine responses of PBMCs stimulated with the homeostatic cytokines IL-7 and IL-15 were also clearly enhanced after DC vaccination. |
| 1171 | 17118497 | Specifically, the co-culture with activated Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells with BCG-infected DC resulted in a significant increase of the expression of CD80, CD86, CD40 and CD25 molecules on DC. |
| 1172 | 17118497 | Moreover, DC were able to produce increased levels of TNF-alpha and synthesize ex novo IL-15 without altering the IL-10/IL-12 immunoregulatory pathway. |
| 1173 | 17266439 | IFN-alpha-induced murine B16 melanoma cancer vaccine cells: induction and accumulation of cell-associated IL-15. |
| 1174 | 17266439 | Long-term IFN-alpha treatment of B16alpha vaccine cells induced both interleukin-15 (IL-15) mRNA and IL-15 protein. |
| 1175 | 17266439 | These observations suggest that long-term IFN-alpha treatment may induce primarily the truncated isoform of IL-15. |
| 1176 | 17266439 | IFN-alpha-induced murine B16 melanoma cancer vaccine cells: induction and accumulation of cell-associated IL-15. |
| 1177 | 17266439 | Long-term IFN-alpha treatment of B16alpha vaccine cells induced both interleukin-15 (IL-15) mRNA and IL-15 protein. |
| 1178 | 17266439 | These observations suggest that long-term IFN-alpha treatment may induce primarily the truncated isoform of IL-15. |
| 1179 | 17266439 | IFN-alpha-induced murine B16 melanoma cancer vaccine cells: induction and accumulation of cell-associated IL-15. |
| 1180 | 17266439 | Long-term IFN-alpha treatment of B16alpha vaccine cells induced both interleukin-15 (IL-15) mRNA and IL-15 protein. |
| 1181 | 17266439 | These observations suggest that long-term IFN-alpha treatment may induce primarily the truncated isoform of IL-15. |
| 1182 | 17335943 | Comparative ability of plasmid IL-12 and IL-15 to enhance cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by a SIVgag plasmid DNA vaccine and alter disease progression following SHIV(89.6P) challenge in rhesus macaques. |
| 1183 | 17335943 | IL-15 is thought to affect the maintenance and enhance effector function of CD8(+) memory T cells. |
| 1184 | 17335943 | Macaques were immunized with plasmid DNA encoding SIVgag in combination with plasmid IL-12, IL-15, or a combination of IL-12 and IL-15. |
| 1185 | 17335943 | Macaques receiving SIVgag pDNA in combination with plasmid IL-12 alone, or in combination with plasmid IL-12 and IL-15, demonstrated significantly elevated cell-mediated and humoral immune responses resulting in an improved clinical outcome following virus challenge compared to macaques receiving SIVgag pDNA alone. |
| 1186 | 17335943 | Comparative ability of plasmid IL-12 and IL-15 to enhance cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by a SIVgag plasmid DNA vaccine and alter disease progression following SHIV(89.6P) challenge in rhesus macaques. |
| 1187 | 17335943 | IL-15 is thought to affect the maintenance and enhance effector function of CD8(+) memory T cells. |
| 1188 | 17335943 | Macaques were immunized with plasmid DNA encoding SIVgag in combination with plasmid IL-12, IL-15, or a combination of IL-12 and IL-15. |
| 1189 | 17335943 | Macaques receiving SIVgag pDNA in combination with plasmid IL-12 alone, or in combination with plasmid IL-12 and IL-15, demonstrated significantly elevated cell-mediated and humoral immune responses resulting in an improved clinical outcome following virus challenge compared to macaques receiving SIVgag pDNA alone. |
| 1190 | 17335943 | Comparative ability of plasmid IL-12 and IL-15 to enhance cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by a SIVgag plasmid DNA vaccine and alter disease progression following SHIV(89.6P) challenge in rhesus macaques. |
| 1191 | 17335943 | IL-15 is thought to affect the maintenance and enhance effector function of CD8(+) memory T cells. |
| 1192 | 17335943 | Macaques were immunized with plasmid DNA encoding SIVgag in combination with plasmid IL-12, IL-15, or a combination of IL-12 and IL-15. |
| 1193 | 17335943 | Macaques receiving SIVgag pDNA in combination with plasmid IL-12 alone, or in combination with plasmid IL-12 and IL-15, demonstrated significantly elevated cell-mediated and humoral immune responses resulting in an improved clinical outcome following virus challenge compared to macaques receiving SIVgag pDNA alone. |
| 1194 | 17335943 | Comparative ability of plasmid IL-12 and IL-15 to enhance cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by a SIVgag plasmid DNA vaccine and alter disease progression following SHIV(89.6P) challenge in rhesus macaques. |
| 1195 | 17335943 | IL-15 is thought to affect the maintenance and enhance effector function of CD8(+) memory T cells. |
| 1196 | 17335943 | Macaques were immunized with plasmid DNA encoding SIVgag in combination with plasmid IL-12, IL-15, or a combination of IL-12 and IL-15. |
| 1197 | 17335943 | Macaques receiving SIVgag pDNA in combination with plasmid IL-12 alone, or in combination with plasmid IL-12 and IL-15, demonstrated significantly elevated cell-mediated and humoral immune responses resulting in an improved clinical outcome following virus challenge compared to macaques receiving SIVgag pDNA alone. |
| 1198 | 17339444 | Interleukin-15 but not interleukin-7 abrogates vaccine-induced decrease in virus level in simian immunodeficiency virus mac251-infected macaques. |
| 1199 | 17339444 | The loss of CD4(+) T cells and the impairment of CD8(+) T cell function in HIV infection suggest that pharmacological treatment with IL-7 and IL-15, cytokines that increase the homeostatic proliferation of T cells and improve effector function, may be beneficial. |
| 1200 | 17339444 | We assessed the impact of IL-7 and IL-15 treatment on viral replication and the immunogenicity of live poxvirus vaccines in SIV(mac251)-infected macaques (Macaca mulatta). |
| 1201 | 17339444 | Neither cytokine augmented the frequency of vaccine-expanded CD4(+) or CD8(+) memory T cells, clonal recruitment to the SIV-specific CD8(+) T cell pool, or CD8(+) T cell function. |
| 1202 | 17339444 | IL-15 induced massive proliferation of CD4(+) effector T cells and abrogated the ability of vaccination to decrease set point viremia. |
| 1203 | 17339444 | Interleukin-15 but not interleukin-7 abrogates vaccine-induced decrease in virus level in simian immunodeficiency virus mac251-infected macaques. |
| 1204 | 17339444 | The loss of CD4(+) T cells and the impairment of CD8(+) T cell function in HIV infection suggest that pharmacological treatment with IL-7 and IL-15, cytokines that increase the homeostatic proliferation of T cells and improve effector function, may be beneficial. |
| 1205 | 17339444 | We assessed the impact of IL-7 and IL-15 treatment on viral replication and the immunogenicity of live poxvirus vaccines in SIV(mac251)-infected macaques (Macaca mulatta). |
| 1206 | 17339444 | Neither cytokine augmented the frequency of vaccine-expanded CD4(+) or CD8(+) memory T cells, clonal recruitment to the SIV-specific CD8(+) T cell pool, or CD8(+) T cell function. |
| 1207 | 17339444 | IL-15 induced massive proliferation of CD4(+) effector T cells and abrogated the ability of vaccination to decrease set point viremia. |
| 1208 | 17339444 | Interleukin-15 but not interleukin-7 abrogates vaccine-induced decrease in virus level in simian immunodeficiency virus mac251-infected macaques. |
| 1209 | 17339444 | The loss of CD4(+) T cells and the impairment of CD8(+) T cell function in HIV infection suggest that pharmacological treatment with IL-7 and IL-15, cytokines that increase the homeostatic proliferation of T cells and improve effector function, may be beneficial. |
| 1210 | 17339444 | We assessed the impact of IL-7 and IL-15 treatment on viral replication and the immunogenicity of live poxvirus vaccines in SIV(mac251)-infected macaques (Macaca mulatta). |
| 1211 | 17339444 | Neither cytokine augmented the frequency of vaccine-expanded CD4(+) or CD8(+) memory T cells, clonal recruitment to the SIV-specific CD8(+) T cell pool, or CD8(+) T cell function. |
| 1212 | 17339444 | IL-15 induced massive proliferation of CD4(+) effector T cells and abrogated the ability of vaccination to decrease set point viremia. |
| 1213 | 17339444 | Interleukin-15 but not interleukin-7 abrogates vaccine-induced decrease in virus level in simian immunodeficiency virus mac251-infected macaques. |
| 1214 | 17339444 | The loss of CD4(+) T cells and the impairment of CD8(+) T cell function in HIV infection suggest that pharmacological treatment with IL-7 and IL-15, cytokines that increase the homeostatic proliferation of T cells and improve effector function, may be beneficial. |
| 1215 | 17339444 | We assessed the impact of IL-7 and IL-15 treatment on viral replication and the immunogenicity of live poxvirus vaccines in SIV(mac251)-infected macaques (Macaca mulatta). |
| 1216 | 17339444 | Neither cytokine augmented the frequency of vaccine-expanded CD4(+) or CD8(+) memory T cells, clonal recruitment to the SIV-specific CD8(+) T cell pool, or CD8(+) T cell function. |
| 1217 | 17339444 | IL-15 induced massive proliferation of CD4(+) effector T cells and abrogated the ability of vaccination to decrease set point viremia. |
| 1218 | 17496983 | Utilizing IL-12, IL-15 and IL-7 as Mucosal Vaccine Adjuvants. |
| 1219 | 17496983 | The main properties of IL-12, IL-15 and IL-7 are described and the studies utilizing these cytokines as immunomodulators and vaccine adjuvants discussed. |
| 1220 | 17496983 | Utilizing IL-12, IL-15 and IL-7 as Mucosal Vaccine Adjuvants. |
| 1221 | 17496983 | The main properties of IL-12, IL-15 and IL-7 are described and the studies utilizing these cytokines as immunomodulators and vaccine adjuvants discussed. |
| 1222 | 17589294 | Cytoplasmic interferon-gamma production by freshly thawed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (direct ex vivo analysis) or by peripheral blood mononuclear cells subjected to 1 cycle of in vitro sensitization with peptide, interleukin-2, and interleukin-15 was measured following restimulation with the modified and native gp100 peptides, and also A2gp100 melanoma cell lines. |
| 1223 | 17597331 | Induction of protective immune responses against NXS2 neuroblastoma challenge in mice by immunotherapy with GD2 mimotope vaccine and IL-15 and IL-21 gene delivery. |
| 1224 | 17597331 | We demonstrated that immunization of A/J mice with DNA vaccine expressing the 47-LDA mimotope of GD2 in combination with IL-15 and IL-21 genes enhanced the induction of GD2 cross-reactive IgG2 antibody responses that exhibited cytolytic activity against NXS2 cells. |
| 1225 | 17597331 | The vaccine efficacy was reduced after depletion of NK cells as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes suggesting involvement of innate and adaptive immune responses in mediating the antitumor activity in vivo. |
| 1226 | 17597331 | We also demonstrated that coimmunization of NXS2-challenged mice with the IL-15 and IL-21 gene combination resulted in enhanced CD8(+) T cell function that was partially independent of CD4(+) T cell help in inhibiting tumor growth. |
| 1227 | 17597331 | This study is the first demonstration that the mimotope vaccine of a weakly immunogenic carbohydrate antigen in combination with plasmid-derived IL-15 and IL-21 cytokines induces both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system leading to the generation of effective protection against neuroblastoma challenge. |
| 1228 | 17597331 | Induction of protective immune responses against NXS2 neuroblastoma challenge in mice by immunotherapy with GD2 mimotope vaccine and IL-15 and IL-21 gene delivery. |
| 1229 | 17597331 | We demonstrated that immunization of A/J mice with DNA vaccine expressing the 47-LDA mimotope of GD2 in combination with IL-15 and IL-21 genes enhanced the induction of GD2 cross-reactive IgG2 antibody responses that exhibited cytolytic activity against NXS2 cells. |
| 1230 | 17597331 | The vaccine efficacy was reduced after depletion of NK cells as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes suggesting involvement of innate and adaptive immune responses in mediating the antitumor activity in vivo. |
| 1231 | 17597331 | We also demonstrated that coimmunization of NXS2-challenged mice with the IL-15 and IL-21 gene combination resulted in enhanced CD8(+) T cell function that was partially independent of CD4(+) T cell help in inhibiting tumor growth. |
| 1232 | 17597331 | This study is the first demonstration that the mimotope vaccine of a weakly immunogenic carbohydrate antigen in combination with plasmid-derived IL-15 and IL-21 cytokines induces both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system leading to the generation of effective protection against neuroblastoma challenge. |
| 1233 | 17597331 | Induction of protective immune responses against NXS2 neuroblastoma challenge in mice by immunotherapy with GD2 mimotope vaccine and IL-15 and IL-21 gene delivery. |
| 1234 | 17597331 | We demonstrated that immunization of A/J mice with DNA vaccine expressing the 47-LDA mimotope of GD2 in combination with IL-15 and IL-21 genes enhanced the induction of GD2 cross-reactive IgG2 antibody responses that exhibited cytolytic activity against NXS2 cells. |
| 1235 | 17597331 | The vaccine efficacy was reduced after depletion of NK cells as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes suggesting involvement of innate and adaptive immune responses in mediating the antitumor activity in vivo. |
| 1236 | 17597331 | We also demonstrated that coimmunization of NXS2-challenged mice with the IL-15 and IL-21 gene combination resulted in enhanced CD8(+) T cell function that was partially independent of CD4(+) T cell help in inhibiting tumor growth. |
| 1237 | 17597331 | This study is the first demonstration that the mimotope vaccine of a weakly immunogenic carbohydrate antigen in combination with plasmid-derived IL-15 and IL-21 cytokines induces both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system leading to the generation of effective protection against neuroblastoma challenge. |
| 1238 | 17597331 | Induction of protective immune responses against NXS2 neuroblastoma challenge in mice by immunotherapy with GD2 mimotope vaccine and IL-15 and IL-21 gene delivery. |
| 1239 | 17597331 | We demonstrated that immunization of A/J mice with DNA vaccine expressing the 47-LDA mimotope of GD2 in combination with IL-15 and IL-21 genes enhanced the induction of GD2 cross-reactive IgG2 antibody responses that exhibited cytolytic activity against NXS2 cells. |
| 1240 | 17597331 | The vaccine efficacy was reduced after depletion of NK cells as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes suggesting involvement of innate and adaptive immune responses in mediating the antitumor activity in vivo. |
| 1241 | 17597331 | We also demonstrated that coimmunization of NXS2-challenged mice with the IL-15 and IL-21 gene combination resulted in enhanced CD8(+) T cell function that was partially independent of CD4(+) T cell help in inhibiting tumor growth. |
| 1242 | 17597331 | This study is the first demonstration that the mimotope vaccine of a weakly immunogenic carbohydrate antigen in combination with plasmid-derived IL-15 and IL-21 cytokines induces both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system leading to the generation of effective protection against neuroblastoma challenge. |
| 1243 | 17682721 | [CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte responses against malaria]. |
| 1244 | 17682721 | The development and maintenance of memory CD8+ T cell response are closely related to the CD4+ T cells together with interleukin (IL)-4, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-2. |
| 1245 | 17682721 | CD4+ T cells also play a triple role in the immune response to malaria parasites; by activating B cells to produce high level of antimalarial antibodies, by enhancing the induction of CD8+ T cell responses, and by inhibiting the development of liver stage parasites. |
| 1246 | 17682721 | Although it has been known much about CD8+ T and CD4+ T cell responses, cross-talking mechanisms of these cells, and other factors which contribute to this response during malaria so far, many questions also need to be answered in the future. |
| 1247 | 17682721 | In this review article, CD8+ T and CD4+ T cell responses to malaria infection have been discussed in the light of current literature. |
| 1248 | 17979522 | Comparison of different heterologous secretory signals showed that the tissue plasminogen activator signal is most efficient for the production of extracellular IL-15. |
| 1249 | 18055460 | We show that co-expression of interleukin 15 (IL-15) and IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Ralpha) in the same cell allows for the intracellular interaction of the two proteins early after translation, resulting in increased stability and secretion of both molecules as a complex. |
| 1250 | 18055460 | In the absence of co-expressed IL-15Ralpha, a large portion of the produced IL-15 is rapidly degraded immediately after synthesis. |
| 1251 | 18055460 | Co-injection into mice of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha expression plasmids led to significantly increased levels of the cytokine in serum as well as increased biological activity of IL-15. |
| 1252 | 18055460 | The presence of IL-15Ralpha also increased the number of CD44(high) memory cells with effector phenotype (CD44(high)CD62L-). |
| 1253 | 18055460 | Thus, mutual stabilization of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha leads to remarkable increases in production, stability, and tissue availability of bioactive IL-15 in vivo. |
| 1254 | 18055460 | These results explain the reason for coordinate expression of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha in the same cell and suggest that the IL-15Ralpha is part of the active IL-15 cytokine rather than part of the receptor. |
| 1255 | 18055460 | We show that co-expression of interleukin 15 (IL-15) and IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Ralpha) in the same cell allows for the intracellular interaction of the two proteins early after translation, resulting in increased stability and secretion of both molecules as a complex. |
| 1256 | 18055460 | In the absence of co-expressed IL-15Ralpha, a large portion of the produced IL-15 is rapidly degraded immediately after synthesis. |
| 1257 | 18055460 | Co-injection into mice of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha expression plasmids led to significantly increased levels of the cytokine in serum as well as increased biological activity of IL-15. |
| 1258 | 18055460 | The presence of IL-15Ralpha also increased the number of CD44(high) memory cells with effector phenotype (CD44(high)CD62L-). |
| 1259 | 18055460 | Thus, mutual stabilization of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha leads to remarkable increases in production, stability, and tissue availability of bioactive IL-15 in vivo. |
| 1260 | 18055460 | These results explain the reason for coordinate expression of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha in the same cell and suggest that the IL-15Ralpha is part of the active IL-15 cytokine rather than part of the receptor. |
| 1261 | 18055460 | We show that co-expression of interleukin 15 (IL-15) and IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Ralpha) in the same cell allows for the intracellular interaction of the two proteins early after translation, resulting in increased stability and secretion of both molecules as a complex. |
| 1262 | 18055460 | In the absence of co-expressed IL-15Ralpha, a large portion of the produced IL-15 is rapidly degraded immediately after synthesis. |
| 1263 | 18055460 | Co-injection into mice of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha expression plasmids led to significantly increased levels of the cytokine in serum as well as increased biological activity of IL-15. |
| 1264 | 18055460 | The presence of IL-15Ralpha also increased the number of CD44(high) memory cells with effector phenotype (CD44(high)CD62L-). |
| 1265 | 18055460 | Thus, mutual stabilization of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha leads to remarkable increases in production, stability, and tissue availability of bioactive IL-15 in vivo. |
| 1266 | 18055460 | These results explain the reason for coordinate expression of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha in the same cell and suggest that the IL-15Ralpha is part of the active IL-15 cytokine rather than part of the receptor. |
| 1267 | 18055460 | We show that co-expression of interleukin 15 (IL-15) and IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Ralpha) in the same cell allows for the intracellular interaction of the two proteins early after translation, resulting in increased stability and secretion of both molecules as a complex. |
| 1268 | 18055460 | In the absence of co-expressed IL-15Ralpha, a large portion of the produced IL-15 is rapidly degraded immediately after synthesis. |
| 1269 | 18055460 | Co-injection into mice of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha expression plasmids led to significantly increased levels of the cytokine in serum as well as increased biological activity of IL-15. |
| 1270 | 18055460 | The presence of IL-15Ralpha also increased the number of CD44(high) memory cells with effector phenotype (CD44(high)CD62L-). |
| 1271 | 18055460 | Thus, mutual stabilization of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha leads to remarkable increases in production, stability, and tissue availability of bioactive IL-15 in vivo. |
| 1272 | 18055460 | These results explain the reason for coordinate expression of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha in the same cell and suggest that the IL-15Ralpha is part of the active IL-15 cytokine rather than part of the receptor. |
| 1273 | 18055460 | We show that co-expression of interleukin 15 (IL-15) and IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Ralpha) in the same cell allows for the intracellular interaction of the two proteins early after translation, resulting in increased stability and secretion of both molecules as a complex. |
| 1274 | 18055460 | In the absence of co-expressed IL-15Ralpha, a large portion of the produced IL-15 is rapidly degraded immediately after synthesis. |
| 1275 | 18055460 | Co-injection into mice of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha expression plasmids led to significantly increased levels of the cytokine in serum as well as increased biological activity of IL-15. |
| 1276 | 18055460 | The presence of IL-15Ralpha also increased the number of CD44(high) memory cells with effector phenotype (CD44(high)CD62L-). |
| 1277 | 18055460 | Thus, mutual stabilization of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha leads to remarkable increases in production, stability, and tissue availability of bioactive IL-15 in vivo. |
| 1278 | 18055460 | These results explain the reason for coordinate expression of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha in the same cell and suggest that the IL-15Ralpha is part of the active IL-15 cytokine rather than part of the receptor. |
| 1279 | 18097036 | IL-15 treatment during acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection increases viral set point and accelerates disease progression despite the induction of stronger SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. |
| 1280 | 18097036 | Although IL-15 induced a 2- to 3-fold increase in SIV-specific CD8+ T cell and NK cell numbers at peak viremia and reduced lymph node (LN) SIV-infected cells, this had no impact on peak viremia and did not lower viral set point. |
| 1281 | 18097036 | At viral set point, however, activated SIV-specific CD8+ T cells and NK cells were reduced in the blood of IL-15-treated animals and LN SIV-infected cells were increased. |
| 1282 | 18097036 | Week 30 LN from IL-15-treated animals had significantly increased Gag-specific CD8+ T cell numbers, whereas total cell, lymphocyte, and CD4+ T cell numbers were reduced. |
| 1283 | 18097036 | IL-15 increased Ki-67+CD4+ T cells at week 1 of treatment and reduced blood CCR5+ and CD45RA-CD62L- CD4+ T cells. |
| 1284 | 18097036 | The frequency of day 7 Ki-67+CD4+ T cells strongly correlated with viral set point. |
| 1285 | 18097036 | These findings suggest that CD4+ T cell activation during acute infection determines subsequent viral set point and IL-15 treatment by increasing such activation elevates viral set point. |
| 1286 | 18097036 | IL-15 treatment during acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection increases viral set point and accelerates disease progression despite the induction of stronger SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. |
| 1287 | 18097036 | Although IL-15 induced a 2- to 3-fold increase in SIV-specific CD8+ T cell and NK cell numbers at peak viremia and reduced lymph node (LN) SIV-infected cells, this had no impact on peak viremia and did not lower viral set point. |
| 1288 | 18097036 | At viral set point, however, activated SIV-specific CD8+ T cells and NK cells were reduced in the blood of IL-15-treated animals and LN SIV-infected cells were increased. |
| 1289 | 18097036 | Week 30 LN from IL-15-treated animals had significantly increased Gag-specific CD8+ T cell numbers, whereas total cell, lymphocyte, and CD4+ T cell numbers were reduced. |
| 1290 | 18097036 | IL-15 increased Ki-67+CD4+ T cells at week 1 of treatment and reduced blood CCR5+ and CD45RA-CD62L- CD4+ T cells. |
| 1291 | 18097036 | The frequency of day 7 Ki-67+CD4+ T cells strongly correlated with viral set point. |
| 1292 | 18097036 | These findings suggest that CD4+ T cell activation during acute infection determines subsequent viral set point and IL-15 treatment by increasing such activation elevates viral set point. |
| 1293 | 18097036 | IL-15 treatment during acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection increases viral set point and accelerates disease progression despite the induction of stronger SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. |
| 1294 | 18097036 | Although IL-15 induced a 2- to 3-fold increase in SIV-specific CD8+ T cell and NK cell numbers at peak viremia and reduced lymph node (LN) SIV-infected cells, this had no impact on peak viremia and did not lower viral set point. |
| 1295 | 18097036 | At viral set point, however, activated SIV-specific CD8+ T cells and NK cells were reduced in the blood of IL-15-treated animals and LN SIV-infected cells were increased. |
| 1296 | 18097036 | Week 30 LN from IL-15-treated animals had significantly increased Gag-specific CD8+ T cell numbers, whereas total cell, lymphocyte, and CD4+ T cell numbers were reduced. |
| 1297 | 18097036 | IL-15 increased Ki-67+CD4+ T cells at week 1 of treatment and reduced blood CCR5+ and CD45RA-CD62L- CD4+ T cells. |
| 1298 | 18097036 | The frequency of day 7 Ki-67+CD4+ T cells strongly correlated with viral set point. |
| 1299 | 18097036 | These findings suggest that CD4+ T cell activation during acute infection determines subsequent viral set point and IL-15 treatment by increasing such activation elevates viral set point. |
| 1300 | 18097036 | IL-15 treatment during acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection increases viral set point and accelerates disease progression despite the induction of stronger SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. |
| 1301 | 18097036 | Although IL-15 induced a 2- to 3-fold increase in SIV-specific CD8+ T cell and NK cell numbers at peak viremia and reduced lymph node (LN) SIV-infected cells, this had no impact on peak viremia and did not lower viral set point. |
| 1302 | 18097036 | At viral set point, however, activated SIV-specific CD8+ T cells and NK cells were reduced in the blood of IL-15-treated animals and LN SIV-infected cells were increased. |
| 1303 | 18097036 | Week 30 LN from IL-15-treated animals had significantly increased Gag-specific CD8+ T cell numbers, whereas total cell, lymphocyte, and CD4+ T cell numbers were reduced. |
| 1304 | 18097036 | IL-15 increased Ki-67+CD4+ T cells at week 1 of treatment and reduced blood CCR5+ and CD45RA-CD62L- CD4+ T cells. |
| 1305 | 18097036 | The frequency of day 7 Ki-67+CD4+ T cells strongly correlated with viral set point. |
| 1306 | 18097036 | These findings suggest that CD4+ T cell activation during acute infection determines subsequent viral set point and IL-15 treatment by increasing such activation elevates viral set point. |
| 1307 | 18097036 | IL-15 treatment during acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection increases viral set point and accelerates disease progression despite the induction of stronger SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. |
| 1308 | 18097036 | Although IL-15 induced a 2- to 3-fold increase in SIV-specific CD8+ T cell and NK cell numbers at peak viremia and reduced lymph node (LN) SIV-infected cells, this had no impact on peak viremia and did not lower viral set point. |
| 1309 | 18097036 | At viral set point, however, activated SIV-specific CD8+ T cells and NK cells were reduced in the blood of IL-15-treated animals and LN SIV-infected cells were increased. |
| 1310 | 18097036 | Week 30 LN from IL-15-treated animals had significantly increased Gag-specific CD8+ T cell numbers, whereas total cell, lymphocyte, and CD4+ T cell numbers were reduced. |
| 1311 | 18097036 | IL-15 increased Ki-67+CD4+ T cells at week 1 of treatment and reduced blood CCR5+ and CD45RA-CD62L- CD4+ T cells. |
| 1312 | 18097036 | The frequency of day 7 Ki-67+CD4+ T cells strongly correlated with viral set point. |
| 1313 | 18097036 | These findings suggest that CD4+ T cell activation during acute infection determines subsequent viral set point and IL-15 treatment by increasing such activation elevates viral set point. |
| 1314 | 18097036 | IL-15 treatment during acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection increases viral set point and accelerates disease progression despite the induction of stronger SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. |
| 1315 | 18097036 | Although IL-15 induced a 2- to 3-fold increase in SIV-specific CD8+ T cell and NK cell numbers at peak viremia and reduced lymph node (LN) SIV-infected cells, this had no impact on peak viremia and did not lower viral set point. |
| 1316 | 18097036 | At viral set point, however, activated SIV-specific CD8+ T cells and NK cells were reduced in the blood of IL-15-treated animals and LN SIV-infected cells were increased. |
| 1317 | 18097036 | Week 30 LN from IL-15-treated animals had significantly increased Gag-specific CD8+ T cell numbers, whereas total cell, lymphocyte, and CD4+ T cell numbers were reduced. |
| 1318 | 18097036 | IL-15 increased Ki-67+CD4+ T cells at week 1 of treatment and reduced blood CCR5+ and CD45RA-CD62L- CD4+ T cells. |
| 1319 | 18097036 | The frequency of day 7 Ki-67+CD4+ T cells strongly correlated with viral set point. |
| 1320 | 18097036 | These findings suggest that CD4+ T cell activation during acute infection determines subsequent viral set point and IL-15 treatment by increasing such activation elevates viral set point. |
| 1321 | 18299268 | Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a newly described, typical, four-helix cytokine showing significant homology with IL-2, IL-4 and IL-15. |
| 1322 | 18299268 | Prevalence and level of IL-21, total IgG and subclass (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) titers were determined in plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). |
| 1323 | 18299268 | Plasma IL-21 levels correlated with IgG1 and IgG3 levels. |
| 1324 | 18299268 | Additionally, plasma IL-21 levels correlated with hemoglobin levels in younger children and with parasite density. |
| 1325 | 18299268 | Here we describe the relationship between IL-21 and antibodies for erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 (EBA-175) peptide 4, a malaria vaccine candidate in Gabonese children with acute falciparum malaria. |
| 1326 | 18354176 | We recently showed that the CD34(+) acute myeloid leukemia cell line MUTZ-3 supports differentiation of both DC-SIGN(+) IDC and Langerin-positive Birbeck granule-expressing LC. |
| 1327 | 18354176 | This might be related to the observed inability of LC to release T cell stimulatory cytokines such as IL-12p70, IL-23, and IL-15. |
| 1328 | 18362335 | IL-15 as a mediator of CD4+ help for CD8+ T cell longevity and avoidance of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1329 | 18362335 | CD4+ helper T cells contribute to the induction and maintenance of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 1330 | 18362335 | Their absence results in short-lived antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and defective secondary CD8+ T cell responses because of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1331 | 18362335 | Here, we show that IL-15 codelivered with vaccines can overcome CD4+ T cell deficiency for promoting longevity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and avoidance of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1332 | 18362335 | In both priming and secondary responses, IL-15 down-regulates proapoptotic Bax, an intermediate in TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, and increases anti-apoptotic Bcl-X(L) in CD8+ T cells. |
| 1333 | 18362335 | Thus, IL-15 is sufficient to mimic CD4+ T cell help. |
| 1334 | 18362335 | Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells induce dendritic cells (DCs) to produce IL-15. |
| 1335 | 18362335 | Therefore, IL-15 codelivered with vaccines can overcome CD4+ helper T cell deficiency for induction of functionally efficient CD8+ T cells and maintenance of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and IL-15 is probably one of the natural mediators of help. |
| 1336 | 18362335 | IL-15 as a mediator of CD4+ help for CD8+ T cell longevity and avoidance of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1337 | 18362335 | CD4+ helper T cells contribute to the induction and maintenance of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 1338 | 18362335 | Their absence results in short-lived antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and defective secondary CD8+ T cell responses because of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1339 | 18362335 | Here, we show that IL-15 codelivered with vaccines can overcome CD4+ T cell deficiency for promoting longevity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and avoidance of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1340 | 18362335 | In both priming and secondary responses, IL-15 down-regulates proapoptotic Bax, an intermediate in TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, and increases anti-apoptotic Bcl-X(L) in CD8+ T cells. |
| 1341 | 18362335 | Thus, IL-15 is sufficient to mimic CD4+ T cell help. |
| 1342 | 18362335 | Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells induce dendritic cells (DCs) to produce IL-15. |
| 1343 | 18362335 | Therefore, IL-15 codelivered with vaccines can overcome CD4+ helper T cell deficiency for induction of functionally efficient CD8+ T cells and maintenance of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and IL-15 is probably one of the natural mediators of help. |
| 1344 | 18362335 | IL-15 as a mediator of CD4+ help for CD8+ T cell longevity and avoidance of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1345 | 18362335 | CD4+ helper T cells contribute to the induction and maintenance of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 1346 | 18362335 | Their absence results in short-lived antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and defective secondary CD8+ T cell responses because of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1347 | 18362335 | Here, we show that IL-15 codelivered with vaccines can overcome CD4+ T cell deficiency for promoting longevity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and avoidance of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1348 | 18362335 | In both priming and secondary responses, IL-15 down-regulates proapoptotic Bax, an intermediate in TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, and increases anti-apoptotic Bcl-X(L) in CD8+ T cells. |
| 1349 | 18362335 | Thus, IL-15 is sufficient to mimic CD4+ T cell help. |
| 1350 | 18362335 | Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells induce dendritic cells (DCs) to produce IL-15. |
| 1351 | 18362335 | Therefore, IL-15 codelivered with vaccines can overcome CD4+ helper T cell deficiency for induction of functionally efficient CD8+ T cells and maintenance of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and IL-15 is probably one of the natural mediators of help. |
| 1352 | 18362335 | IL-15 as a mediator of CD4+ help for CD8+ T cell longevity and avoidance of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1353 | 18362335 | CD4+ helper T cells contribute to the induction and maintenance of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 1354 | 18362335 | Their absence results in short-lived antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and defective secondary CD8+ T cell responses because of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1355 | 18362335 | Here, we show that IL-15 codelivered with vaccines can overcome CD4+ T cell deficiency for promoting longevity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and avoidance of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1356 | 18362335 | In both priming and secondary responses, IL-15 down-regulates proapoptotic Bax, an intermediate in TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, and increases anti-apoptotic Bcl-X(L) in CD8+ T cells. |
| 1357 | 18362335 | Thus, IL-15 is sufficient to mimic CD4+ T cell help. |
| 1358 | 18362335 | Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells induce dendritic cells (DCs) to produce IL-15. |
| 1359 | 18362335 | Therefore, IL-15 codelivered with vaccines can overcome CD4+ helper T cell deficiency for induction of functionally efficient CD8+ T cells and maintenance of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and IL-15 is probably one of the natural mediators of help. |
| 1360 | 18362335 | IL-15 as a mediator of CD4+ help for CD8+ T cell longevity and avoidance of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1361 | 18362335 | CD4+ helper T cells contribute to the induction and maintenance of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 1362 | 18362335 | Their absence results in short-lived antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and defective secondary CD8+ T cell responses because of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1363 | 18362335 | Here, we show that IL-15 codelivered with vaccines can overcome CD4+ T cell deficiency for promoting longevity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and avoidance of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1364 | 18362335 | In both priming and secondary responses, IL-15 down-regulates proapoptotic Bax, an intermediate in TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, and increases anti-apoptotic Bcl-X(L) in CD8+ T cells. |
| 1365 | 18362335 | Thus, IL-15 is sufficient to mimic CD4+ T cell help. |
| 1366 | 18362335 | Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells induce dendritic cells (DCs) to produce IL-15. |
| 1367 | 18362335 | Therefore, IL-15 codelivered with vaccines can overcome CD4+ helper T cell deficiency for induction of functionally efficient CD8+ T cells and maintenance of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and IL-15 is probably one of the natural mediators of help. |
| 1368 | 18362335 | IL-15 as a mediator of CD4+ help for CD8+ T cell longevity and avoidance of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1369 | 18362335 | CD4+ helper T cells contribute to the induction and maintenance of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 1370 | 18362335 | Their absence results in short-lived antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and defective secondary CD8+ T cell responses because of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1371 | 18362335 | Here, we show that IL-15 codelivered with vaccines can overcome CD4+ T cell deficiency for promoting longevity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and avoidance of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. |
| 1372 | 18362335 | In both priming and secondary responses, IL-15 down-regulates proapoptotic Bax, an intermediate in TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, and increases anti-apoptotic Bcl-X(L) in CD8+ T cells. |
| 1373 | 18362335 | Thus, IL-15 is sufficient to mimic CD4+ T cell help. |
| 1374 | 18362335 | Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells induce dendritic cells (DCs) to produce IL-15. |
| 1375 | 18362335 | Therefore, IL-15 codelivered with vaccines can overcome CD4+ helper T cell deficiency for induction of functionally efficient CD8+ T cells and maintenance of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and IL-15 is probably one of the natural mediators of help. |
| 1376 | 18417356 | Interestingly, IL-2 and IL-15 are also able to render CD4+ T cells permissive to HIV infection through their influence on the activity of the APOBEC3G deaminase enzyme. |
| 1377 | 18417356 | Herein, we describe the current state of knowledge on how the gammac cytokine network is affected during HIV infection, with a focus on how this impairs CD4+ and CD8+ T cell function while also benefiting the virus itself. |
| 1378 | 18419254 | Effects of interleukin-12 and interleukin-15 on measles-specific T-cell responses in vaccinated infants. |
| 1379 | 18419254 | To define potential mechanisms, we investigated age-related differences in measles-specific T-cell proliferation, CD40-L expression, and IFN-gamma production after measles immunization, and the effects of rhIL-12 and rhIL-15 on these responses. |
| 1380 | 18419254 | CD40-L expression by infant and adult T cells stimulated with measles antigen was comparable, but fewer infant CD40-L(+) T cells expressed IFN-gamma. |
| 1381 | 18425373 | IL-15 exerts its effect on innate and acquired immunity with the most prominent action in NK cells and CD8(+) memory T cells. |
| 1382 | 18425373 | In our experiments, in a model of B78-H1 murine transplantable melanoma, tumor-bearing mice were treated with different cytokine-gene modified tumor cell vaccines (producing TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, IL-12 or IL-6/sIL-6R) followed by a series of IL-15 injections. |
| 1383 | 18425373 | Tumors treated with the combination of B78-H1 melanoma cells secreting IL-12 (B78/IL-12 vaccine) and IL-15 were heavily infiltrated by granulocytes. |
| 1384 | 18425373 | IL-15, either alone or in combination with the B78/IL-12 vaccine, influenced infiltration of tumors with CD3(+) lymphocytes, CD4(+)and CD8(+). |
| 1385 | 18425373 | IL-15 exerts its effect on innate and acquired immunity with the most prominent action in NK cells and CD8(+) memory T cells. |
| 1386 | 18425373 | In our experiments, in a model of B78-H1 murine transplantable melanoma, tumor-bearing mice were treated with different cytokine-gene modified tumor cell vaccines (producing TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, IL-12 or IL-6/sIL-6R) followed by a series of IL-15 injections. |
| 1387 | 18425373 | Tumors treated with the combination of B78-H1 melanoma cells secreting IL-12 (B78/IL-12 vaccine) and IL-15 were heavily infiltrated by granulocytes. |
| 1388 | 18425373 | IL-15, either alone or in combination with the B78/IL-12 vaccine, influenced infiltration of tumors with CD3(+) lymphocytes, CD4(+)and CD8(+). |
| 1389 | 18425373 | IL-15 exerts its effect on innate and acquired immunity with the most prominent action in NK cells and CD8(+) memory T cells. |
| 1390 | 18425373 | In our experiments, in a model of B78-H1 murine transplantable melanoma, tumor-bearing mice were treated with different cytokine-gene modified tumor cell vaccines (producing TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, IL-12 or IL-6/sIL-6R) followed by a series of IL-15 injections. |
| 1391 | 18425373 | Tumors treated with the combination of B78-H1 melanoma cells secreting IL-12 (B78/IL-12 vaccine) and IL-15 were heavily infiltrated by granulocytes. |
| 1392 | 18425373 | IL-15, either alone or in combination with the B78/IL-12 vaccine, influenced infiltration of tumors with CD3(+) lymphocytes, CD4(+)and CD8(+). |
| 1393 | 18425373 | IL-15 exerts its effect on innate and acquired immunity with the most prominent action in NK cells and CD8(+) memory T cells. |
| 1394 | 18425373 | In our experiments, in a model of B78-H1 murine transplantable melanoma, tumor-bearing mice were treated with different cytokine-gene modified tumor cell vaccines (producing TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, IL-12 or IL-6/sIL-6R) followed by a series of IL-15 injections. |
| 1395 | 18425373 | Tumors treated with the combination of B78-H1 melanoma cells secreting IL-12 (B78/IL-12 vaccine) and IL-15 were heavily infiltrated by granulocytes. |
| 1396 | 18425373 | IL-15, either alone or in combination with the B78/IL-12 vaccine, influenced infiltration of tumors with CD3(+) lymphocytes, CD4(+)and CD8(+). |
| 1397 | 18449216 | Membrane-anchored C-peptides (for example, maC46) derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein gp41 effectively inhibit HIV-1 entry in cell lines and primary human CD4+ cells in vitro. |
| 1398 | 18449216 | Depletion of CD8+ T cells from PBMCs enhanced the yield of maC46-transduced CD4+ T cells. |
| 1399 | 18449216 | Supplementation with interleukin-2 (IL-2) increased transduction efficiency, whereas IL-7 and/or IL-15 provided no additional benefit. |
| 1400 | 18449216 | Phenotypic analysis showed that maC46-transduced and expanded cells were predominantly central memory CD4+ T cells that expressed low levels of CCR5 and slightly elevated levels of CD62L, beta7-integrin and CXCR4. |
| 1401 | 18462844 | IL-7 and IL-15 are key cytokines involved in the generation and maintenance of memory CD8+ T-cells. |
| 1402 | 18462844 | We found that mice receiving DermaVir formulated with HIV-1 Gag plasmid in the presence of IL-7- or IL-15-encoding plasmid significantly enhanced Gag-specific central memory T-cells, as measured by a peptide-based cultured IFN-gamma ELISPOT. |
| 1403 | 18462844 | Additionally, IL-15 significantly improved DermaVir-induced Gag-specific effector memory CD8+ T-cell responses, measured by standard IFN-gamma ELISPOT. |
| 1404 | 18462844 | Our study demonstrates that IL-15 is more potent than IL-7 in enhancing HIV-1-specific central memory T-cells induced by topical DermaVir. |
| 1405 | 18462844 | IL-7 and IL-15 are key cytokines involved in the generation and maintenance of memory CD8+ T-cells. |
| 1406 | 18462844 | We found that mice receiving DermaVir formulated with HIV-1 Gag plasmid in the presence of IL-7- or IL-15-encoding plasmid significantly enhanced Gag-specific central memory T-cells, as measured by a peptide-based cultured IFN-gamma ELISPOT. |
| 1407 | 18462844 | Additionally, IL-15 significantly improved DermaVir-induced Gag-specific effector memory CD8+ T-cell responses, measured by standard IFN-gamma ELISPOT. |
| 1408 | 18462844 | Our study demonstrates that IL-15 is more potent than IL-7 in enhancing HIV-1-specific central memory T-cells induced by topical DermaVir. |
| 1409 | 18462844 | IL-7 and IL-15 are key cytokines involved in the generation and maintenance of memory CD8+ T-cells. |
| 1410 | 18462844 | We found that mice receiving DermaVir formulated with HIV-1 Gag plasmid in the presence of IL-7- or IL-15-encoding plasmid significantly enhanced Gag-specific central memory T-cells, as measured by a peptide-based cultured IFN-gamma ELISPOT. |
| 1411 | 18462844 | Additionally, IL-15 significantly improved DermaVir-induced Gag-specific effector memory CD8+ T-cell responses, measured by standard IFN-gamma ELISPOT. |
| 1412 | 18462844 | Our study demonstrates that IL-15 is more potent than IL-7 in enhancing HIV-1-specific central memory T-cells induced by topical DermaVir. |
| 1413 | 18462844 | IL-7 and IL-15 are key cytokines involved in the generation and maintenance of memory CD8+ T-cells. |
| 1414 | 18462844 | We found that mice receiving DermaVir formulated with HIV-1 Gag plasmid in the presence of IL-7- or IL-15-encoding plasmid significantly enhanced Gag-specific central memory T-cells, as measured by a peptide-based cultured IFN-gamma ELISPOT. |
| 1415 | 18462844 | Additionally, IL-15 significantly improved DermaVir-induced Gag-specific effector memory CD8+ T-cell responses, measured by standard IFN-gamma ELISPOT. |
| 1416 | 18462844 | Our study demonstrates that IL-15 is more potent than IL-7 in enhancing HIV-1-specific central memory T-cells induced by topical DermaVir. |
| 1417 | 18462848 | Interestingly, intranasal delivery of the IL-15 construct with pcD-VP1 significantly enhanced the cell-mediated immunity (CMI) compared to the pcD-VP1 alone, as evidenced by the higher level of antigen-specific T-cell proliferation, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and higher expressions of IFN-gamma in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells inform the spleen and mucosal sites. |
| 1418 | 18472194 | These data revealed that just boost of IL-15 at day 8 after co-immunization induced more homeostatic cell proliferation, augmented proliferation frequency of IFN-gamma-secreting antigen-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes, maintained the long-lasting humoral immune response and promoted the turnover of memory T cell precursors into central memory T cells. |
| 1419 | 18490727 | Despite recent gains in knowledge regarding CD1d-restricted NKT cells, very little is understood of non-CD1d-restricted NKT cells such as CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells, in part because of the very small proportion of these cells in the periphery. |
| 1420 | 18490727 | In this study we took advantage of the high number of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells in IL-15-transgenic mice to characterize this T cell population. |
| 1421 | 18490727 | In the IL-15-transgenic mice, the absolute number of CD1d-tetramer(+) NKT cells did not increase, although IL-15 has been shown to play a critical role in the development and expansion of these cells. |
| 1422 | 18490727 | The CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells in the IL-15-transgenic mice did not react with CD1d-tetramer. |
| 1423 | 18490727 | In contrast to CD4(+)NK1.1(+) T cells, which were mostly CD1d-restricted NKT cells and of which approximately 70% were CD69(+)CD44(+), approximately 70% of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells were CD69(-)CD44(+). |
| 1424 | 18490727 | We could also expand similar CD8alphaalphaNK1.1(+) T cells but not CD4(+) NKT cells from CD8alpha(+)beta(-) bone marrow cells cultured ex vivo with IL-15. |
| 1425 | 18490727 | These results suggest that high levels of IL-15 induce expansion or differentiation of a novel NK1.1(+) T cell subset, CD8alphaalphaNK1.1(+) T cells, and that IL-15-transgenic mice may be a useful resource for studying the functional relevance of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells. |
| 1426 | 18490727 | Despite recent gains in knowledge regarding CD1d-restricted NKT cells, very little is understood of non-CD1d-restricted NKT cells such as CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells, in part because of the very small proportion of these cells in the periphery. |
| 1427 | 18490727 | In this study we took advantage of the high number of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells in IL-15-transgenic mice to characterize this T cell population. |
| 1428 | 18490727 | In the IL-15-transgenic mice, the absolute number of CD1d-tetramer(+) NKT cells did not increase, although IL-15 has been shown to play a critical role in the development and expansion of these cells. |
| 1429 | 18490727 | The CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells in the IL-15-transgenic mice did not react with CD1d-tetramer. |
| 1430 | 18490727 | In contrast to CD4(+)NK1.1(+) T cells, which were mostly CD1d-restricted NKT cells and of which approximately 70% were CD69(+)CD44(+), approximately 70% of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells were CD69(-)CD44(+). |
| 1431 | 18490727 | We could also expand similar CD8alphaalphaNK1.1(+) T cells but not CD4(+) NKT cells from CD8alpha(+)beta(-) bone marrow cells cultured ex vivo with IL-15. |
| 1432 | 18490727 | These results suggest that high levels of IL-15 induce expansion or differentiation of a novel NK1.1(+) T cell subset, CD8alphaalphaNK1.1(+) T cells, and that IL-15-transgenic mice may be a useful resource for studying the functional relevance of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells. |
| 1433 | 18490727 | Despite recent gains in knowledge regarding CD1d-restricted NKT cells, very little is understood of non-CD1d-restricted NKT cells such as CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells, in part because of the very small proportion of these cells in the periphery. |
| 1434 | 18490727 | In this study we took advantage of the high number of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells in IL-15-transgenic mice to characterize this T cell population. |
| 1435 | 18490727 | In the IL-15-transgenic mice, the absolute number of CD1d-tetramer(+) NKT cells did not increase, although IL-15 has been shown to play a critical role in the development and expansion of these cells. |
| 1436 | 18490727 | The CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells in the IL-15-transgenic mice did not react with CD1d-tetramer. |
| 1437 | 18490727 | In contrast to CD4(+)NK1.1(+) T cells, which were mostly CD1d-restricted NKT cells and of which approximately 70% were CD69(+)CD44(+), approximately 70% of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells were CD69(-)CD44(+). |
| 1438 | 18490727 | We could also expand similar CD8alphaalphaNK1.1(+) T cells but not CD4(+) NKT cells from CD8alpha(+)beta(-) bone marrow cells cultured ex vivo with IL-15. |
| 1439 | 18490727 | These results suggest that high levels of IL-15 induce expansion or differentiation of a novel NK1.1(+) T cell subset, CD8alphaalphaNK1.1(+) T cells, and that IL-15-transgenic mice may be a useful resource for studying the functional relevance of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells. |
| 1440 | 18490727 | Despite recent gains in knowledge regarding CD1d-restricted NKT cells, very little is understood of non-CD1d-restricted NKT cells such as CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells, in part because of the very small proportion of these cells in the periphery. |
| 1441 | 18490727 | In this study we took advantage of the high number of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells in IL-15-transgenic mice to characterize this T cell population. |
| 1442 | 18490727 | In the IL-15-transgenic mice, the absolute number of CD1d-tetramer(+) NKT cells did not increase, although IL-15 has been shown to play a critical role in the development and expansion of these cells. |
| 1443 | 18490727 | The CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells in the IL-15-transgenic mice did not react with CD1d-tetramer. |
| 1444 | 18490727 | In contrast to CD4(+)NK1.1(+) T cells, which were mostly CD1d-restricted NKT cells and of which approximately 70% were CD69(+)CD44(+), approximately 70% of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells were CD69(-)CD44(+). |
| 1445 | 18490727 | We could also expand similar CD8alphaalphaNK1.1(+) T cells but not CD4(+) NKT cells from CD8alpha(+)beta(-) bone marrow cells cultured ex vivo with IL-15. |
| 1446 | 18490727 | These results suggest that high levels of IL-15 induce expansion or differentiation of a novel NK1.1(+) T cell subset, CD8alphaalphaNK1.1(+) T cells, and that IL-15-transgenic mice may be a useful resource for studying the functional relevance of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells. |
| 1447 | 18490727 | Despite recent gains in knowledge regarding CD1d-restricted NKT cells, very little is understood of non-CD1d-restricted NKT cells such as CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells, in part because of the very small proportion of these cells in the periphery. |
| 1448 | 18490727 | In this study we took advantage of the high number of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells in IL-15-transgenic mice to characterize this T cell population. |
| 1449 | 18490727 | In the IL-15-transgenic mice, the absolute number of CD1d-tetramer(+) NKT cells did not increase, although IL-15 has been shown to play a critical role in the development and expansion of these cells. |
| 1450 | 18490727 | The CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells in the IL-15-transgenic mice did not react with CD1d-tetramer. |
| 1451 | 18490727 | In contrast to CD4(+)NK1.1(+) T cells, which were mostly CD1d-restricted NKT cells and of which approximately 70% were CD69(+)CD44(+), approximately 70% of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells were CD69(-)CD44(+). |
| 1452 | 18490727 | We could also expand similar CD8alphaalphaNK1.1(+) T cells but not CD4(+) NKT cells from CD8alpha(+)beta(-) bone marrow cells cultured ex vivo with IL-15. |
| 1453 | 18490727 | These results suggest that high levels of IL-15 induce expansion or differentiation of a novel NK1.1(+) T cell subset, CD8alphaalphaNK1.1(+) T cells, and that IL-15-transgenic mice may be a useful resource for studying the functional relevance of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells. |
| 1454 | 18523260 | Therapeutic vaccination with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-DNA + IL-12 or IL-15 induces distinct CD8 memory subsets in SIV-infected macaques. |
| 1455 | 18523260 | Cytokines, such as IL-12 and IL-15, have been shown to be potent adjuvants for the induction and maintenance of cellular immune responses, in particular during HIV infection. |
| 1456 | 18523260 | In this study, we examined the ability of therapeutic vaccination with SIV-DNA+IL-12 or IL-15 as molecular adjuvants to improve DNA vaccine potency and to enhance memory immune responses in SIV-infected macaques. |
| 1457 | 18523260 | Our results demonstrate that incorporating IL-12 into the vaccine induces SIV-specific CD8 effector memory T cell (T(EM)) functional responses and enhances the capacity of IFN-gamma-producing CD8 T(EM) cells to produce TNF. |
| 1458 | 18523260 | Lower levels of PD-1 were expressed on T cells acquiring dual function upon vaccination as compared with mono-functional CD8 T(EM) cells. |
| 1459 | 18523260 | Finally, a boost with SIV-DNA+IL-15 triggered most T cell memory subsets in macaques primed with either DNA-SIV or placebo but only CD8 T(EM) in macaques primed with SIV-DNA+IL-12. |
| 1460 | 18523260 | These results indicate that plasmid IL-12 and IL-15 cytokines represent a significant addition to enhance the ability of therapeutic DNA vaccines to induce better immunity. |
| 1461 | 18523260 | Therapeutic vaccination with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-DNA + IL-12 or IL-15 induces distinct CD8 memory subsets in SIV-infected macaques. |
| 1462 | 18523260 | Cytokines, such as IL-12 and IL-15, have been shown to be potent adjuvants for the induction and maintenance of cellular immune responses, in particular during HIV infection. |
| 1463 | 18523260 | In this study, we examined the ability of therapeutic vaccination with SIV-DNA+IL-12 or IL-15 as molecular adjuvants to improve DNA vaccine potency and to enhance memory immune responses in SIV-infected macaques. |
| 1464 | 18523260 | Our results demonstrate that incorporating IL-12 into the vaccine induces SIV-specific CD8 effector memory T cell (T(EM)) functional responses and enhances the capacity of IFN-gamma-producing CD8 T(EM) cells to produce TNF. |
| 1465 | 18523260 | Lower levels of PD-1 were expressed on T cells acquiring dual function upon vaccination as compared with mono-functional CD8 T(EM) cells. |
| 1466 | 18523260 | Finally, a boost with SIV-DNA+IL-15 triggered most T cell memory subsets in macaques primed with either DNA-SIV or placebo but only CD8 T(EM) in macaques primed with SIV-DNA+IL-12. |
| 1467 | 18523260 | These results indicate that plasmid IL-12 and IL-15 cytokines represent a significant addition to enhance the ability of therapeutic DNA vaccines to induce better immunity. |
| 1468 | 18523260 | Therapeutic vaccination with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-DNA + IL-12 or IL-15 induces distinct CD8 memory subsets in SIV-infected macaques. |
| 1469 | 18523260 | Cytokines, such as IL-12 and IL-15, have been shown to be potent adjuvants for the induction and maintenance of cellular immune responses, in particular during HIV infection. |
| 1470 | 18523260 | In this study, we examined the ability of therapeutic vaccination with SIV-DNA+IL-12 or IL-15 as molecular adjuvants to improve DNA vaccine potency and to enhance memory immune responses in SIV-infected macaques. |
| 1471 | 18523260 | Our results demonstrate that incorporating IL-12 into the vaccine induces SIV-specific CD8 effector memory T cell (T(EM)) functional responses and enhances the capacity of IFN-gamma-producing CD8 T(EM) cells to produce TNF. |
| 1472 | 18523260 | Lower levels of PD-1 were expressed on T cells acquiring dual function upon vaccination as compared with mono-functional CD8 T(EM) cells. |
| 1473 | 18523260 | Finally, a boost with SIV-DNA+IL-15 triggered most T cell memory subsets in macaques primed with either DNA-SIV or placebo but only CD8 T(EM) in macaques primed with SIV-DNA+IL-12. |
| 1474 | 18523260 | These results indicate that plasmid IL-12 and IL-15 cytokines represent a significant addition to enhance the ability of therapeutic DNA vaccines to induce better immunity. |
| 1475 | 18523260 | Therapeutic vaccination with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-DNA + IL-12 or IL-15 induces distinct CD8 memory subsets in SIV-infected macaques. |
| 1476 | 18523260 | Cytokines, such as IL-12 and IL-15, have been shown to be potent adjuvants for the induction and maintenance of cellular immune responses, in particular during HIV infection. |
| 1477 | 18523260 | In this study, we examined the ability of therapeutic vaccination with SIV-DNA+IL-12 or IL-15 as molecular adjuvants to improve DNA vaccine potency and to enhance memory immune responses in SIV-infected macaques. |
| 1478 | 18523260 | Our results demonstrate that incorporating IL-12 into the vaccine induces SIV-specific CD8 effector memory T cell (T(EM)) functional responses and enhances the capacity of IFN-gamma-producing CD8 T(EM) cells to produce TNF. |
| 1479 | 18523260 | Lower levels of PD-1 were expressed on T cells acquiring dual function upon vaccination as compared with mono-functional CD8 T(EM) cells. |
| 1480 | 18523260 | Finally, a boost with SIV-DNA+IL-15 triggered most T cell memory subsets in macaques primed with either DNA-SIV or placebo but only CD8 T(EM) in macaques primed with SIV-DNA+IL-12. |
| 1481 | 18523260 | These results indicate that plasmid IL-12 and IL-15 cytokines represent a significant addition to enhance the ability of therapeutic DNA vaccines to induce better immunity. |
| 1482 | 18523260 | Therapeutic vaccination with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-DNA + IL-12 or IL-15 induces distinct CD8 memory subsets in SIV-infected macaques. |
| 1483 | 18523260 | Cytokines, such as IL-12 and IL-15, have been shown to be potent adjuvants for the induction and maintenance of cellular immune responses, in particular during HIV infection. |
| 1484 | 18523260 | In this study, we examined the ability of therapeutic vaccination with SIV-DNA+IL-12 or IL-15 as molecular adjuvants to improve DNA vaccine potency and to enhance memory immune responses in SIV-infected macaques. |
| 1485 | 18523260 | Our results demonstrate that incorporating IL-12 into the vaccine induces SIV-specific CD8 effector memory T cell (T(EM)) functional responses and enhances the capacity of IFN-gamma-producing CD8 T(EM) cells to produce TNF. |
| 1486 | 18523260 | Lower levels of PD-1 were expressed on T cells acquiring dual function upon vaccination as compared with mono-functional CD8 T(EM) cells. |
| 1487 | 18523260 | Finally, a boost with SIV-DNA+IL-15 triggered most T cell memory subsets in macaques primed with either DNA-SIV or placebo but only CD8 T(EM) in macaques primed with SIV-DNA+IL-12. |
| 1488 | 18523260 | These results indicate that plasmid IL-12 and IL-15 cytokines represent a significant addition to enhance the ability of therapeutic DNA vaccines to induce better immunity. |
| 1489 | 18753198 | Seven rhesus macaques per group were primed twice with multigenic SIV plasmid DNA with or without interleukin-12 (IL-12) DNA or IL-15 DNA. |
| 1490 | 18753198 | After a multigenic replicating Ad-SIV immunization, all groups received two booster immunizations with SIV gp140 and SIV Nef protein. |
| 1491 | 18753198 | Macaques that received IL-15-DNA exhibited higher peak anti-Nef titers, a more rapid anti-Nef anamnestic response postchallenge, and expanded CD8(CM) T cells 2 weeks postchallenge compared to the DNA-only group. |
| 1492 | 18753198 | Seven rhesus macaques per group were primed twice with multigenic SIV plasmid DNA with or without interleukin-12 (IL-12) DNA or IL-15 DNA. |
| 1493 | 18753198 | After a multigenic replicating Ad-SIV immunization, all groups received two booster immunizations with SIV gp140 and SIV Nef protein. |
| 1494 | 18753198 | Macaques that received IL-15-DNA exhibited higher peak anti-Nef titers, a more rapid anti-Nef anamnestic response postchallenge, and expanded CD8(CM) T cells 2 weeks postchallenge compared to the DNA-only group. |
| 1495 | 19196197 | Role of IL-15 and IL-21 in viral immunity: applications for vaccines and therapies. |
| 1496 | 19196197 | Two recently discovered cytokines (IL-15 and IL-21) appear to be key regulators in this process. |
| 1497 | 19196197 | IL-15 induces an antiviral state during innate immunity through the regulation of IFN-alpha/beta production and natural killer cell proliferation. |
| 1498 | 19196197 | During the memory phase, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells are highly dependent on IL-15 signaling. |
| 1499 | 19196197 | IL-21 induces natural killer cell maturation and IFN-gamma production and acts to enhance the proliferation of memory CD8(+) T cells, its effects being more pronounced when combined with IL-15. |
| 1500 | 19196197 | Role of IL-15 and IL-21 in viral immunity: applications for vaccines and therapies. |
| 1501 | 19196197 | Two recently discovered cytokines (IL-15 and IL-21) appear to be key regulators in this process. |
| 1502 | 19196197 | IL-15 induces an antiviral state during innate immunity through the regulation of IFN-alpha/beta production and natural killer cell proliferation. |
| 1503 | 19196197 | During the memory phase, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells are highly dependent on IL-15 signaling. |
| 1504 | 19196197 | IL-21 induces natural killer cell maturation and IFN-gamma production and acts to enhance the proliferation of memory CD8(+) T cells, its effects being more pronounced when combined with IL-15. |
| 1505 | 19196197 | Role of IL-15 and IL-21 in viral immunity: applications for vaccines and therapies. |
| 1506 | 19196197 | Two recently discovered cytokines (IL-15 and IL-21) appear to be key regulators in this process. |
| 1507 | 19196197 | IL-15 induces an antiviral state during innate immunity through the regulation of IFN-alpha/beta production and natural killer cell proliferation. |
| 1508 | 19196197 | During the memory phase, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells are highly dependent on IL-15 signaling. |
| 1509 | 19196197 | IL-21 induces natural killer cell maturation and IFN-gamma production and acts to enhance the proliferation of memory CD8(+) T cells, its effects being more pronounced when combined with IL-15. |
| 1510 | 19196197 | Role of IL-15 and IL-21 in viral immunity: applications for vaccines and therapies. |
| 1511 | 19196197 | Two recently discovered cytokines (IL-15 and IL-21) appear to be key regulators in this process. |
| 1512 | 19196197 | IL-15 induces an antiviral state during innate immunity through the regulation of IFN-alpha/beta production and natural killer cell proliferation. |
| 1513 | 19196197 | During the memory phase, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells are highly dependent on IL-15 signaling. |
| 1514 | 19196197 | IL-21 induces natural killer cell maturation and IFN-gamma production and acts to enhance the proliferation of memory CD8(+) T cells, its effects being more pronounced when combined with IL-15. |
| 1515 | 19196197 | Role of IL-15 and IL-21 in viral immunity: applications for vaccines and therapies. |
| 1516 | 19196197 | Two recently discovered cytokines (IL-15 and IL-21) appear to be key regulators in this process. |
| 1517 | 19196197 | IL-15 induces an antiviral state during innate immunity through the regulation of IFN-alpha/beta production and natural killer cell proliferation. |
| 1518 | 19196197 | During the memory phase, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells are highly dependent on IL-15 signaling. |
| 1519 | 19196197 | IL-21 induces natural killer cell maturation and IFN-gamma production and acts to enhance the proliferation of memory CD8(+) T cells, its effects being more pronounced when combined with IL-15. |
| 1520 | 19234203 | The pentavalent Wyeth/IL-15/5Flu vaccine expresses the hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and nucleoprotein derived from the H5N1 influenza virus A/Vietnam/1203/2004 and the matrix proteins M1 and M2 from the H5N1 A/CK/Indonesia/PA/2003 virus on the backbone of a currently licensed smallpox vaccine. |
| 1521 | 19234203 | The bivalent MVA/IL-15/HA/NA vaccine expresses only the H5 hemagglutinin and N1 neuraminidase on the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) backbone. |
| 1522 | 19234203 | The pentavalent Wyeth/IL-15/5Flu vaccine expresses the hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and nucleoprotein derived from the H5N1 influenza virus A/Vietnam/1203/2004 and the matrix proteins M1 and M2 from the H5N1 A/CK/Indonesia/PA/2003 virus on the backbone of a currently licensed smallpox vaccine. |
| 1523 | 19234203 | The bivalent MVA/IL-15/HA/NA vaccine expresses only the H5 hemagglutinin and N1 neuraminidase on the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) backbone. |
| 1524 | 19428306 | In this review, we discuss the four major gammaC cytokines that have proven activity in or potential for immunotherapy: IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21. |
| 1525 | 19464559 | Vaccination with vif-deleted feline immunodeficiency virus provirus, GM-CSF, and TNF-alpha plasmids preserves global CD4 T lymphocyte function after challenge with FIV. |
| 1526 | 19464559 | Vaccine protocols included FIV-pPPRDeltavif plasmid alone; a combination of FIV-pPPRDeltavif DNA and feline granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha expression plasmids; or a combination of FIV-pPPRDeltavif and feline interleukin (IL)-15 plasmids. |
| 1527 | 19464559 | Cats immunized with FIV-pPPRDeltavif, GM-CSF and TNF-alpha plasmids demonstrated an increased frequency of FIV-specific T cell proliferation responses compared to other vaccine groups. |
| 1528 | 19464559 | However, prior immunization with FIV-pPPRDeltavif, GM-CSF, and TNF-alpha plasmids resulted in preservation of CD4 T cell functions, including mitogen-induced cytokine expression and antigen-specific proliferation upon infection with FIV. |
| 1529 | 19543225 | In this Review, we focus on our current understanding of the distinct and overlapping effects of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21, as well as the IL-7-related cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), on the survival and proliferation of conventional alphabeta T cells, gammadelta T cells and regulatory T cells. |
| 1530 | 19604492 | Opposing effects of TGF-beta and IL-15 cytokines control the number of short-lived effector CD8+ T cells. |
| 1531 | 19604492 | We found, after Listeria infection, plasma transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) titers increased concomitant with the expansion of effector CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1532 | 19604492 | Blocking TGF-beta signaling did not affect effector function of CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1533 | 19604492 | However, TGF-beta controlled effector cell number by lowering Bcl-2 amounts and selectively promoting the apoptosis of short-lived effector cells. |
| 1534 | 19604492 | TGF-beta-mediated apoptosis of this effector subpopulation occurred during clonal expansion and contraction, whereas interleukin-15 (IL-15) promoted their survival only during contraction. |
| 1535 | 19604492 | Opposing effects of TGF-beta and IL-15 cytokines control the number of short-lived effector CD8+ T cells. |
| 1536 | 19604492 | We found, after Listeria infection, plasma transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) titers increased concomitant with the expansion of effector CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1537 | 19604492 | Blocking TGF-beta signaling did not affect effector function of CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1538 | 19604492 | However, TGF-beta controlled effector cell number by lowering Bcl-2 amounts and selectively promoting the apoptosis of short-lived effector cells. |
| 1539 | 19604492 | TGF-beta-mediated apoptosis of this effector subpopulation occurred during clonal expansion and contraction, whereas interleukin-15 (IL-15) promoted their survival only during contraction. |
| 1540 | 19642895 | In comparison to B16alpha vaccine cells, long-term IFN-alpha-treated RM-1 cells (RM-1alpha vaccine cells) showed significant IL-15 mRNA induction but relatively low IL-15 protein up-regulation. |
| 1541 | 19683780 | We found that co-immunization of rhesus macaques with a Flu DNA-based vaccine and low doses of plasmid encoding macaque IL-15 enhanced the production of IFN-gamma (0.5 mg) and the proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, as well as T(CM) levels in proliferating CD8(+) T cells (0.25 mg). |
| 1542 | 19683780 | Whereas, high doses of IL-15 (4 mg) decrease the production of IFN-gamma and the proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and T(CM) levels in the proliferating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1543 | 19683780 | We found that co-immunization of rhesus macaques with a Flu DNA-based vaccine and low doses of plasmid encoding macaque IL-15 enhanced the production of IFN-gamma (0.5 mg) and the proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, as well as T(CM) levels in proliferating CD8(+) T cells (0.25 mg). |
| 1544 | 19683780 | Whereas, high doses of IL-15 (4 mg) decrease the production of IFN-gamma and the proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and T(CM) levels in the proliferating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1545 | 19696432 | In this study, we show that, similar to LSP IL-15, the SSP IL-15 is stabilized and secreted efficiently upon coexpression of IL-15Ralpha. |
| 1546 | 19696432 | Therefore, SSP IL-15 is secreted and bioactive when produced as a heterodimer with IL-15Ralpha in the same cell. |
| 1547 | 19696432 | The apparent t(1/2) of this heterodimer is lower compared with LSP IL-15/IL-15Ralpha, due to different intracellular processing. |
| 1548 | 19696432 | Coexpression of both LSP IL-15 and SSP IL-15 in the presence of IL-15Ralpha results in lower levels of bioactive IL-15, indicating that LSP and SSP IL-15 compete for the binding to IL-15Ralpha when expressed in the same cell. |
| 1549 | 19696432 | Because the SSP IL-15 interaction to IL-15Ralpha leads to a complex with lower apparent stability, SSP IL-15 functions as competitive inhibitor of LSP IL-15. |
| 1550 | 19696432 | In this study, we show that, similar to LSP IL-15, the SSP IL-15 is stabilized and secreted efficiently upon coexpression of IL-15Ralpha. |
| 1551 | 19696432 | Therefore, SSP IL-15 is secreted and bioactive when produced as a heterodimer with IL-15Ralpha in the same cell. |
| 1552 | 19696432 | The apparent t(1/2) of this heterodimer is lower compared with LSP IL-15/IL-15Ralpha, due to different intracellular processing. |
| 1553 | 19696432 | Coexpression of both LSP IL-15 and SSP IL-15 in the presence of IL-15Ralpha results in lower levels of bioactive IL-15, indicating that LSP and SSP IL-15 compete for the binding to IL-15Ralpha when expressed in the same cell. |
| 1554 | 19696432 | Because the SSP IL-15 interaction to IL-15Ralpha leads to a complex with lower apparent stability, SSP IL-15 functions as competitive inhibitor of LSP IL-15. |
| 1555 | 19696432 | In this study, we show that, similar to LSP IL-15, the SSP IL-15 is stabilized and secreted efficiently upon coexpression of IL-15Ralpha. |
| 1556 | 19696432 | Therefore, SSP IL-15 is secreted and bioactive when produced as a heterodimer with IL-15Ralpha in the same cell. |
| 1557 | 19696432 | The apparent t(1/2) of this heterodimer is lower compared with LSP IL-15/IL-15Ralpha, due to different intracellular processing. |
| 1558 | 19696432 | Coexpression of both LSP IL-15 and SSP IL-15 in the presence of IL-15Ralpha results in lower levels of bioactive IL-15, indicating that LSP and SSP IL-15 compete for the binding to IL-15Ralpha when expressed in the same cell. |
| 1559 | 19696432 | Because the SSP IL-15 interaction to IL-15Ralpha leads to a complex with lower apparent stability, SSP IL-15 functions as competitive inhibitor of LSP IL-15. |
| 1560 | 19696432 | In this study, we show that, similar to LSP IL-15, the SSP IL-15 is stabilized and secreted efficiently upon coexpression of IL-15Ralpha. |
| 1561 | 19696432 | Therefore, SSP IL-15 is secreted and bioactive when produced as a heterodimer with IL-15Ralpha in the same cell. |
| 1562 | 19696432 | The apparent t(1/2) of this heterodimer is lower compared with LSP IL-15/IL-15Ralpha, due to different intracellular processing. |
| 1563 | 19696432 | Coexpression of both LSP IL-15 and SSP IL-15 in the presence of IL-15Ralpha results in lower levels of bioactive IL-15, indicating that LSP and SSP IL-15 compete for the binding to IL-15Ralpha when expressed in the same cell. |
| 1564 | 19696432 | Because the SSP IL-15 interaction to IL-15Ralpha leads to a complex with lower apparent stability, SSP IL-15 functions as competitive inhibitor of LSP IL-15. |
| 1565 | 19696432 | In this study, we show that, similar to LSP IL-15, the SSP IL-15 is stabilized and secreted efficiently upon coexpression of IL-15Ralpha. |
| 1566 | 19696432 | Therefore, SSP IL-15 is secreted and bioactive when produced as a heterodimer with IL-15Ralpha in the same cell. |
| 1567 | 19696432 | The apparent t(1/2) of this heterodimer is lower compared with LSP IL-15/IL-15Ralpha, due to different intracellular processing. |
| 1568 | 19696432 | Coexpression of both LSP IL-15 and SSP IL-15 in the presence of IL-15Ralpha results in lower levels of bioactive IL-15, indicating that LSP and SSP IL-15 compete for the binding to IL-15Ralpha when expressed in the same cell. |
| 1569 | 19696432 | Because the SSP IL-15 interaction to IL-15Ralpha leads to a complex with lower apparent stability, SSP IL-15 functions as competitive inhibitor of LSP IL-15. |
| 1570 | 19727134 | Dendritic cells (DC) engineered in vitro by DNA encoding OVAhsp70 and IL-15 up-regulated their expressions of CD80, CD86, CCR7 and IL-15Ralpha and promoted their productions of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-alpha. |
| 1571 | 19741603 | We compared the efficacy of an intranasal or intramuscular Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)+ interleukin (IL)-2+IL-15 DNA/SIV-MVA (modified vaccinia virus Ankara) vaccination in preventing disease progression in SIVmac251 intrarectally challenged rhesus macaques. |
| 1572 | 19741603 | Regardless of vaccination status, long-term viremia control and preservation of CD4(+) C(M) T cells was detected in animals with significantly higher systemic CD8(+)/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha(+) and CD8(+)/interferon (IFN)-gamma(+) T-cell responses and higher SIV-specific CD4(+)/IL-2(+) responses in colorectal T cells. |
| 1573 | 19828769 | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from infected animals are not productively infected, but virus exposure in vivo resulted in the significant induction of NKp30 and Toll-like receptor 3 expression and the moderate activation of SOCS3 and interleukin-15 receptor mRNA. |
| 1574 | 19828769 | However, there was little alteration of mRNA expression from a number of other receptor genes in these cells, including SH2D1B and NKG2A (inhibitory) as well as NKp80, NKp46, and NKG2D (activating). |
| 1575 | 20064480 | An IL-15 adjuvant enhances the efficacy of a combined DNA vaccine against Brucella by increasing the CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response. |
| 1576 | 20064480 | Splenocytes from DNA-IL-15(+)-vaccinated mice induced significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma (P<0.01) and CD8(+) T cell response (P<0.01), suggesting induction of a T-helper-1-dominated immune response. |
| 1577 | 20064480 | In a specific cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte activity assay, DNA-IL-15(+) immunization elicited mainly CD8(+) T cells, which mediate cytotoxicity, but also CD4(+) T cells. |
| 1578 | 20064480 | In vivo depletion of T cell subsets showed that the DNA-IL-15(+)-induced protection against Brucella infection is mediated predominantly by CD8(+) T cells, although CD4(+) T cells also contribute. |
| 1579 | 20064480 | An IL-15 adjuvant enhances the efficacy of a combined DNA vaccine against Brucella by increasing the CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response. |
| 1580 | 20064480 | Splenocytes from DNA-IL-15(+)-vaccinated mice induced significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma (P<0.01) and CD8(+) T cell response (P<0.01), suggesting induction of a T-helper-1-dominated immune response. |
| 1581 | 20064480 | In a specific cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte activity assay, DNA-IL-15(+) immunization elicited mainly CD8(+) T cells, which mediate cytotoxicity, but also CD4(+) T cells. |
| 1582 | 20064480 | In vivo depletion of T cell subsets showed that the DNA-IL-15(+)-induced protection against Brucella infection is mediated predominantly by CD8(+) T cells, although CD4(+) T cells also contribute. |
| 1583 | 20064480 | An IL-15 adjuvant enhances the efficacy of a combined DNA vaccine against Brucella by increasing the CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response. |
| 1584 | 20064480 | Splenocytes from DNA-IL-15(+)-vaccinated mice induced significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma (P<0.01) and CD8(+) T cell response (P<0.01), suggesting induction of a T-helper-1-dominated immune response. |
| 1585 | 20064480 | In a specific cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte activity assay, DNA-IL-15(+) immunization elicited mainly CD8(+) T cells, which mediate cytotoxicity, but also CD4(+) T cells. |
| 1586 | 20064480 | In vivo depletion of T cell subsets showed that the DNA-IL-15(+)-induced protection against Brucella infection is mediated predominantly by CD8(+) T cells, although CD4(+) T cells also contribute. |
| 1587 | 20064480 | An IL-15 adjuvant enhances the efficacy of a combined DNA vaccine against Brucella by increasing the CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response. |
| 1588 | 20064480 | Splenocytes from DNA-IL-15(+)-vaccinated mice induced significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma (P<0.01) and CD8(+) T cell response (P<0.01), suggesting induction of a T-helper-1-dominated immune response. |
| 1589 | 20064480 | In a specific cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte activity assay, DNA-IL-15(+) immunization elicited mainly CD8(+) T cells, which mediate cytotoxicity, but also CD4(+) T cells. |
| 1590 | 20064480 | In vivo depletion of T cell subsets showed that the DNA-IL-15(+)-induced protection against Brucella infection is mediated predominantly by CD8(+) T cells, although CD4(+) T cells also contribute. |
| 1591 | 20086176 | Interleukin-15 and its receptor augment dendritic cell vaccination against the neu oncogene through the induction of antibodies partially independent of CD4 help. |
| 1592 | 20086176 | Interleukin-15 (IL-15) stimulates the diffrentiation and proliferation of T, B, and natural killer cells; enhances CD8(+) cytolytic T-ceII activity; helps maintain CD44(hi)CD8(+) memory T cells; and stimulates immunoglobulin synthesis by B cells. |
| 1593 | 20086176 | IL-15 is trans-presented to effector cells by its receptor, IL-15Ralpha, expressed on dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. |
| 1594 | 20086176 | We examined the antitumor effect of adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha to augment a DC vaccine directed against the NEU (ErbB2) oncoprotein. |
| 1595 | 20086176 | The combination of neu, IL-15, and IL-15Ralpha gene transfer leads to a significaintly greater anti-NEU antibody response compared with mice treated with DC(Ad.Neu) or DC(Ad.Neu) combined with either IL-15 (DC(Ad.Neu+Ad.mlL-15)) or lL-15Ralpha (DC(Ad.Neu+Ad.mlL-15Ralpha)). |
| 1596 | 20086176 | Coexpression of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha in an anticancer vaccine enhanced immune responses against the NEU antigen and may overcome impaired CD4(+) T-helper function. |
| 1597 | 20086176 | Interleukin-15 and its receptor augment dendritic cell vaccination against the neu oncogene through the induction of antibodies partially independent of CD4 help. |
| 1598 | 20086176 | Interleukin-15 (IL-15) stimulates the diffrentiation and proliferation of T, B, and natural killer cells; enhances CD8(+) cytolytic T-ceII activity; helps maintain CD44(hi)CD8(+) memory T cells; and stimulates immunoglobulin synthesis by B cells. |
| 1599 | 20086176 | IL-15 is trans-presented to effector cells by its receptor, IL-15Ralpha, expressed on dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. |
| 1600 | 20086176 | We examined the antitumor effect of adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha to augment a DC vaccine directed against the NEU (ErbB2) oncoprotein. |
| 1601 | 20086176 | The combination of neu, IL-15, and IL-15Ralpha gene transfer leads to a significaintly greater anti-NEU antibody response compared with mice treated with DC(Ad.Neu) or DC(Ad.Neu) combined with either IL-15 (DC(Ad.Neu+Ad.mlL-15)) or lL-15Ralpha (DC(Ad.Neu+Ad.mlL-15Ralpha)). |
| 1602 | 20086176 | Coexpression of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha in an anticancer vaccine enhanced immune responses against the NEU antigen and may overcome impaired CD4(+) T-helper function. |
| 1603 | 20086176 | Interleukin-15 and its receptor augment dendritic cell vaccination against the neu oncogene through the induction of antibodies partially independent of CD4 help. |
| 1604 | 20086176 | Interleukin-15 (IL-15) stimulates the diffrentiation and proliferation of T, B, and natural killer cells; enhances CD8(+) cytolytic T-ceII activity; helps maintain CD44(hi)CD8(+) memory T cells; and stimulates immunoglobulin synthesis by B cells. |
| 1605 | 20086176 | IL-15 is trans-presented to effector cells by its receptor, IL-15Ralpha, expressed on dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. |
| 1606 | 20086176 | We examined the antitumor effect of adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha to augment a DC vaccine directed against the NEU (ErbB2) oncoprotein. |
| 1607 | 20086176 | The combination of neu, IL-15, and IL-15Ralpha gene transfer leads to a significaintly greater anti-NEU antibody response compared with mice treated with DC(Ad.Neu) or DC(Ad.Neu) combined with either IL-15 (DC(Ad.Neu+Ad.mlL-15)) or lL-15Ralpha (DC(Ad.Neu+Ad.mlL-15Ralpha)). |
| 1608 | 20086176 | Coexpression of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha in an anticancer vaccine enhanced immune responses against the NEU antigen and may overcome impaired CD4(+) T-helper function. |
| 1609 | 20086176 | Interleukin-15 and its receptor augment dendritic cell vaccination against the neu oncogene through the induction of antibodies partially independent of CD4 help. |
| 1610 | 20086176 | Interleukin-15 (IL-15) stimulates the diffrentiation and proliferation of T, B, and natural killer cells; enhances CD8(+) cytolytic T-ceII activity; helps maintain CD44(hi)CD8(+) memory T cells; and stimulates immunoglobulin synthesis by B cells. |
| 1611 | 20086176 | IL-15 is trans-presented to effector cells by its receptor, IL-15Ralpha, expressed on dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. |
| 1612 | 20086176 | We examined the antitumor effect of adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha to augment a DC vaccine directed against the NEU (ErbB2) oncoprotein. |
| 1613 | 20086176 | The combination of neu, IL-15, and IL-15Ralpha gene transfer leads to a significaintly greater anti-NEU antibody response compared with mice treated with DC(Ad.Neu) or DC(Ad.Neu) combined with either IL-15 (DC(Ad.Neu+Ad.mlL-15)) or lL-15Ralpha (DC(Ad.Neu+Ad.mlL-15Ralpha)). |
| 1614 | 20086176 | Coexpression of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha in an anticancer vaccine enhanced immune responses against the NEU antigen and may overcome impaired CD4(+) T-helper function. |
| 1615 | 20086176 | Interleukin-15 and its receptor augment dendritic cell vaccination against the neu oncogene through the induction of antibodies partially independent of CD4 help. |
| 1616 | 20086176 | Interleukin-15 (IL-15) stimulates the diffrentiation and proliferation of T, B, and natural killer cells; enhances CD8(+) cytolytic T-ceII activity; helps maintain CD44(hi)CD8(+) memory T cells; and stimulates immunoglobulin synthesis by B cells. |
| 1617 | 20086176 | IL-15 is trans-presented to effector cells by its receptor, IL-15Ralpha, expressed on dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. |
| 1618 | 20086176 | We examined the antitumor effect of adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha to augment a DC vaccine directed against the NEU (ErbB2) oncoprotein. |
| 1619 | 20086176 | The combination of neu, IL-15, and IL-15Ralpha gene transfer leads to a significaintly greater anti-NEU antibody response compared with mice treated with DC(Ad.Neu) or DC(Ad.Neu) combined with either IL-15 (DC(Ad.Neu+Ad.mlL-15)) or lL-15Ralpha (DC(Ad.Neu+Ad.mlL-15Ralpha)). |
| 1620 | 20086176 | Coexpression of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha in an anticancer vaccine enhanced immune responses against the NEU antigen and may overcome impaired CD4(+) T-helper function. |
| 1621 | 20086176 | Interleukin-15 and its receptor augment dendritic cell vaccination against the neu oncogene through the induction of antibodies partially independent of CD4 help. |
| 1622 | 20086176 | Interleukin-15 (IL-15) stimulates the diffrentiation and proliferation of T, B, and natural killer cells; enhances CD8(+) cytolytic T-ceII activity; helps maintain CD44(hi)CD8(+) memory T cells; and stimulates immunoglobulin synthesis by B cells. |
| 1623 | 20086176 | IL-15 is trans-presented to effector cells by its receptor, IL-15Ralpha, expressed on dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. |
| 1624 | 20086176 | We examined the antitumor effect of adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha to augment a DC vaccine directed against the NEU (ErbB2) oncoprotein. |
| 1625 | 20086176 | The combination of neu, IL-15, and IL-15Ralpha gene transfer leads to a significaintly greater anti-NEU antibody response compared with mice treated with DC(Ad.Neu) or DC(Ad.Neu) combined with either IL-15 (DC(Ad.Neu+Ad.mlL-15)) or lL-15Ralpha (DC(Ad.Neu+Ad.mlL-15Ralpha)). |
| 1626 | 20086176 | Coexpression of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha in an anticancer vaccine enhanced immune responses against the NEU antigen and may overcome impaired CD4(+) T-helper function. |
| 1627 | 20099135 | The activity of several potent adjuvants, including incomplete Freund's adjuvant, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, and alum, has been shown to be due at least in part to the induction of cytokines, including type I interferons (IFNs), IFN-gamma, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and IL-12, that play key roles in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. |
| 1628 | 20099135 | Although a number of cytokines including IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-21, GM-CSF, and Flt-3 ligand have been shown to potentiate the immune response to vaccination in various experimental models, the full potential of cytokines as vaccine adjuvants remains to be established. |
| 1629 | 20101095 | Here, we have found that utilizing ligands for 3 TLRs (TLR2/6, TLR3, and TLR9) greatly increased the protective efficacy of vaccination with an HIV envelope peptide in mice when compared with using ligands for only any 2 of these TLRs; surprisingly, increased protection was induced without a marked increase in the number of peptide-specific T cells. |
| 1630 | 20101095 | The triple combination increased production of DC IL-15 along with its receptor, IL-15Ralpha, which contributed to high avidity, and decreased expression of programmed death-ligand 1 and induction of Tregs. |
| 1631 | 20130057 | In a novel prime-boost approach, specific-pathogen-free cats were primed with a plasmid expressing Env of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and then boosted with their own T lymphocytes transduced ex vivo to produce the same Env and interleukin 15 (3 x 10(6) to 10 x 10(6) viable cells/cat). |
| 1632 | 20182648 | The development of IL-7 and IL-21 for the clinic offers the promise of enhancing anti-tumor responses but with far less systemic toxicity and no expansion of regulatory T cells. |
| 1633 | 20182648 | CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: Future work should expand the use of vaccines with IL-7, IL-21 and hopefully IL-15 in high-risk patients, and consider treatment while in a state of minimal residual disease to maximize benefit. |
| 1634 | 20212069 | IL-15 trans-presentation by pulmonary dendritic cells promotes effector CD8 T cell survival during influenza virus infection. |
| 1635 | 20212069 | Further, our results show that the absence of DCs after influenza virus infection results in significantly reduced levels of IL-15 in the lungs and that pulmonary DC-mediated rescue of virus-specific CD8 T cell responses in the lungs requires trans-presentation of IL-15 via DC-expressed IL-15Ralpha. |
| 1636 | 20212069 | This study demonstrates a key, novel requirement for DC trans-presented IL-15 in promoting effector CD8 T cell survival in the respiratory tract after virus infection, and suggests that this trans-presentation could be an important target for the development of unique antiviral therapies and more effective vaccine strategies. |
| 1637 | 20212069 | IL-15 trans-presentation by pulmonary dendritic cells promotes effector CD8 T cell survival during influenza virus infection. |
| 1638 | 20212069 | Further, our results show that the absence of DCs after influenza virus infection results in significantly reduced levels of IL-15 in the lungs and that pulmonary DC-mediated rescue of virus-specific CD8 T cell responses in the lungs requires trans-presentation of IL-15 via DC-expressed IL-15Ralpha. |
| 1639 | 20212069 | This study demonstrates a key, novel requirement for DC trans-presented IL-15 in promoting effector CD8 T cell survival in the respiratory tract after virus infection, and suggests that this trans-presentation could be an important target for the development of unique antiviral therapies and more effective vaccine strategies. |
| 1640 | 20212069 | IL-15 trans-presentation by pulmonary dendritic cells promotes effector CD8 T cell survival during influenza virus infection. |
| 1641 | 20212069 | Further, our results show that the absence of DCs after influenza virus infection results in significantly reduced levels of IL-15 in the lungs and that pulmonary DC-mediated rescue of virus-specific CD8 T cell responses in the lungs requires trans-presentation of IL-15 via DC-expressed IL-15Ralpha. |
| 1642 | 20212069 | This study demonstrates a key, novel requirement for DC trans-presented IL-15 in promoting effector CD8 T cell survival in the respiratory tract after virus infection, and suggests that this trans-presentation could be an important target for the development of unique antiviral therapies and more effective vaccine strategies. |
| 1643 | 20309907 | In the CD8(+) compartment, the release of IFN and IFN-inducers leads to the production of IL-15, which mediates the proliferation of CD8(+) T cells, notably memory-phenotype CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1644 | 20309907 | A study in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology sheds light on this aspect, suggesting that common gamma-chain cytokines including IL-2 might be involved in bystander activation of CD4(+) T cells. |
| 1645 | 20357059 | In this study, we assessed the immunizing activity of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) construct (MVA/IL-15/5Mtb) which overexpresses five Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens (antigen 85A, antigen 85B, ESAT6, HSP60, and Mtb39), as well as the molecular adjuvant interleukin-15 (IL-15). |
| 1646 | 20357059 | At 16 months, when the Mycobacterium bovis BCG and MVA/IL-15/5Mtb vaccine-induced protection was essentially equivalent, the protective responses after a tuberculous challenge were associated with elevated levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), IL-17F, Cxcl9, and Cxcl10. |
| 1647 | 20357059 | Long-term memory after immunization with the E6-85-MVA/IL-15/5Mtb combination regimen was associated with the induction of monofunctional CD4 and CD8 IFN-gamma-producing T cells and multifunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells expressing IFN-gamma/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF-alpha/IL-2, and IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha/IL-2. |
| 1648 | 20357059 | In contrast, BCG-induced protection was characterized by fewer CD4 and CD8 monofunctional T cells expressing IFN-gamma and only IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha/IL-2 expressing multifunctional T (MFT) cells. |
| 1649 | 20357059 | In this study, we assessed the immunizing activity of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) construct (MVA/IL-15/5Mtb) which overexpresses five Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens (antigen 85A, antigen 85B, ESAT6, HSP60, and Mtb39), as well as the molecular adjuvant interleukin-15 (IL-15). |
| 1650 | 20357059 | At 16 months, when the Mycobacterium bovis BCG and MVA/IL-15/5Mtb vaccine-induced protection was essentially equivalent, the protective responses after a tuberculous challenge were associated with elevated levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), IL-17F, Cxcl9, and Cxcl10. |
| 1651 | 20357059 | Long-term memory after immunization with the E6-85-MVA/IL-15/5Mtb combination regimen was associated with the induction of monofunctional CD4 and CD8 IFN-gamma-producing T cells and multifunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells expressing IFN-gamma/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF-alpha/IL-2, and IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha/IL-2. |
| 1652 | 20357059 | In contrast, BCG-induced protection was characterized by fewer CD4 and CD8 monofunctional T cells expressing IFN-gamma and only IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha/IL-2 expressing multifunctional T (MFT) cells. |
| 1653 | 20357059 | In this study, we assessed the immunizing activity of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) construct (MVA/IL-15/5Mtb) which overexpresses five Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens (antigen 85A, antigen 85B, ESAT6, HSP60, and Mtb39), as well as the molecular adjuvant interleukin-15 (IL-15). |
| 1654 | 20357059 | At 16 months, when the Mycobacterium bovis BCG and MVA/IL-15/5Mtb vaccine-induced protection was essentially equivalent, the protective responses after a tuberculous challenge were associated with elevated levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), IL-17F, Cxcl9, and Cxcl10. |
| 1655 | 20357059 | Long-term memory after immunization with the E6-85-MVA/IL-15/5Mtb combination regimen was associated with the induction of monofunctional CD4 and CD8 IFN-gamma-producing T cells and multifunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells expressing IFN-gamma/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF-alpha/IL-2, and IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha/IL-2. |
| 1656 | 20357059 | In contrast, BCG-induced protection was characterized by fewer CD4 and CD8 monofunctional T cells expressing IFN-gamma and only IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha/IL-2 expressing multifunctional T (MFT) cells. |
| 1657 | 20430958 | Virally infected and matured human dendritic cells activate natural killer cells via cooperative activity of plasma membrane-bound TNF and IL-15. |
| 1658 | 20430958 | We found that adenovirus transduction and lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma-induced maturation increased expression of transmembrane tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and trans-presented (trans) interleukin-15 (IL-15) on DCs, leading to enhanced NK cell activation without enhancing DC susceptibility to NK cell-mediated killing. |
| 1659 | 20430958 | This crosstalk enhanced NK cell CD69 expression, interferon-gamma secretion, proliferation, and antitumor activities, with Ad.DCs being significantly more effective than immature DCs, but less effective than mDCs. |
| 1660 | 20430958 | The Ad.DC and mDC crosstalk with NK cells was largely prevented by physical separation of DCs and NK cells, and neutralization of total TNF and IL-15, but not by selective sequestration of soluble TNF. |
| 1661 | 20430958 | Virally infected and matured human dendritic cells activate natural killer cells via cooperative activity of plasma membrane-bound TNF and IL-15. |
| 1662 | 20430958 | We found that adenovirus transduction and lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma-induced maturation increased expression of transmembrane tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and trans-presented (trans) interleukin-15 (IL-15) on DCs, leading to enhanced NK cell activation without enhancing DC susceptibility to NK cell-mediated killing. |
| 1663 | 20430958 | This crosstalk enhanced NK cell CD69 expression, interferon-gamma secretion, proliferation, and antitumor activities, with Ad.DCs being significantly more effective than immature DCs, but less effective than mDCs. |
| 1664 | 20430958 | The Ad.DC and mDC crosstalk with NK cells was largely prevented by physical separation of DCs and NK cells, and neutralization of total TNF and IL-15, but not by selective sequestration of soluble TNF. |
| 1665 | 20430958 | Virally infected and matured human dendritic cells activate natural killer cells via cooperative activity of plasma membrane-bound TNF and IL-15. |
| 1666 | 20430958 | We found that adenovirus transduction and lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma-induced maturation increased expression of transmembrane tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and trans-presented (trans) interleukin-15 (IL-15) on DCs, leading to enhanced NK cell activation without enhancing DC susceptibility to NK cell-mediated killing. |
| 1667 | 20430958 | This crosstalk enhanced NK cell CD69 expression, interferon-gamma secretion, proliferation, and antitumor activities, with Ad.DCs being significantly more effective than immature DCs, but less effective than mDCs. |
| 1668 | 20430958 | The Ad.DC and mDC crosstalk with NK cells was largely prevented by physical separation of DCs and NK cells, and neutralization of total TNF and IL-15, but not by selective sequestration of soluble TNF. |
| 1669 | 20457926 | We therefore studied effects of Toll-like receptor agonists and IL-15 as mucosal adjuvants on both innate and adaptive immunity in a peptide/poxvirus HIV/SIV mucosal vaccine in macaques, and made three critical observations regarding both innate and adaptive correlates of protection: (i) adjuvant-alone without vaccine antigen impacted the intrarectal SIVmac251 challenge outcome, correlating with surprisingly long-lived APOBEC3G (A3G)-mediated innate immunity; in addition, even among animals receiving vaccine with adjuvants, viral load correlated inversely with A3G levels; (ii) a surprising threshold-like effect existed for vaccine-induced adaptive immunity control of viral load, and only antigen-specific polyfunctional CD8(+) T cells correlated with protection, not tetramer(+) T cells, demonstrating the importance of T-cell quality; (iii) synergy was observed between Toll-like receptor agonists and IL-15 for driving adaptive responses through the up-regulation of IL-15Ralpha, which can present IL-15 in trans, as well as for driving the innate A3G response. |
| 1670 | 20466823 | Optimal TLR9 signal converts tolerogenic CD4-8- DCs into immunogenic ones capable of stimulating antitumor immunity via activating CD4+ Th1/Th17 and NK cell responses. |
| 1671 | 20466823 | We have demonstrated previously that CD4-8- DCs secreting TGF-beta stimulate CD4+ Tr1 cell responses. |
| 1672 | 20466823 | Here, we have assessed whether TLR4 and TLR9 signaling through LPS and CpG stimulation can convert CD4-8- DC-induced tolerance. |
| 1673 | 20466823 | CpG-treated, CD4-8- DCOVA-secreting IL-6/IL-15 induced IFN-gamma/IL-17-secreting/T-bet- and ROR-gammat-expressing CD4+ Th1/Th17, whereas LPS-treated CD4-8- DCOVA stimulated IFN-gamma-secreting/T-bet-expressing CD4+ Th1 responses. |
| 1674 | 20466823 | CpG-treated, CD4-8- DCOVA-stimulated CD4+ Th1/Th17 cell responses and antitumor immunity were found to be reduced by using neutralizing anti-IL-6, IL-15, and NK1.1 antibodies in wild-type C57BL/6 mice, IL-15R-/- mice for immunization, or CD4-8- (IL-6-/-) DCOVA for immunization in C57BL/6 mice. |
| 1675 | 20466823 | Interestingly, in vitro-generated CD4+ Th17 cells significantly enhanced LPS-treated, CD4-8- DCOVA-induced in vivo antitumor immunity via increasing CD8+ CTL responses (P<0.05), although they did not show any direct killing activity against tumor cells in vitro. |
| 1676 | 20466823 | Taken together, our data demonstrate an effect of conversion of tolerogenic DCs into immunogenic ones capable of stimulating antitumor immunity via activating CD4+ Th1/Th17 and NK cell responses by optimal CpG signaling, which may advance current understanding of the importance of TLR9 signaling in a DC-based cancer vaccine. |
| 1677 | 20466823 | Optimal TLR9 signal converts tolerogenic CD4-8- DCs into immunogenic ones capable of stimulating antitumor immunity via activating CD4+ Th1/Th17 and NK cell responses. |
| 1678 | 20466823 | We have demonstrated previously that CD4-8- DCs secreting TGF-beta stimulate CD4+ Tr1 cell responses. |
| 1679 | 20466823 | Here, we have assessed whether TLR4 and TLR9 signaling through LPS and CpG stimulation can convert CD4-8- DC-induced tolerance. |
| 1680 | 20466823 | CpG-treated, CD4-8- DCOVA-secreting IL-6/IL-15 induced IFN-gamma/IL-17-secreting/T-bet- and ROR-gammat-expressing CD4+ Th1/Th17, whereas LPS-treated CD4-8- DCOVA stimulated IFN-gamma-secreting/T-bet-expressing CD4+ Th1 responses. |
| 1681 | 20466823 | CpG-treated, CD4-8- DCOVA-stimulated CD4+ Th1/Th17 cell responses and antitumor immunity were found to be reduced by using neutralizing anti-IL-6, IL-15, and NK1.1 antibodies in wild-type C57BL/6 mice, IL-15R-/- mice for immunization, or CD4-8- (IL-6-/-) DCOVA for immunization in C57BL/6 mice. |
| 1682 | 20466823 | Interestingly, in vitro-generated CD4+ Th17 cells significantly enhanced LPS-treated, CD4-8- DCOVA-induced in vivo antitumor immunity via increasing CD8+ CTL responses (P<0.05), although they did not show any direct killing activity against tumor cells in vitro. |
| 1683 | 20466823 | Taken together, our data demonstrate an effect of conversion of tolerogenic DCs into immunogenic ones capable of stimulating antitumor immunity via activating CD4+ Th1/Th17 and NK cell responses by optimal CpG signaling, which may advance current understanding of the importance of TLR9 signaling in a DC-based cancer vaccine. |
| 1684 | 20483237 | In fish, prior to pufferfish (Fugu rubripes and Tetraodon nigroviridis) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) genome sequencing, only a handful of cytokines like IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, TGFbeta, some CXC (including IL-8) and CC chemokine genes were identified. |
| 1685 | 20483237 | Pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF's, IL-6 and IL-17 family have been cloned. |
| 1686 | 20483237 | Among the T(H)1 type interleukins, IL-2, IL-15, IL-12alpha, IL-12beta, IL-18 have been cloned. |
| 1687 | 20483237 | Among IL-10 and its family members, IL-10, IL-19/20, IL-22 and IL-26 have been discovered. |
| 1688 | 20483237 | However, T(H)2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13), IL-3, IL-7 and IL-9 are yet to be discovered from fish. |
| 1689 | 20519649 | The CD8(+) T cell response to infection is characterized by the appearance of short-lived (CD127(low) killer cell lectin-like receptor G 1-high) and memory-precursor (CD127(high) killer cell lectin-like receptor G 1-low) effector cells. |
| 1690 | 20519649 | Furthermore, the extent of early Ag availability, which regulated programmed death-1 and CD25 expression levels, controlled the T(CM)/T(EM) cell lineage decision ultimately through IL-2 and IL-15 signaling levels. |
| 1691 | 20541870 | Increased levels of gene transcripts encoding IL-2, IL-10, IL-17A, and IFN-gamma, but decreased levels of IL-15 mRNAs, were seen in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes of chickens immunized with profilin plus adjuvants compared with immunization with profilin alone. |
| 1692 | 20582165 | Here, using an in vitro system where activated CD8 T cells driven by IL-2 or IL-15 become either effector memory or central memory cells, we assessed the role of microRNAs in memory T cell fate determination. |
| 1693 | 20582165 | We found that fate determination to central memory T cells is under the balancing effects of a discrete number of microRNAs including miR-150, miR-155 and the let-7 family. |
| 1694 | 20582165 | Based on miR-150 a new target, KChIP.1 (K (+) channel interacting protein 1), was uncovered, which is specifically upregulated in developing central memory CD8 T cells. |
| 1695 | 20631381 | A concomitant inverted CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio was observed throughout the body at day 13, a result of preferential CD8 expansion. |
| 1696 | 20631381 | By day 48, homeostasis appears restored throughout the body, with the exception of the maintenance of an inverted CD4/CD8 ratio in lymph nodes. |
| 1697 | 20631381 | Thus, IL-15 generates a dramatic expansion of short-lived memory CD8 T cells and NK cells in immunocompetent macaques and has long-term effects on the balance of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1698 | 20693852 | IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 each possess properties that can be exploited in the context of immunotherapy for cancer. |
| 1699 | 20693852 | Although the overlap among the agents is significant, IL-7 is uniquely immunorestorative and preferentially augments reactivity of naive populations, IL-15 potently augments reactivity of CD8 memory cells and natural killer cells, and IL-21 preferentially expands the inflammatory Th17 subset and may limit terminal differentiation of effector CD8 cells. |
| 1700 | 20693852 | Clinical trials of IL-7 and IL-21 have already been completed and, so far, demonstrate safety and biologic activity of these agents. |
| 1701 | 20693852 | IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 each possess properties that can be exploited in the context of immunotherapy for cancer. |
| 1702 | 20693852 | Although the overlap among the agents is significant, IL-7 is uniquely immunorestorative and preferentially augments reactivity of naive populations, IL-15 potently augments reactivity of CD8 memory cells and natural killer cells, and IL-21 preferentially expands the inflammatory Th17 subset and may limit terminal differentiation of effector CD8 cells. |
| 1703 | 20693852 | Clinical trials of IL-7 and IL-21 have already been completed and, so far, demonstrate safety and biologic activity of these agents. |
| 1704 | 20719708 | Recent data also suggest that IL-15 acts, not only on CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells, but also on effector memory CD4+ T cells. |
| 1705 | 20719708 | IL-15 clearly expands very different CD4+ T cell subpopulations than IL-2 in SIV-infected animals, and may be useful for the restoration of effector memory CD4+ T cells that are depleted early in HIV and SIV infection. |
| 1706 | 20719708 | Recent data also suggest that IL-15 acts, not only on CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells, but also on effector memory CD4+ T cells. |
| 1707 | 20719708 | IL-15 clearly expands very different CD4+ T cell subpopulations than IL-2 in SIV-infected animals, and may be useful for the restoration of effector memory CD4+ T cells that are depleted early in HIV and SIV infection. |
| 1708 | 20863822 | There was statistically significant upregulation of costimulatory molecules and maturation markers (CD86, CD83, CD80 and CL II) in DC loaded with cryotreated whole tumour cells compared to both control DC and DC matured with LPS (P < 0.001). |
| 1709 | 20863822 | There was a significant increase in stimulatory cytokines gene expression (IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18 and IFN-γ). |
| 1710 | 20863822 | The effect of different freezing temperature was equal. cDNA microarray analysis showed upregulation of interleukin 1 (IL-1) and cycline dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A (p21) and downregulation of Caspase 8 and BCL2. |
| 1711 | 20871629 | IL-15 increases the frequency of effector memory CD8+ T cells in rhesus monkeys immunized with HIV vaccine. |
| 1712 | 20871629 | Although we did not detect any significant differences in the HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell response between monkeys with IL-15 coimmunization and monkeys with HIV vaccine alone, our results showed that the frequency of effector CD8(+) memory T cells in the peripheral blood was significantly higher in monkeys with IL-15 coimmunization than those with HIV vaccine alone at almost all of the time points examined. |
| 1713 | 20871629 | IL-15 increases the frequency of effector memory CD8+ T cells in rhesus monkeys immunized with HIV vaccine. |
| 1714 | 20871629 | Although we did not detect any significant differences in the HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell response between monkeys with IL-15 coimmunization and monkeys with HIV vaccine alone, our results showed that the frequency of effector CD8(+) memory T cells in the peripheral blood was significantly higher in monkeys with IL-15 coimmunization than those with HIV vaccine alone at almost all of the time points examined. |
| 1715 | 21041729 | MHC class I and TCR avidity control the CD8 T cell response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex. |
| 1716 | 21041729 | We now show that the naive CD8 T cell response to exogenous IL-15/IL-15Rα complex is MHC class I dependent. |
| 1717 | 21041729 | In the absence of β2 microglobulin, naive CD8 T cells scarcely proliferated in response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, whereas memory cells proliferated, although to a lesser extent, compared with levels in control mice. |
| 1718 | 21041729 | The loss of β2m or FcRn slightly reduced the extended half-life of IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, whereas FcRn deficiency only partially reduced the naive CD8 T cell proliferative response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex. |
| 1719 | 21041729 | These data suggest that IL-15/IL-15Rα complex has selective effects on Ag-activated CD8 T cells. |
| 1720 | 21041729 | MHC class I and TCR avidity control the CD8 T cell response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex. |
| 1721 | 21041729 | We now show that the naive CD8 T cell response to exogenous IL-15/IL-15Rα complex is MHC class I dependent. |
| 1722 | 21041729 | In the absence of β2 microglobulin, naive CD8 T cells scarcely proliferated in response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, whereas memory cells proliferated, although to a lesser extent, compared with levels in control mice. |
| 1723 | 21041729 | The loss of β2m or FcRn slightly reduced the extended half-life of IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, whereas FcRn deficiency only partially reduced the naive CD8 T cell proliferative response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex. |
| 1724 | 21041729 | These data suggest that IL-15/IL-15Rα complex has selective effects on Ag-activated CD8 T cells. |
| 1725 | 21041729 | MHC class I and TCR avidity control the CD8 T cell response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex. |
| 1726 | 21041729 | We now show that the naive CD8 T cell response to exogenous IL-15/IL-15Rα complex is MHC class I dependent. |
| 1727 | 21041729 | In the absence of β2 microglobulin, naive CD8 T cells scarcely proliferated in response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, whereas memory cells proliferated, although to a lesser extent, compared with levels in control mice. |
| 1728 | 21041729 | The loss of β2m or FcRn slightly reduced the extended half-life of IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, whereas FcRn deficiency only partially reduced the naive CD8 T cell proliferative response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex. |
| 1729 | 21041729 | These data suggest that IL-15/IL-15Rα complex has selective effects on Ag-activated CD8 T cells. |
| 1730 | 21041729 | MHC class I and TCR avidity control the CD8 T cell response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex. |
| 1731 | 21041729 | We now show that the naive CD8 T cell response to exogenous IL-15/IL-15Rα complex is MHC class I dependent. |
| 1732 | 21041729 | In the absence of β2 microglobulin, naive CD8 T cells scarcely proliferated in response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, whereas memory cells proliferated, although to a lesser extent, compared with levels in control mice. |
| 1733 | 21041729 | The loss of β2m or FcRn slightly reduced the extended half-life of IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, whereas FcRn deficiency only partially reduced the naive CD8 T cell proliferative response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex. |
| 1734 | 21041729 | These data suggest that IL-15/IL-15Rα complex has selective effects on Ag-activated CD8 T cells. |
| 1735 | 21041729 | MHC class I and TCR avidity control the CD8 T cell response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex. |
| 1736 | 21041729 | We now show that the naive CD8 T cell response to exogenous IL-15/IL-15Rα complex is MHC class I dependent. |
| 1737 | 21041729 | In the absence of β2 microglobulin, naive CD8 T cells scarcely proliferated in response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, whereas memory cells proliferated, although to a lesser extent, compared with levels in control mice. |
| 1738 | 21041729 | The loss of β2m or FcRn slightly reduced the extended half-life of IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, whereas FcRn deficiency only partially reduced the naive CD8 T cell proliferative response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex. |
| 1739 | 21041729 | These data suggest that IL-15/IL-15Rα complex has selective effects on Ag-activated CD8 T cells. |
| 1740 | 21115056 | IL-15 aggravates atherosclerotic lesion development in LDL receptor deficient mice. |
| 1741 | 21283805 | Co-administration of IL-1+IL-6+TNF-α with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages vaccine induces better protective T cell memory than BCG. |
| 1742 | 21283805 | Hence, in the present study we employed T cell memory augmenting cytokines IL-1+IL-6+TNF-α and IL-7+IL-15 for the induction of the enhancement of long-term protection by the vaccine. |
| 1743 | 21283805 | We co-administered the M. tb infected macrophages vaccine with IL-1+IL-6+TNF-α (IM-1.6.α) and IL-7+IL-15 (IM-7.15). |
| 1744 | 21283805 | IM-1.6.α but not IM-7.15 significantly improved memory T cell response against M. tb, as evidenced by recall responses of memory T cells, expansion of both central as well as effector memory CD4 and CD8 T cell pools, elicitation of mainly Th1 memory response, reduction in the mycobacterial load and alleviated lung pathology. |
| 1745 | 21283805 | Co-administration of IL-1+IL-6+TNF-α with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages vaccine induces better protective T cell memory than BCG. |
| 1746 | 21283805 | Hence, in the present study we employed T cell memory augmenting cytokines IL-1+IL-6+TNF-α and IL-7+IL-15 for the induction of the enhancement of long-term protection by the vaccine. |
| 1747 | 21283805 | We co-administered the M. tb infected macrophages vaccine with IL-1+IL-6+TNF-α (IM-1.6.α) and IL-7+IL-15 (IM-7.15). |
| 1748 | 21283805 | IM-1.6.α but not IM-7.15 significantly improved memory T cell response against M. tb, as evidenced by recall responses of memory T cells, expansion of both central as well as effector memory CD4 and CD8 T cell pools, elicitation of mainly Th1 memory response, reduction in the mycobacterial load and alleviated lung pathology. |
| 1749 | 21317390 | The efficacy of two SIV DNA plus recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara nasal vaccine regimens, one combined with plasmids expressing IL-2 and IL-15, the other with plasmids expressing GM-CSF, IL-12, and TNF-α, which may better stimulate humoral responses, was evaluated in two female rhesus macaque groups. |
| 1750 | 21317390 | There was a statistically significant correlation between levels of CD4(+)/IFN-γ(+) and CD8(+)/IFN-γ(+) T cell percentages on the day of challenge and the control of viremia at week 60 postchallenge or survival. |
| 1751 | 21317390 | Postchallenge immunological correlates of protection were systemic anti-SIV Gag + Env CD4(+)/IL-2(+), CD4(+)/IFN-γ(+), and CD8(+)/TNF-α(+) T cells and vaginal anti-SIV Gag + Env CD8(+) T cell total monofunctional responses. |
| 1752 | 21346231 | KLRG1+NKG2A+ CD8 T cells mediate protection and participate in memory responses during γ-herpesvirus infection. |
| 1753 | 21346231 | During γHV68 persistence, ∼75% of γHV68-specific CD8 T cells coexpress the NK receptors killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) and NKG2A. |
| 1754 | 21346231 | In this study, we take advantage of this unique phenotype to analyze the capacity of CD8 T cells expressing or not expressing KLRG1 and NKG2A to mediate effector and memory responses. |
| 1755 | 21346231 | Our results show that γHV68-specific KLRG1(+)NKG2A(+) CD8 T cells have an effector memory phenotype as well as characteristics of polyfunctional effector cells such us IFN-γ and TNF-α production, killing capacity, and are more efficient at protecting against a γHV68 challenge than their NKG2A(-)KLRG1(-) counterparts. |
| 1756 | 21346231 | Nevertheless, γHV68-specific NKG2A(+)KLRG1(+) CD8 T cells express IL-7 and IL-15 receptors, can survive long-term without cognate Ag, and subsequently mount a protective response during antigenic recall. |
| 1757 | 21346231 | These results highlight the plasticity of the immune system to generate protective effector and proliferative memory responses during virus persistence from a pool of KLRG1(+)NKG2A(+) effector memory CD8 T cells. |
| 1758 | 21394107 | Although in cancer patients, TAA-specific CD4+ and CD8+ cells are often present, they are not able to control tumor growth. |
| 1759 | 21394107 | We tested in Her2/neu+ breast cancer and HPV-16 E6/E7+ cervical cancer mouse models, whether intratumoral expression of immunostimulatory proteins (ISPs), for example, recombinant antibodies (αCTLA-4, αCD137, αCD3), cyto/chemokines (IL-15, LIGHT, mda-7) and costimulatory ligands (CD80), through adenovirus(Ad)-mediated gene transfer would overcome resistance. |
| 1760 | 21444793 | In the mouse, the homeostasis of memory α/β CD8(+) T cells and natural killer (NK) cells is significantly improved with increased IL-15 bioavailability. |
| 1761 | 21444793 | We found that both CD8 and CD4 T cells in human immune system (HIS) mice are highly sensitive to transpresented IL-15 in vivo, with both naïve (CD62L(+)CD45RA(+)) and memory phenotype (CD62L(-)CD45RO(+)) subsets being significantly increased following IL-15 "boosting." |
| 1762 | 21444793 | Our results indicate an unexpected effect of IL-15 on human T cells in vivo, in particular on CD4(+) T cells. |
| 1763 | 21444793 | In the mouse, the homeostasis of memory α/β CD8(+) T cells and natural killer (NK) cells is significantly improved with increased IL-15 bioavailability. |
| 1764 | 21444793 | We found that both CD8 and CD4 T cells in human immune system (HIS) mice are highly sensitive to transpresented IL-15 in vivo, with both naïve (CD62L(+)CD45RA(+)) and memory phenotype (CD62L(-)CD45RO(+)) subsets being significantly increased following IL-15 "boosting." |
| 1765 | 21444793 | Our results indicate an unexpected effect of IL-15 on human T cells in vivo, in particular on CD4(+) T cells. |
| 1766 | 21444793 | In the mouse, the homeostasis of memory α/β CD8(+) T cells and natural killer (NK) cells is significantly improved with increased IL-15 bioavailability. |
| 1767 | 21444793 | We found that both CD8 and CD4 T cells in human immune system (HIS) mice are highly sensitive to transpresented IL-15 in vivo, with both naïve (CD62L(+)CD45RA(+)) and memory phenotype (CD62L(-)CD45RO(+)) subsets being significantly increased following IL-15 "boosting." |
| 1768 | 21444793 | Our results indicate an unexpected effect of IL-15 on human T cells in vivo, in particular on CD4(+) T cells. |
| 1769 | 21474552 | IL-15 ex vivo overcomes CD4+ T cell deficiency for the induction of human antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. |
| 1770 | 21474552 | CD4(+) Th cells are important for the induction and maintenance of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell function, so their loss or dysfunction in HIV-infected or cancer patients could reduce the patients' ability to control viral infection. |
| 1771 | 21474552 | Previous work in murine systems indicated that IL-15 codelivered with vaccines could overcome CD4(+) Th cell deficiency for induction of functionally efficient CD8(+) T cells and maintenance of viral-specific CTLs, but its efficacy in helping primary human CD8(+) T cell responses is unknown. |
| 1772 | 21474552 | In the present study, a peptide-pulsed, DC-based human coculture ex vivo system was used to study the role of IL-15 in overcoming CD4(+) Th deficiency to elicit CD8(+) T cell responses in CD4-depleted PBMCs from healthy individuals and PBMCs from HIV-1-infected patients. |
| 1773 | 21474552 | We found that IL-15 could overcome CD4(+) Th deficiency to induce primary and recall memory CD8(+) T cell responses in healthy individuals. |
| 1774 | 21474552 | Moreover, in CD4-deficient, HIV-1-infected patients with diminished CD8(+) T cell responses, IL-15 greatly enhanced CD8(+) T cell responses to alloantigen. |
| 1775 | 21474552 | These results suggest that IL-15 may be useful in the development of therapeutic and preventive vaccines against cancers and viral infections in patients defective in CD4(+) Th cell. |
| 1776 | 21474552 | IL-15 ex vivo overcomes CD4+ T cell deficiency for the induction of human antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. |
| 1777 | 21474552 | CD4(+) Th cells are important for the induction and maintenance of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell function, so their loss or dysfunction in HIV-infected or cancer patients could reduce the patients' ability to control viral infection. |
| 1778 | 21474552 | Previous work in murine systems indicated that IL-15 codelivered with vaccines could overcome CD4(+) Th cell deficiency for induction of functionally efficient CD8(+) T cells and maintenance of viral-specific CTLs, but its efficacy in helping primary human CD8(+) T cell responses is unknown. |
| 1779 | 21474552 | In the present study, a peptide-pulsed, DC-based human coculture ex vivo system was used to study the role of IL-15 in overcoming CD4(+) Th deficiency to elicit CD8(+) T cell responses in CD4-depleted PBMCs from healthy individuals and PBMCs from HIV-1-infected patients. |
| 1780 | 21474552 | We found that IL-15 could overcome CD4(+) Th deficiency to induce primary and recall memory CD8(+) T cell responses in healthy individuals. |
| 1781 | 21474552 | Moreover, in CD4-deficient, HIV-1-infected patients with diminished CD8(+) T cell responses, IL-15 greatly enhanced CD8(+) T cell responses to alloantigen. |
| 1782 | 21474552 | These results suggest that IL-15 may be useful in the development of therapeutic and preventive vaccines against cancers and viral infections in patients defective in CD4(+) Th cell. |
| 1783 | 21474552 | IL-15 ex vivo overcomes CD4+ T cell deficiency for the induction of human antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. |
| 1784 | 21474552 | CD4(+) Th cells are important for the induction and maintenance of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell function, so their loss or dysfunction in HIV-infected or cancer patients could reduce the patients' ability to control viral infection. |
| 1785 | 21474552 | Previous work in murine systems indicated that IL-15 codelivered with vaccines could overcome CD4(+) Th cell deficiency for induction of functionally efficient CD8(+) T cells and maintenance of viral-specific CTLs, but its efficacy in helping primary human CD8(+) T cell responses is unknown. |
| 1786 | 21474552 | In the present study, a peptide-pulsed, DC-based human coculture ex vivo system was used to study the role of IL-15 in overcoming CD4(+) Th deficiency to elicit CD8(+) T cell responses in CD4-depleted PBMCs from healthy individuals and PBMCs from HIV-1-infected patients. |
| 1787 | 21474552 | We found that IL-15 could overcome CD4(+) Th deficiency to induce primary and recall memory CD8(+) T cell responses in healthy individuals. |
| 1788 | 21474552 | Moreover, in CD4-deficient, HIV-1-infected patients with diminished CD8(+) T cell responses, IL-15 greatly enhanced CD8(+) T cell responses to alloantigen. |
| 1789 | 21474552 | These results suggest that IL-15 may be useful in the development of therapeutic and preventive vaccines against cancers and viral infections in patients defective in CD4(+) Th cell. |
| 1790 | 21474552 | IL-15 ex vivo overcomes CD4+ T cell deficiency for the induction of human antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. |
| 1791 | 21474552 | CD4(+) Th cells are important for the induction and maintenance of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell function, so their loss or dysfunction in HIV-infected or cancer patients could reduce the patients' ability to control viral infection. |
| 1792 | 21474552 | Previous work in murine systems indicated that IL-15 codelivered with vaccines could overcome CD4(+) Th cell deficiency for induction of functionally efficient CD8(+) T cells and maintenance of viral-specific CTLs, but its efficacy in helping primary human CD8(+) T cell responses is unknown. |
| 1793 | 21474552 | In the present study, a peptide-pulsed, DC-based human coculture ex vivo system was used to study the role of IL-15 in overcoming CD4(+) Th deficiency to elicit CD8(+) T cell responses in CD4-depleted PBMCs from healthy individuals and PBMCs from HIV-1-infected patients. |
| 1794 | 21474552 | We found that IL-15 could overcome CD4(+) Th deficiency to induce primary and recall memory CD8(+) T cell responses in healthy individuals. |
| 1795 | 21474552 | Moreover, in CD4-deficient, HIV-1-infected patients with diminished CD8(+) T cell responses, IL-15 greatly enhanced CD8(+) T cell responses to alloantigen. |
| 1796 | 21474552 | These results suggest that IL-15 may be useful in the development of therapeutic and preventive vaccines against cancers and viral infections in patients defective in CD4(+) Th cell. |
| 1797 | 21474552 | IL-15 ex vivo overcomes CD4+ T cell deficiency for the induction of human antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. |
| 1798 | 21474552 | CD4(+) Th cells are important for the induction and maintenance of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell function, so their loss or dysfunction in HIV-infected or cancer patients could reduce the patients' ability to control viral infection. |
| 1799 | 21474552 | Previous work in murine systems indicated that IL-15 codelivered with vaccines could overcome CD4(+) Th cell deficiency for induction of functionally efficient CD8(+) T cells and maintenance of viral-specific CTLs, but its efficacy in helping primary human CD8(+) T cell responses is unknown. |
| 1800 | 21474552 | In the present study, a peptide-pulsed, DC-based human coculture ex vivo system was used to study the role of IL-15 in overcoming CD4(+) Th deficiency to elicit CD8(+) T cell responses in CD4-depleted PBMCs from healthy individuals and PBMCs from HIV-1-infected patients. |
| 1801 | 21474552 | We found that IL-15 could overcome CD4(+) Th deficiency to induce primary and recall memory CD8(+) T cell responses in healthy individuals. |
| 1802 | 21474552 | Moreover, in CD4-deficient, HIV-1-infected patients with diminished CD8(+) T cell responses, IL-15 greatly enhanced CD8(+) T cell responses to alloantigen. |
| 1803 | 21474552 | These results suggest that IL-15 may be useful in the development of therapeutic and preventive vaccines against cancers and viral infections in patients defective in CD4(+) Th cell. |
| 1804 | 21474552 | IL-15 ex vivo overcomes CD4+ T cell deficiency for the induction of human antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. |
| 1805 | 21474552 | CD4(+) Th cells are important for the induction and maintenance of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell function, so their loss or dysfunction in HIV-infected or cancer patients could reduce the patients' ability to control viral infection. |
| 1806 | 21474552 | Previous work in murine systems indicated that IL-15 codelivered with vaccines could overcome CD4(+) Th cell deficiency for induction of functionally efficient CD8(+) T cells and maintenance of viral-specific CTLs, but its efficacy in helping primary human CD8(+) T cell responses is unknown. |
| 1807 | 21474552 | In the present study, a peptide-pulsed, DC-based human coculture ex vivo system was used to study the role of IL-15 in overcoming CD4(+) Th deficiency to elicit CD8(+) T cell responses in CD4-depleted PBMCs from healthy individuals and PBMCs from HIV-1-infected patients. |
| 1808 | 21474552 | We found that IL-15 could overcome CD4(+) Th deficiency to induce primary and recall memory CD8(+) T cell responses in healthy individuals. |
| 1809 | 21474552 | Moreover, in CD4-deficient, HIV-1-infected patients with diminished CD8(+) T cell responses, IL-15 greatly enhanced CD8(+) T cell responses to alloantigen. |
| 1810 | 21474552 | These results suggest that IL-15 may be useful in the development of therapeutic and preventive vaccines against cancers and viral infections in patients defective in CD4(+) Th cell. |
| 1811 | 21572025 | Cutting edge: IL-15-independent maintenance of mucosally generated memory CD8 T cells. |
| 1812 | 21572025 | Hitherto, evidence has indicated that CD8 T(mem) use the common γ-chain cytokine IL-15 for their steady-state maintenance in the absence of Ag. |
| 1813 | 21572025 | In this article, we show IL-15-independent generation, maintenance, and function of CD8 T(mem) after respiratory infection with influenza virus. |
| 1814 | 21572025 | Importantly, we demonstrate that alternating between mucosal and systemic deliveries of the identical virus prompts this change in IL-15 dependence, necessitating a re-evaluation of the current model of CD8 T(mem) maintenance. |
| 1815 | 21572025 | Cutting edge: IL-15-independent maintenance of mucosally generated memory CD8 T cells. |
| 1816 | 21572025 | Hitherto, evidence has indicated that CD8 T(mem) use the common γ-chain cytokine IL-15 for their steady-state maintenance in the absence of Ag. |
| 1817 | 21572025 | In this article, we show IL-15-independent generation, maintenance, and function of CD8 T(mem) after respiratory infection with influenza virus. |
| 1818 | 21572025 | Importantly, we demonstrate that alternating between mucosal and systemic deliveries of the identical virus prompts this change in IL-15 dependence, necessitating a re-evaluation of the current model of CD8 T(mem) maintenance. |
| 1819 | 21572025 | Cutting edge: IL-15-independent maintenance of mucosally generated memory CD8 T cells. |
| 1820 | 21572025 | Hitherto, evidence has indicated that CD8 T(mem) use the common γ-chain cytokine IL-15 for their steady-state maintenance in the absence of Ag. |
| 1821 | 21572025 | In this article, we show IL-15-independent generation, maintenance, and function of CD8 T(mem) after respiratory infection with influenza virus. |
| 1822 | 21572025 | Importantly, we demonstrate that alternating between mucosal and systemic deliveries of the identical virus prompts this change in IL-15 dependence, necessitating a re-evaluation of the current model of CD8 T(mem) maintenance. |
| 1823 | 21572025 | Cutting edge: IL-15-independent maintenance of mucosally generated memory CD8 T cells. |
| 1824 | 21572025 | Hitherto, evidence has indicated that CD8 T(mem) use the common γ-chain cytokine IL-15 for their steady-state maintenance in the absence of Ag. |
| 1825 | 21572025 | In this article, we show IL-15-independent generation, maintenance, and function of CD8 T(mem) after respiratory infection with influenza virus. |
| 1826 | 21572025 | Importantly, we demonstrate that alternating between mucosal and systemic deliveries of the identical virus prompts this change in IL-15 dependence, necessitating a re-evaluation of the current model of CD8 T(mem) maintenance. |
| 1827 | 21625608 | Infection of MDDC with MVA-B or MVA, at the optimal dose of 0.3 PFU/MDDC, induced by itself a moderate degree of maturation of MDDC, involving secretion of cytokines and chemokines (IL1-ra, IL-7, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES, IP-10, MIG, and IFN-α). |
| 1828 | 21625608 | MDDC infected with MVA or MVA-B and following a period of 48 h or 72 h of maturation were able to migrate toward CCL19 or CCL21 chemokine gradients. |
| 1829 | 21625608 | MVA-B-infected MDDC co-cultured with autologous T lymphocytes induced a highly functional HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell response including proliferation, secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, MIP-1β, MIP-1α, RANTES and IL-6, and strong cytotoxic activity against autologous HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes. |
| 1830 | 21728003 | For the F48E9 group, a sharp increase of the expression of interferon-alpha (IFN-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-16 and IL-18 was observed on 3 d.p.i. before the NDV blood peak (7 d.p.i.), followed by a rapid decline to the level lower than that of control group, then the expression of IFN-α increased slowly and reached or exceeded the level of control group in the later phase of the infection, while the expression of IFN-γ, IL-16, and IL-18 fluctuated at the level of control group for the rest of study period. |
| 1831 | 21728003 | The increase of IL-2 expression was not obvious, and no increase of IL-15 expression was noted. |
| 1832 | 21728003 | On the contrary, there was no dramatic increase of IL-16 and IL-18. |
| 1833 | 21757617 | Here we examined IL-15 treatment in combination with highly active ART in chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques and found that IL-15 delayed viral suppression and failed to enhance ART-induced total and antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cell reconstitution at mucosal and lymphoid sites. |
| 1834 | 21757617 | IL-15 was able to induce the transient proliferation of SIV-specific, CMV-specific, and total memory CD8(+) T cells, but not of SIV-specific or total CD4(+) T cells. |
| 1835 | 21757617 | Moreover, upon treatment interruption, macaques receiving combined IL-15+ART lost CD4(+) T cells faster than those receiving ART alone. |
| 1836 | 21757617 | These results suggest that the combination of IL-15 with highly active ART is not more efficient than ART alone in promoting CD4(+) T-cell recovery in HIV-infected individuals and may accelerate CD4+ T-cell loss after treatment interruption. |
| 1837 | 21757617 | Here we examined IL-15 treatment in combination with highly active ART in chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques and found that IL-15 delayed viral suppression and failed to enhance ART-induced total and antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cell reconstitution at mucosal and lymphoid sites. |
| 1838 | 21757617 | IL-15 was able to induce the transient proliferation of SIV-specific, CMV-specific, and total memory CD8(+) T cells, but not of SIV-specific or total CD4(+) T cells. |
| 1839 | 21757617 | Moreover, upon treatment interruption, macaques receiving combined IL-15+ART lost CD4(+) T cells faster than those receiving ART alone. |
| 1840 | 21757617 | These results suggest that the combination of IL-15 with highly active ART is not more efficient than ART alone in promoting CD4(+) T-cell recovery in HIV-infected individuals and may accelerate CD4+ T-cell loss after treatment interruption. |
| 1841 | 21757617 | Here we examined IL-15 treatment in combination with highly active ART in chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques and found that IL-15 delayed viral suppression and failed to enhance ART-induced total and antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cell reconstitution at mucosal and lymphoid sites. |
| 1842 | 21757617 | IL-15 was able to induce the transient proliferation of SIV-specific, CMV-specific, and total memory CD8(+) T cells, but not of SIV-specific or total CD4(+) T cells. |
| 1843 | 21757617 | Moreover, upon treatment interruption, macaques receiving combined IL-15+ART lost CD4(+) T cells faster than those receiving ART alone. |
| 1844 | 21757617 | These results suggest that the combination of IL-15 with highly active ART is not more efficient than ART alone in promoting CD4(+) T-cell recovery in HIV-infected individuals and may accelerate CD4+ T-cell loss after treatment interruption. |
| 1845 | 21757617 | Here we examined IL-15 treatment in combination with highly active ART in chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques and found that IL-15 delayed viral suppression and failed to enhance ART-induced total and antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cell reconstitution at mucosal and lymphoid sites. |
| 1846 | 21757617 | IL-15 was able to induce the transient proliferation of SIV-specific, CMV-specific, and total memory CD8(+) T cells, but not of SIV-specific or total CD4(+) T cells. |
| 1847 | 21757617 | Moreover, upon treatment interruption, macaques receiving combined IL-15+ART lost CD4(+) T cells faster than those receiving ART alone. |
| 1848 | 21757617 | These results suggest that the combination of IL-15 with highly active ART is not more efficient than ART alone in promoting CD4(+) T-cell recovery in HIV-infected individuals and may accelerate CD4+ T-cell loss after treatment interruption. |
| 1849 | 21784871 | Because immunosuppression continues to be a major inhibitor of cancer vaccine efficacy, we examined in this study whether therapeutically targeted delivery of a synthetic STAT-3 inhibitor to the TME, combined with an HER-2 DNA vaccine can improve immune surveillance against HER-2(+) breast cancer and prevent its recurrence. |
| 1850 | 21784871 | Furthermore, we showed that treatment with these NPs resulted in priming of the immune TME, characterized by increased IFN-γ, p-STAT-1, GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-15, and IL-12b and reduced TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-10 protein expression. |
| 1851 | 21928282 | Lack of IL-7 and IL-15 signaling affects interferon-γ production by, more than survival of, small intestinal intraepithelial memory CD8+ T cells. |
| 1852 | 21928282 | Survival of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs during viral infection is known to be dependent predominantly on IL-7 and IL-15. |
| 1853 | 21928282 | Here, we show that 2 months after vaccinia virus infection, B8R(20-27) /H2-K(b) tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells in the small intestinal intraepithelial (SI-IEL) layer are found in mice deficient in IL-15 expression. |
| 1854 | 21928282 | Importantly, the lack of IL-15 was found to shape the functional activity of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, by narrowing the CTL avidity repertoire. |
| 1855 | 21928282 | Lack of IL-7 and IL-15 signaling affects interferon-γ production by, more than survival of, small intestinal intraepithelial memory CD8+ T cells. |
| 1856 | 21928282 | Survival of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs during viral infection is known to be dependent predominantly on IL-7 and IL-15. |
| 1857 | 21928282 | Here, we show that 2 months after vaccinia virus infection, B8R(20-27) /H2-K(b) tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells in the small intestinal intraepithelial (SI-IEL) layer are found in mice deficient in IL-15 expression. |
| 1858 | 21928282 | Importantly, the lack of IL-15 was found to shape the functional activity of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, by narrowing the CTL avidity repertoire. |
| 1859 | 21928282 | Lack of IL-7 and IL-15 signaling affects interferon-γ production by, more than survival of, small intestinal intraepithelial memory CD8+ T cells. |
| 1860 | 21928282 | Survival of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs during viral infection is known to be dependent predominantly on IL-7 and IL-15. |
| 1861 | 21928282 | Here, we show that 2 months after vaccinia virus infection, B8R(20-27) /H2-K(b) tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells in the small intestinal intraepithelial (SI-IEL) layer are found in mice deficient in IL-15 expression. |
| 1862 | 21928282 | Importantly, the lack of IL-15 was found to shape the functional activity of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, by narrowing the CTL avidity repertoire. |
| 1863 | 21928282 | Lack of IL-7 and IL-15 signaling affects interferon-γ production by, more than survival of, small intestinal intraepithelial memory CD8+ T cells. |
| 1864 | 21928282 | Survival of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs during viral infection is known to be dependent predominantly on IL-7 and IL-15. |
| 1865 | 21928282 | Here, we show that 2 months after vaccinia virus infection, B8R(20-27) /H2-K(b) tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells in the small intestinal intraepithelial (SI-IEL) layer are found in mice deficient in IL-15 expression. |
| 1866 | 21928282 | Importantly, the lack of IL-15 was found to shape the functional activity of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, by narrowing the CTL avidity repertoire. |
| 1867 | 21934655 | Identification of molecular adjuvants to in vivo "modulate " DC to coordinately render improved Th1 and CD8 T cell immunity, and attenuated deleterious Treg effects, is a critical challenge. |
| 1868 | 21934655 | This immunization strategy is based on a genetic vaccine encoding both cytomegalovirus (CMV)-driven vaccine Aghsp70 and DC-specific CD11c-driven XBP1s. |
| 1869 | 21934655 | The novel targeted vaccine induced durable Th1 and CD8 T cell responses to poorly immunogenic self/tumor antigen (Ag) and attenuated tumor-associated Treg suppressive function. |
| 1870 | 21934655 | Bone marrow (BM)-derived DC genetically modified to simultaneously overexpress XBP1s and express Aghsp70 upregulated CD40, CD70, CD86, interleukin (IL)-15, IL-15Rα, and CCR7 expression, and increased IL-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in vitro. |
| 1871 | 21945396 | Recently it has been shown that IgG antibody secreting cells (ASCs) can be generated by in vitro maturation of blood cells with Interleukin- (IL-)15 and CpG DNA or other stimulation cocktails, while IgE-ASCs develop upon cultivation with anti-CD40 and IL-4. |
| 1872 | 21966414 | Vaccination led to increased levels of CD25+ NK cells, and notably CD56(bright) CD25+ NK cells, whereas decreased amounts of this subset were present in the peripheral blood of influenza infected individuals, and predominantly in study subjects infected with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. |
| 1873 | 21966414 | Finally, acute influenza infection was associated with low plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, MIP-1β, IL-2 and IL-15, and high levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1ra. |
| 1874 | 22169717 | Prospect of IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21 for HIV immune-based therapy. |
| 1875 | 22169717 | The common γ-chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 are primary regulators of T cell homeostasis and thus have been considered prime immunotherapeutic candidates, both for increasing T cell levels/function and augmenting vaccine-elicited viral-specific T cell responses in immunocompromised AIDS patients. |
| 1876 | 22169717 | The Objective of this review is to update the role of the common γ-chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 in HIV AIDS pathogenesis. |
| 1877 | 22169717 | Prospect of IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21 for HIV immune-based therapy. |
| 1878 | 22169717 | The common γ-chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 are primary regulators of T cell homeostasis and thus have been considered prime immunotherapeutic candidates, both for increasing T cell levels/function and augmenting vaccine-elicited viral-specific T cell responses in immunocompromised AIDS patients. |
| 1879 | 22169717 | The Objective of this review is to update the role of the common γ-chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 in HIV AIDS pathogenesis. |
| 1880 | 22169717 | Prospect of IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21 for HIV immune-based therapy. |
| 1881 | 22169717 | The common γ-chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 are primary regulators of T cell homeostasis and thus have been considered prime immunotherapeutic candidates, both for increasing T cell levels/function and augmenting vaccine-elicited viral-specific T cell responses in immunocompromised AIDS patients. |
| 1882 | 22169717 | The Objective of this review is to update the role of the common γ-chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 in HIV AIDS pathogenesis. |
| 1883 | 22190395 | In vivo profiling of 16 inflammatory cytokines in patients infected with the outbreak strain revealed a common profile of a remarkable gamma interferon (IFN-γ) induction together with elevated concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-15, but not IL-12, which was previously demonstrated as elevated in nontyphoidal Salmonella infections. |
| 1884 | 22327071 | Cutting edge: the role of IFN-α receptor and MyD88 signaling in induction of IL-15 expression in vivo. |
| 1885 | 22327071 | However, DC subsets expressed varying levels of EmGFP/IL-15 with CD8(+) DCs constitutively expressing EmGFP/IL-15 and CD8(-) DCs expressing low EmGFP/IL-15 levels. |
| 1886 | 22327071 | In contrast, myeloid cells did not require the expression of MyD88 to upregulate EmGFP/IL-15 expression. |
| 1887 | 22327071 | Cutting edge: the role of IFN-α receptor and MyD88 signaling in induction of IL-15 expression in vivo. |
| 1888 | 22327071 | However, DC subsets expressed varying levels of EmGFP/IL-15 with CD8(+) DCs constitutively expressing EmGFP/IL-15 and CD8(-) DCs expressing low EmGFP/IL-15 levels. |
| 1889 | 22327071 | In contrast, myeloid cells did not require the expression of MyD88 to upregulate EmGFP/IL-15 expression. |
| 1890 | 22327071 | Cutting edge: the role of IFN-α receptor and MyD88 signaling in induction of IL-15 expression in vivo. |
| 1891 | 22327071 | However, DC subsets expressed varying levels of EmGFP/IL-15 with CD8(+) DCs constitutively expressing EmGFP/IL-15 and CD8(-) DCs expressing low EmGFP/IL-15 levels. |
| 1892 | 22327071 | In contrast, myeloid cells did not require the expression of MyD88 to upregulate EmGFP/IL-15 expression. |
| 1893 | 22379028 | Furthermore, a short course of high-dose rapamycin treatment generated CD8(+) T cell memory responses that were independent of IL-15 and IL-7 and were programmed early for sustenance and greater tumor efficacy. |
| 1894 | 22474329 | This elicited inflammasomes, with significant activation of caspase 1, production of IL-1β, and adjuvanticity, demonstrated by enhancing OVA-specific serum IgG antibodies, CD4(+) T cells, and proliferation. |
| 1895 | 22474329 | Furthermore, up-regulation of membrane associated IL-15 on DC and CD40L on T cells in the animals treated with alum or the stress agents mediate the interactions between splenic CD11c DC and CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1896 | 22701674 | Key findings were that the cytokines IL-15 and IL-10 consistently enhanced the ability of NK cells to respond to HIV-specific ADCC antibodies. |
| 1897 | 22701674 | Furthermore, IL-15 was demonstrated to potently activate "educated" KIR3DL1(+) NK cells from individuals carrying its HLA-Bw4 ligand. |
| 1898 | 22701674 | Key findings were that the cytokines IL-15 and IL-10 consistently enhanced the ability of NK cells to respond to HIV-specific ADCC antibodies. |
| 1899 | 22701674 | Furthermore, IL-15 was demonstrated to potently activate "educated" KIR3DL1(+) NK cells from individuals carrying its HLA-Bw4 ligand. |
| 1900 | 23157547 | Such surface complexes interact with interleukin-2 receptor beta and gamma on the adjacent cell to elicit signaling. |
| 1901 | 23157547 | Unlike interleukin-2, IL-15 protects from activation-induced cell death and does not promote regulatory cells. |
| 1902 | 23233854 | On the basis of phenotypic and functional characteristics, we have demonstrated that liver CD8 T cells form two subsets: CD44(hi)CD62L(lo)KLRG-1(+)CD107(+)CD127(-)CD122(lo)CD8 T effector/effector memory (T(E/EM)) cells that are the dominant IFN-γ producers and CD44(hi)CD62L(hi)KLRG-1(-)CD107(-)CD127(+)CD122(hi)CD8 T central memory (T(CM)) cells. |
| 1903 | 23233854 | Finally, we present a hypothesis consistent with a model whereby intrahepatic CD8 T(CM) cells, that are maintained in part by LS-Ag depot and by IL-15-mediated survival and homeostatic proliferation, form a reservoir of cells ready for conscription to CD8 T(E/EM) cells needed to prevent re-infections. |
| 1904 | 23284789 | Interleukin-15-induced CD56(+) myeloid dendritic cells combine potent tumor antigen presentation with direct tumoricidal potential. |
| 1905 | 23284789 | Notwithstanding marked expression of the natural killer (NK) cell marker CD56 on a subset of IL-15 DCs, we found no evidence of a further phenotypic overlap between IL-15 DCs and NK cells. |
| 1906 | 23284789 | The cytotoxicity of IL-15 DCs is predominantly mediated by granzyme B and, to a small extent, by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) but is independent of perforin, Fas ligand and TNF-α. |
| 1907 | 23284789 | Interleukin-15-induced CD56(+) myeloid dendritic cells combine potent tumor antigen presentation with direct tumoricidal potential. |
| 1908 | 23284789 | Notwithstanding marked expression of the natural killer (NK) cell marker CD56 on a subset of IL-15 DCs, we found no evidence of a further phenotypic overlap between IL-15 DCs and NK cells. |
| 1909 | 23284789 | The cytotoxicity of IL-15 DCs is predominantly mediated by granzyme B and, to a small extent, by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) but is independent of perforin, Fas ligand and TNF-α. |
| 1910 | 23284789 | Interleukin-15-induced CD56(+) myeloid dendritic cells combine potent tumor antigen presentation with direct tumoricidal potential. |
| 1911 | 23284789 | Notwithstanding marked expression of the natural killer (NK) cell marker CD56 on a subset of IL-15 DCs, we found no evidence of a further phenotypic overlap between IL-15 DCs and NK cells. |
| 1912 | 23284789 | The cytotoxicity of IL-15 DCs is predominantly mediated by granzyme B and, to a small extent, by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) but is independent of perforin, Fas ligand and TNF-α. |
| 1913 | 23355737 | CD8α+ dendritic cell trans presentation of IL-15 to naive CD8+ T cells produces antigen-inexperienced T cells in the periphery with memory phenotype and function. |
| 1914 | 23355737 | The absence of IL-15, CD8(+) T cell expression of either CD122 or eomesodermin or of CD8a(+) dendritic cells all lead to the loss of VM cells in the host. |
| 1915 | 23355737 | Our results show that CD8(+) T cell homeostatic expansion is an active process within the nonlymphopenic environment, is mediated by IL-15, and produces Ag-inexperienced memory cells that retain the capacity to respond to nominal Ag with memory-like function. |
| 1916 | 23355737 | CD8α+ dendritic cell trans presentation of IL-15 to naive CD8+ T cells produces antigen-inexperienced T cells in the periphery with memory phenotype and function. |
| 1917 | 23355737 | The absence of IL-15, CD8(+) T cell expression of either CD122 or eomesodermin or of CD8a(+) dendritic cells all lead to the loss of VM cells in the host. |
| 1918 | 23355737 | Our results show that CD8(+) T cell homeostatic expansion is an active process within the nonlymphopenic environment, is mediated by IL-15, and produces Ag-inexperienced memory cells that retain the capacity to respond to nominal Ag with memory-like function. |
| 1919 | 23355737 | CD8α+ dendritic cell trans presentation of IL-15 to naive CD8+ T cells produces antigen-inexperienced T cells in the periphery with memory phenotype and function. |
| 1920 | 23355737 | The absence of IL-15, CD8(+) T cell expression of either CD122 or eomesodermin or of CD8a(+) dendritic cells all lead to the loss of VM cells in the host. |
| 1921 | 23355737 | Our results show that CD8(+) T cell homeostatic expansion is an active process within the nonlymphopenic environment, is mediated by IL-15, and produces Ag-inexperienced memory cells that retain the capacity to respond to nominal Ag with memory-like function. |
| 1922 | 23408627 | A comparative evaluation of the immunity stimulated with a vaccine regimen that includes simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), interleukin 2 (IL-2), and IL-15 DNAs, recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA), and inactivated SIVmac239 particles administered into the oral and nasal cavities, small intestine, and vagina was carried out in female rhesus macaques to determine the best route to induce diverse anti-SIV immunity that may be critical to protection from SIV infection and disease. |
| 1923 | 23408627 | All four immunizations generated mucosal SIV-specific IgA. |
| 1924 | 23408627 | Oral immunization was as effective as vaginal immunization in inducing SIV-specific IgA in vaginal secretions and generated greater IgA responses in rectal secretions and saliva samples compared to the other immunization routes. |
| 1925 | 23408627 | Vaccination also induced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses in the rectal and vaginal mucosa with greater functional heterogeneity than in blood samples. |
| 1926 | 23408627 | Significantly higher CD8(+) granzyme B-positive T-cell responses were observed systemically after intestinal vaccination and in rectal cells after oral immunization. |
| 1927 | 23408627 | The majority of SIV-specific T cells that produced granzyme B did not produce cytokines. |
| 1928 | 23444943 | Lastly, we review novel patents on the use of genetic immunomodulators, such as "universal" T helper epitopes derived from tetanus toxin, E. coli heat labile enterotoxin and vegetable proteins, as well as cytokines, chemokines or costimulatory molecules such as IL-6, IL-15, IL- 21 to amplify immunity against cancer. |
| 1929 | 23509806 | CpG and interleukin-15 synergize to enhance IFN-γ production by activated CD8+ T cells. |
| 1930 | 23509806 | Interleukin-15 (IL-15) regulates the development and maintenance of memory CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1931 | 23509806 | Paradoxically, we previously reported that IL-15 could enhance CD8(+) T-cell responses to IL-12, a proinflammatory cytokine required for optimal priming of effector CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1932 | 23509806 | The effect of CpG and IL-15 was also evident with CD8(+) T cells recovered from mice infected with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and restimulated with antigen. |
| 1933 | 23509806 | The observed synergy between CpG and IL-15 occurred in an IL-12-dependent manner, and this effect could even be demonstrated in cocultures of activated CD8(+) T cells and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. |
| 1934 | 23509806 | Although IFN-γ was not essential for CpG-induced IL-12, the ability of CpG and IL-15 to act on CD8(+) T cells required expression of the IFN-γ-inducible transcription factor T-bet. |
| 1935 | 23509806 | CpG and interleukin-15 synergize to enhance IFN-γ production by activated CD8+ T cells. |
| 1936 | 23509806 | Interleukin-15 (IL-15) regulates the development and maintenance of memory CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1937 | 23509806 | Paradoxically, we previously reported that IL-15 could enhance CD8(+) T-cell responses to IL-12, a proinflammatory cytokine required for optimal priming of effector CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1938 | 23509806 | The effect of CpG and IL-15 was also evident with CD8(+) T cells recovered from mice infected with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and restimulated with antigen. |
| 1939 | 23509806 | The observed synergy between CpG and IL-15 occurred in an IL-12-dependent manner, and this effect could even be demonstrated in cocultures of activated CD8(+) T cells and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. |
| 1940 | 23509806 | Although IFN-γ was not essential for CpG-induced IL-12, the ability of CpG and IL-15 to act on CD8(+) T cells required expression of the IFN-γ-inducible transcription factor T-bet. |
| 1941 | 23509806 | CpG and interleukin-15 synergize to enhance IFN-γ production by activated CD8+ T cells. |
| 1942 | 23509806 | Interleukin-15 (IL-15) regulates the development and maintenance of memory CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1943 | 23509806 | Paradoxically, we previously reported that IL-15 could enhance CD8(+) T-cell responses to IL-12, a proinflammatory cytokine required for optimal priming of effector CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1944 | 23509806 | The effect of CpG and IL-15 was also evident with CD8(+) T cells recovered from mice infected with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and restimulated with antigen. |
| 1945 | 23509806 | The observed synergy between CpG and IL-15 occurred in an IL-12-dependent manner, and this effect could even be demonstrated in cocultures of activated CD8(+) T cells and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. |
| 1946 | 23509806 | Although IFN-γ was not essential for CpG-induced IL-12, the ability of CpG and IL-15 to act on CD8(+) T cells required expression of the IFN-γ-inducible transcription factor T-bet. |
| 1947 | 23509806 | CpG and interleukin-15 synergize to enhance IFN-γ production by activated CD8+ T cells. |
| 1948 | 23509806 | Interleukin-15 (IL-15) regulates the development and maintenance of memory CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1949 | 23509806 | Paradoxically, we previously reported that IL-15 could enhance CD8(+) T-cell responses to IL-12, a proinflammatory cytokine required for optimal priming of effector CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1950 | 23509806 | The effect of CpG and IL-15 was also evident with CD8(+) T cells recovered from mice infected with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and restimulated with antigen. |
| 1951 | 23509806 | The observed synergy between CpG and IL-15 occurred in an IL-12-dependent manner, and this effect could even be demonstrated in cocultures of activated CD8(+) T cells and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. |
| 1952 | 23509806 | Although IFN-γ was not essential for CpG-induced IL-12, the ability of CpG and IL-15 to act on CD8(+) T cells required expression of the IFN-γ-inducible transcription factor T-bet. |
| 1953 | 23509806 | CpG and interleukin-15 synergize to enhance IFN-γ production by activated CD8+ T cells. |
| 1954 | 23509806 | Interleukin-15 (IL-15) regulates the development and maintenance of memory CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1955 | 23509806 | Paradoxically, we previously reported that IL-15 could enhance CD8(+) T-cell responses to IL-12, a proinflammatory cytokine required for optimal priming of effector CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1956 | 23509806 | The effect of CpG and IL-15 was also evident with CD8(+) T cells recovered from mice infected with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and restimulated with antigen. |
| 1957 | 23509806 | The observed synergy between CpG and IL-15 occurred in an IL-12-dependent manner, and this effect could even be demonstrated in cocultures of activated CD8(+) T cells and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. |
| 1958 | 23509806 | Although IFN-γ was not essential for CpG-induced IL-12, the ability of CpG and IL-15 to act on CD8(+) T cells required expression of the IFN-γ-inducible transcription factor T-bet. |
| 1959 | 23509806 | CpG and interleukin-15 synergize to enhance IFN-γ production by activated CD8+ T cells. |
| 1960 | 23509806 | Interleukin-15 (IL-15) regulates the development and maintenance of memory CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1961 | 23509806 | Paradoxically, we previously reported that IL-15 could enhance CD8(+) T-cell responses to IL-12, a proinflammatory cytokine required for optimal priming of effector CD8(+) T cells. |
| 1962 | 23509806 | The effect of CpG and IL-15 was also evident with CD8(+) T cells recovered from mice infected with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and restimulated with antigen. |
| 1963 | 23509806 | The observed synergy between CpG and IL-15 occurred in an IL-12-dependent manner, and this effect could even be demonstrated in cocultures of activated CD8(+) T cells and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. |
| 1964 | 23509806 | Although IFN-γ was not essential for CpG-induced IL-12, the ability of CpG and IL-15 to act on CD8(+) T cells required expression of the IFN-γ-inducible transcription factor T-bet. |
| 1965 | 23589611 | The survival of memory CD8 T cells that is mediated by IL-15 correlates with sustained protection against malaria. |
| 1966 | 23589611 | IFN-γ(+) CD8 T cells that arise in Pb γ-spz-immunized B6 mice are found predominantly in the liver and are sensitive to levels of liver-stage Ag depot and they express CD44(hi)CD62L(lo) markers indicative of effector/effector memory phenotype. |
| 1967 | 23589611 | The developmentally related central memory CD8 T (TCM) cells express elevated levels of CD122 (IL-15Rβ), which suggests that CD8 TCM cells depend on IL-15 for maintenance. |
| 1968 | 23589611 | Using IL-15-deficient mice, we demonstrate in this study that although protective immunity is inducible in these mice, protection is short-lived, mainly owing to the inability of CD8 TCM cells to survive in the IL-15-deficient milieu. |
| 1969 | 23589611 | We present a hypothesis consistent with a model whereby intrahepatic CD8 TCM cells, being maintained by IL-15-mediated survival and basal proliferation, are conscripted into the CD8 effector/effector memory T cell pool during subsequent infections. |
| 1970 | 23589611 | The survival of memory CD8 T cells that is mediated by IL-15 correlates with sustained protection against malaria. |
| 1971 | 23589611 | IFN-γ(+) CD8 T cells that arise in Pb γ-spz-immunized B6 mice are found predominantly in the liver and are sensitive to levels of liver-stage Ag depot and they express CD44(hi)CD62L(lo) markers indicative of effector/effector memory phenotype. |
| 1972 | 23589611 | The developmentally related central memory CD8 T (TCM) cells express elevated levels of CD122 (IL-15Rβ), which suggests that CD8 TCM cells depend on IL-15 for maintenance. |
| 1973 | 23589611 | Using IL-15-deficient mice, we demonstrate in this study that although protective immunity is inducible in these mice, protection is short-lived, mainly owing to the inability of CD8 TCM cells to survive in the IL-15-deficient milieu. |
| 1974 | 23589611 | We present a hypothesis consistent with a model whereby intrahepatic CD8 TCM cells, being maintained by IL-15-mediated survival and basal proliferation, are conscripted into the CD8 effector/effector memory T cell pool during subsequent infections. |
| 1975 | 23589611 | The survival of memory CD8 T cells that is mediated by IL-15 correlates with sustained protection against malaria. |
| 1976 | 23589611 | IFN-γ(+) CD8 T cells that arise in Pb γ-spz-immunized B6 mice are found predominantly in the liver and are sensitive to levels of liver-stage Ag depot and they express CD44(hi)CD62L(lo) markers indicative of effector/effector memory phenotype. |
| 1977 | 23589611 | The developmentally related central memory CD8 T (TCM) cells express elevated levels of CD122 (IL-15Rβ), which suggests that CD8 TCM cells depend on IL-15 for maintenance. |
| 1978 | 23589611 | Using IL-15-deficient mice, we demonstrate in this study that although protective immunity is inducible in these mice, protection is short-lived, mainly owing to the inability of CD8 TCM cells to survive in the IL-15-deficient milieu. |
| 1979 | 23589611 | We present a hypothesis consistent with a model whereby intrahepatic CD8 TCM cells, being maintained by IL-15-mediated survival and basal proliferation, are conscripted into the CD8 effector/effector memory T cell pool during subsequent infections. |
| 1980 | 23589611 | The survival of memory CD8 T cells that is mediated by IL-15 correlates with sustained protection against malaria. |
| 1981 | 23589611 | IFN-γ(+) CD8 T cells that arise in Pb γ-spz-immunized B6 mice are found predominantly in the liver and are sensitive to levels of liver-stage Ag depot and they express CD44(hi)CD62L(lo) markers indicative of effector/effector memory phenotype. |
| 1982 | 23589611 | The developmentally related central memory CD8 T (TCM) cells express elevated levels of CD122 (IL-15Rβ), which suggests that CD8 TCM cells depend on IL-15 for maintenance. |
| 1983 | 23589611 | Using IL-15-deficient mice, we demonstrate in this study that although protective immunity is inducible in these mice, protection is short-lived, mainly owing to the inability of CD8 TCM cells to survive in the IL-15-deficient milieu. |
| 1984 | 23589611 | We present a hypothesis consistent with a model whereby intrahepatic CD8 TCM cells, being maintained by IL-15-mediated survival and basal proliferation, are conscripted into the CD8 effector/effector memory T cell pool during subsequent infections. |
| 1985 | 23871358 | We envisage future treatment protocols, in which systemic immune activators, such as vaccines, dendritic cell-based therapies, engineered variants of IL-2, or IL-15, are combined with agents that counter immunosuppression mediated by, e.g., the PD/PDL interaction, CTLA-4, CD200, reactive oxygen species, IDO expression, CXCR4, or the KIR/class I interaction, based on characteristics of the prevailing malignant clone. |
| 1986 | 23948357 | Antibody and T cell responses induced in chickens immunized with avian influenza virus N1 and NP DNA vaccine with chicken IL-15 and IL-18. |
| 1987 | 23948357 | The interleukin-15 (IL-15) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) as genetic adjuvants were used for immunization in combination with the N1 and NP AIV genes. |
| 1988 | 23948357 | Despite the delayed in NP antibody responses, the chickens co-administrated with IL-15 were able to induce earlier and higher antibody response compared to the pDis/NP and pDis/NP+pDis/IL-18 inoculated groups. |
| 1989 | 23948357 | The pDis/N1+pDis/IL-15 inoculated chickens also induced higher CD8+ T cells increase than the pDis/N1 group in both trials (P<0.05). |
| 1990 | 23948357 | The flow cytometry results from both trials demonstrated that the pDis/N1+pDis/IL-18 groups were able to induce CD4+ T cells higher than the pDis/N1 group (P<0.05). |
| 1991 | 23948357 | Meanwhile, pDis/N1+pDis/IL-18 group was able to induce CD8+ T cells higher than the pDis/N1 group (P<0.05) in Trial 2 only. |
| 1992 | 23948357 | In the present study, pDis/NP was not significant (P>0.05) in inducing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells when co-administered with the pDis/IL-18 in both trials in comparison to the pDis/NP. |
| 1993 | 23948357 | Antibody and T cell responses induced in chickens immunized with avian influenza virus N1 and NP DNA vaccine with chicken IL-15 and IL-18. |
| 1994 | 23948357 | The interleukin-15 (IL-15) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) as genetic adjuvants were used for immunization in combination with the N1 and NP AIV genes. |
| 1995 | 23948357 | Despite the delayed in NP antibody responses, the chickens co-administrated with IL-15 were able to induce earlier and higher antibody response compared to the pDis/NP and pDis/NP+pDis/IL-18 inoculated groups. |
| 1996 | 23948357 | The pDis/N1+pDis/IL-15 inoculated chickens also induced higher CD8+ T cells increase than the pDis/N1 group in both trials (P<0.05). |
| 1997 | 23948357 | The flow cytometry results from both trials demonstrated that the pDis/N1+pDis/IL-18 groups were able to induce CD4+ T cells higher than the pDis/N1 group (P<0.05). |
| 1998 | 23948357 | Meanwhile, pDis/N1+pDis/IL-18 group was able to induce CD8+ T cells higher than the pDis/N1 group (P<0.05) in Trial 2 only. |
| 1999 | 23948357 | In the present study, pDis/NP was not significant (P>0.05) in inducing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells when co-administered with the pDis/IL-18 in both trials in comparison to the pDis/NP. |
| 2000 | 23948357 | Antibody and T cell responses induced in chickens immunized with avian influenza virus N1 and NP DNA vaccine with chicken IL-15 and IL-18. |
| 2001 | 23948357 | The interleukin-15 (IL-15) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) as genetic adjuvants were used for immunization in combination with the N1 and NP AIV genes. |
| 2002 | 23948357 | Despite the delayed in NP antibody responses, the chickens co-administrated with IL-15 were able to induce earlier and higher antibody response compared to the pDis/NP and pDis/NP+pDis/IL-18 inoculated groups. |
| 2003 | 23948357 | The pDis/N1+pDis/IL-15 inoculated chickens also induced higher CD8+ T cells increase than the pDis/N1 group in both trials (P<0.05). |
| 2004 | 23948357 | The flow cytometry results from both trials demonstrated that the pDis/N1+pDis/IL-18 groups were able to induce CD4+ T cells higher than the pDis/N1 group (P<0.05). |
| 2005 | 23948357 | Meanwhile, pDis/N1+pDis/IL-18 group was able to induce CD8+ T cells higher than the pDis/N1 group (P<0.05) in Trial 2 only. |
| 2006 | 23948357 | In the present study, pDis/NP was not significant (P>0.05) in inducing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells when co-administered with the pDis/IL-18 in both trials in comparison to the pDis/NP. |
| 2007 | 23948357 | Antibody and T cell responses induced in chickens immunized with avian influenza virus N1 and NP DNA vaccine with chicken IL-15 and IL-18. |
| 2008 | 23948357 | The interleukin-15 (IL-15) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) as genetic adjuvants were used for immunization in combination with the N1 and NP AIV genes. |
| 2009 | 23948357 | Despite the delayed in NP antibody responses, the chickens co-administrated with IL-15 were able to induce earlier and higher antibody response compared to the pDis/NP and pDis/NP+pDis/IL-18 inoculated groups. |
| 2010 | 23948357 | The pDis/N1+pDis/IL-15 inoculated chickens also induced higher CD8+ T cells increase than the pDis/N1 group in both trials (P<0.05). |
| 2011 | 23948357 | The flow cytometry results from both trials demonstrated that the pDis/N1+pDis/IL-18 groups were able to induce CD4+ T cells higher than the pDis/N1 group (P<0.05). |
| 2012 | 23948357 | Meanwhile, pDis/N1+pDis/IL-18 group was able to induce CD8+ T cells higher than the pDis/N1 group (P<0.05) in Trial 2 only. |
| 2013 | 23948357 | In the present study, pDis/NP was not significant (P>0.05) in inducing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells when co-administered with the pDis/IL-18 in both trials in comparison to the pDis/NP. |
| 2014 | 23949244 | Gain of body weight, fecal oocyst output, lesion scores, serum antibody responses, numbers of splenocyte CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and gut cytokine transcript levels were assessed as measures of protective immunity. |
| 2015 | 23949244 | Furthermore, intranasal rBCG immunization could also lead to a significant increase in serum antibody, the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte cells, and the levels of IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-15, and IL-10 mRNAs compared with the control group. |
| 2016 | 24091312 | In our previous study, we provided evidence that DNA plasmid bearing porcine IL-15 (pVAX-pIL-15) might serve as an immune enhancer for DNA plasmid encoding porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 gene. |
| 2017 | 24139475 | Construction of novel cytokine by fusion of chicken IL-2 signal peptide to mature chicken IL-15 and comparison of the adjuvant effects by DNA immunization against Eimeria challenge. |
| 2018 | 24139475 | A novel fusion cytokine was constructed by replacing signal peptide (SP) of chicken IL-15 (ChIL-15) with SP of chicken IL-2 (ChIL-2). |
| 2019 | 24139475 | Construction of novel cytokine by fusion of chicken IL-2 signal peptide to mature chicken IL-15 and comparison of the adjuvant effects by DNA immunization against Eimeria challenge. |
| 2020 | 24139475 | A novel fusion cytokine was constructed by replacing signal peptide (SP) of chicken IL-15 (ChIL-15) with SP of chicken IL-2 (ChIL-2). |
| 2021 | 24155376 | The efficacy of oral, intestinal, nasal, and vaginal vaccinations with DNA simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/interleukin-2 (IL-2)/IL-15, SIV Gag/Pol/Env recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA), and AT-2 SIVmac239 inactivated particles was compared in rhesus macaques after low-dose vaginal challenge with SIVmac251. |
| 2022 | 24155376 | The levels of anti-SIV gamma interferon-positive, CD4(+), and CD8(+) T cells at the time of first challenge inversely correlated with viremia and directly correlated with protection from infection and longer survival. |
| 2023 | 24231048 | These extrinsic signals for stemness of memory T cells include cytokines such as IL-7 and IL-15 and there are other cytokine signals for maintaining the cytokine signature (TH1, TH2, etc.) of memory T cells. |
| 2024 | 24242760 | Interleukin (IL)-21 is a member of the γ chain-receptor cytokine family along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15. |
| 2025 | 24242760 | The effects of IL-21 are pleiotropic, owing to the broad cellular distribution of the IL-21 receptor. |
| 2026 | 24242760 | IL-21 is secreted by activated CD4 T cells and natural killer T cells. |
| 2027 | 24242760 | Our research focus has been on the role of IL-21 and more recently of Tfh in immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. |
| 2028 | 24242760 | This review focuses on first the influence of IL-21 in regulation of T cell, B cell, and NK cell responses and its immunotherapeutic potential in viral infections and as a vaccine adjuvant. |
| 2029 | 24312302 | Tracking of in vivo transduced DCs revealed that vectors encoding for Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) exhibited a higher capacity to induce DC maturation compared to vectors delivering IL-2 or IL-15. |
| 2030 | 24312302 | In contrast, IL-2- or IL-15-encoding vectors showed a substantially lower efficacy in CD8(+) T cell priming and failed to protect the host once tumors had been established. |
| 2031 | 24312302 | Tracking of in vivo transduced DCs revealed that vectors encoding for Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) exhibited a higher capacity to induce DC maturation compared to vectors delivering IL-2 or IL-15. |
| 2032 | 24312302 | In contrast, IL-2- or IL-15-encoding vectors showed a substantially lower efficacy in CD8(+) T cell priming and failed to protect the host once tumors had been established. |
| 2033 | 24391824 | Combined stimulation of IL-2 and 4-1BB receptors augments the antitumor activity of E7 DNA vaccines by increasing Ag-specific CTL responses. |
| 2034 | 24391824 | IL-15 cDNA and anti-4-1BB Abs might augment antitumor activity against established tumors. |
| 2035 | 24391824 | IL-2 cDNA was slightly better than IL-15 cDNA as a pE7 adjuvant. |
| 2036 | 24391824 | Co-delivery of pE7+IL-2 cDNA increased tumor cure rates from 7% to 27%, whereas co-delivery of pE7+IL-2 cDNA with anti-4-1BB Abs increased tumor cure rates from 27% to 67% and elicited long-term memory responses. |
| 2037 | 24391824 | Moreover, the combined stimulation of IL-2 and 4-1BB receptors with rIL-2 and anti-4-1BB Abs resulted in enhanced production of IFN-γ from Ag-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 2038 | 24391824 | However, this effect was abolished by treatment with anti-IL-2 Abs and 4-1BB-Fc, suggesting that the observed effect was IL-2- and anti-4-1BB Ab-specific. |
| 2039 | 24391824 | Thus, these studies demonstrate that combined stimulation through the IL-2 and 4-1BB receptors augments the Ag-specific CD8+ CTL responses induced by pE7, increasing tumor cure rates and long-term antitumor immune memory. |
| 2040 | 24391824 | Combined stimulation of IL-2 and 4-1BB receptors augments the antitumor activity of E7 DNA vaccines by increasing Ag-specific CTL responses. |
| 2041 | 24391824 | IL-15 cDNA and anti-4-1BB Abs might augment antitumor activity against established tumors. |
| 2042 | 24391824 | IL-2 cDNA was slightly better than IL-15 cDNA as a pE7 adjuvant. |
| 2043 | 24391824 | Co-delivery of pE7+IL-2 cDNA increased tumor cure rates from 7% to 27%, whereas co-delivery of pE7+IL-2 cDNA with anti-4-1BB Abs increased tumor cure rates from 27% to 67% and elicited long-term memory responses. |
| 2044 | 24391824 | Moreover, the combined stimulation of IL-2 and 4-1BB receptors with rIL-2 and anti-4-1BB Abs resulted in enhanced production of IFN-γ from Ag-specific CD8+ T cells. |
| 2045 | 24391824 | However, this effect was abolished by treatment with anti-IL-2 Abs and 4-1BB-Fc, suggesting that the observed effect was IL-2- and anti-4-1BB Ab-specific. |
| 2046 | 24391824 | Thus, these studies demonstrate that combined stimulation through the IL-2 and 4-1BB receptors augments the Ag-specific CD8+ CTL responses induced by pE7, increasing tumor cure rates and long-term antitumor immune memory. |
| 2047 | 24391825 | IL-10, IL-9 and IL-15-mediated JAK/STAT signalling was shown to be involved in the pathological amplification of IFN responses observed in SLE. |
| 2048 | 24453125 | Interleukin 15, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 signaling pathways were also significant. |
| 2049 | 24572789 | Animals vaccinated with tumor cells coexpressing IL-15 and IL-15Rα showed greater tumor infiltration with CD8(+) T and natural killer (NK) cells, as well as increased antitumor CD8(+) T-cell responses. |
| 2050 | 24598451 | Ovarian tumor ascites CD14+ cells suppress dendritic cell-activated CD4+ T-cell responses through IL-10 secretion and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. |
| 2051 | 24598451 | Dendritic cells (DCs) treated with IL-15 and an inhibitor of p38 MAPK signaling (DC(IL-15/p38inhib)) bias T-cell responses toward a Th1/Th17 phenotype, raising the prospect of therapeutic vaccination; however, significant barriers remain. |
| 2052 | 24598451 | We found that ovarian tumor antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells induced by DC(IL-15/p38inhib) migrated in response to CXCL12 and CCL22 (both highly expressed in ovarian cancer) and to ascites CD14(+) myeloid cells. |
| 2053 | 24598451 | Cocultures showed that ascites CD14(+) cells markedly suppressed antigen-specific CD4(+) T responses, but suppression could be alleviated by treatment with anti-IL-10 or inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. |
| 2054 | 24598451 | These results suggest that the efficacy of DC vaccination against ovarian cancer may be boosted by agents that inhibit tumor-associated CD14(+) myeloid cell suppression or indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity. |
| 2055 | 24598451 | Ovarian tumor ascites CD14+ cells suppress dendritic cell-activated CD4+ T-cell responses through IL-10 secretion and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. |
| 2056 | 24598451 | Dendritic cells (DCs) treated with IL-15 and an inhibitor of p38 MAPK signaling (DC(IL-15/p38inhib)) bias T-cell responses toward a Th1/Th17 phenotype, raising the prospect of therapeutic vaccination; however, significant barriers remain. |
| 2057 | 24598451 | We found that ovarian tumor antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells induced by DC(IL-15/p38inhib) migrated in response to CXCL12 and CCL22 (both highly expressed in ovarian cancer) and to ascites CD14(+) myeloid cells. |
| 2058 | 24598451 | Cocultures showed that ascites CD14(+) cells markedly suppressed antigen-specific CD4(+) T responses, but suppression could be alleviated by treatment with anti-IL-10 or inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. |
| 2059 | 24598451 | These results suggest that the efficacy of DC vaccination against ovarian cancer may be boosted by agents that inhibit tumor-associated CD14(+) myeloid cell suppression or indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity. |
| 2060 | 24690150 | Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 in enhancing DNA vaccine efficacy against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. |
| 2061 | 24690150 | The synergistic protective efficacy of murine interleukin 21 (mIL-21) and mIL-15 administrated with DNA vaccine against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice was investigated using T. gondii MIC8 (TgMIC8) as a model. |
| 2062 | 24690150 | We cloned mIL-21 and mIL-15 from splenic tissues of Kunming mice, and constructed eukaryotic plasmid pVAX/mIL-15, pVAX/mIL-21, and pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15, respectively. |
| 2063 | 24690150 | Mice receiving pVAX/TgMIC8 alone developed a strong humoral responses and Th1 type cellular immune responses, and showed an increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared with all the controls. |
| 2064 | 24690150 | Adding pVAX/mIL-21 to pVAX/TgMIC8 compared to pVAX/TgMIC8 resulted in only a slight increase in humoral and cellular immune responses, and this immune response was lower than that induced by the pVAX/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8. |
| 2065 | 24690150 | Co-administration of pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8 elicited the strongest humoral and cellular immune responses among all the groups, leading to significantly increased survival time against acute infection and the significant reduction of tissue cysts, compared to all the controls. |
| 2066 | 24690150 | Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 can facilitate specific humoral as well as cellular immune responses elicited by DNA vaccine against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in mice. |
| 2067 | 24690150 | Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 in enhancing DNA vaccine efficacy against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. |
| 2068 | 24690150 | The synergistic protective efficacy of murine interleukin 21 (mIL-21) and mIL-15 administrated with DNA vaccine against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice was investigated using T. gondii MIC8 (TgMIC8) as a model. |
| 2069 | 24690150 | We cloned mIL-21 and mIL-15 from splenic tissues of Kunming mice, and constructed eukaryotic plasmid pVAX/mIL-15, pVAX/mIL-21, and pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15, respectively. |
| 2070 | 24690150 | Mice receiving pVAX/TgMIC8 alone developed a strong humoral responses and Th1 type cellular immune responses, and showed an increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared with all the controls. |
| 2071 | 24690150 | Adding pVAX/mIL-21 to pVAX/TgMIC8 compared to pVAX/TgMIC8 resulted in only a slight increase in humoral and cellular immune responses, and this immune response was lower than that induced by the pVAX/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8. |
| 2072 | 24690150 | Co-administration of pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8 elicited the strongest humoral and cellular immune responses among all the groups, leading to significantly increased survival time against acute infection and the significant reduction of tissue cysts, compared to all the controls. |
| 2073 | 24690150 | Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 can facilitate specific humoral as well as cellular immune responses elicited by DNA vaccine against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in mice. |
| 2074 | 24690150 | Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 in enhancing DNA vaccine efficacy against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. |
| 2075 | 24690150 | The synergistic protective efficacy of murine interleukin 21 (mIL-21) and mIL-15 administrated with DNA vaccine against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice was investigated using T. gondii MIC8 (TgMIC8) as a model. |
| 2076 | 24690150 | We cloned mIL-21 and mIL-15 from splenic tissues of Kunming mice, and constructed eukaryotic plasmid pVAX/mIL-15, pVAX/mIL-21, and pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15, respectively. |
| 2077 | 24690150 | Mice receiving pVAX/TgMIC8 alone developed a strong humoral responses and Th1 type cellular immune responses, and showed an increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared with all the controls. |
| 2078 | 24690150 | Adding pVAX/mIL-21 to pVAX/TgMIC8 compared to pVAX/TgMIC8 resulted in only a slight increase in humoral and cellular immune responses, and this immune response was lower than that induced by the pVAX/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8. |
| 2079 | 24690150 | Co-administration of pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8 elicited the strongest humoral and cellular immune responses among all the groups, leading to significantly increased survival time against acute infection and the significant reduction of tissue cysts, compared to all the controls. |
| 2080 | 24690150 | Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 can facilitate specific humoral as well as cellular immune responses elicited by DNA vaccine against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in mice. |
| 2081 | 24690150 | Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 in enhancing DNA vaccine efficacy against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. |
| 2082 | 24690150 | The synergistic protective efficacy of murine interleukin 21 (mIL-21) and mIL-15 administrated with DNA vaccine against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice was investigated using T. gondii MIC8 (TgMIC8) as a model. |
| 2083 | 24690150 | We cloned mIL-21 and mIL-15 from splenic tissues of Kunming mice, and constructed eukaryotic plasmid pVAX/mIL-15, pVAX/mIL-21, and pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15, respectively. |
| 2084 | 24690150 | Mice receiving pVAX/TgMIC8 alone developed a strong humoral responses and Th1 type cellular immune responses, and showed an increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared with all the controls. |
| 2085 | 24690150 | Adding pVAX/mIL-21 to pVAX/TgMIC8 compared to pVAX/TgMIC8 resulted in only a slight increase in humoral and cellular immune responses, and this immune response was lower than that induced by the pVAX/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8. |
| 2086 | 24690150 | Co-administration of pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8 elicited the strongest humoral and cellular immune responses among all the groups, leading to significantly increased survival time against acute infection and the significant reduction of tissue cysts, compared to all the controls. |
| 2087 | 24690150 | Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 can facilitate specific humoral as well as cellular immune responses elicited by DNA vaccine against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in mice. |
| 2088 | 24690150 | Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 in enhancing DNA vaccine efficacy against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. |
| 2089 | 24690150 | The synergistic protective efficacy of murine interleukin 21 (mIL-21) and mIL-15 administrated with DNA vaccine against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice was investigated using T. gondii MIC8 (TgMIC8) as a model. |
| 2090 | 24690150 | We cloned mIL-21 and mIL-15 from splenic tissues of Kunming mice, and constructed eukaryotic plasmid pVAX/mIL-15, pVAX/mIL-21, and pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15, respectively. |
| 2091 | 24690150 | Mice receiving pVAX/TgMIC8 alone developed a strong humoral responses and Th1 type cellular immune responses, and showed an increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared with all the controls. |
| 2092 | 24690150 | Adding pVAX/mIL-21 to pVAX/TgMIC8 compared to pVAX/TgMIC8 resulted in only a slight increase in humoral and cellular immune responses, and this immune response was lower than that induced by the pVAX/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8. |
| 2093 | 24690150 | Co-administration of pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8 elicited the strongest humoral and cellular immune responses among all the groups, leading to significantly increased survival time against acute infection and the significant reduction of tissue cysts, compared to all the controls. |
| 2094 | 24690150 | Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 can facilitate specific humoral as well as cellular immune responses elicited by DNA vaccine against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in mice. |
| 2095 | 24690150 | Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 in enhancing DNA vaccine efficacy against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. |
| 2096 | 24690150 | The synergistic protective efficacy of murine interleukin 21 (mIL-21) and mIL-15 administrated with DNA vaccine against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice was investigated using T. gondii MIC8 (TgMIC8) as a model. |
| 2097 | 24690150 | We cloned mIL-21 and mIL-15 from splenic tissues of Kunming mice, and constructed eukaryotic plasmid pVAX/mIL-15, pVAX/mIL-21, and pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15, respectively. |
| 2098 | 24690150 | Mice receiving pVAX/TgMIC8 alone developed a strong humoral responses and Th1 type cellular immune responses, and showed an increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared with all the controls. |
| 2099 | 24690150 | Adding pVAX/mIL-21 to pVAX/TgMIC8 compared to pVAX/TgMIC8 resulted in only a slight increase in humoral and cellular immune responses, and this immune response was lower than that induced by the pVAX/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8. |
| 2100 | 24690150 | Co-administration of pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8 elicited the strongest humoral and cellular immune responses among all the groups, leading to significantly increased survival time against acute infection and the significant reduction of tissue cysts, compared to all the controls. |
| 2101 | 24690150 | Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 can facilitate specific humoral as well as cellular immune responses elicited by DNA vaccine against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in mice. |
| 2102 | 24706798 | IL-15 adjuvanted multivalent vaccinia-based universal influenza vaccine requires CD4+ T cells for heterosubtypic protection. |
| 2103 | 24706798 | Importantly, heterologous influenza-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses that were elicited by the vaccine were effectively recalled and amplified following viral challenge in the lungs and periphery. |
| 2104 | 24772900 | [IL15 DNA adjuvant enhances cellular and humoral immune responses induced by DNA and adenoviral vectors encoding HIV-1 subtype B gp160 gene]. |
| 2105 | 24772900 | To enhance the immunogenicity of DNA and adenoviral vector vaccines expressing HIV-1 subtype B gp160, human interleukin 15 (hIL15) DNA adjuvant (pVR-hIL15) was constructed. |
| 2106 | 24772900 | BALB/c mice received DNA prime/protein boost immunization with pVR-HIVgp160/Ad5-HIVgp160 alone or combined with pVR-hIL15. |
| 2107 | 24772900 | It suggests that the IL15 DNA adjuvant can enhance the immune responses induced by prime-boost regimen using DNA and adenoviral vector encoding HIV-1 subtype B gp160. |
| 2108 | 24772900 | [IL15 DNA adjuvant enhances cellular and humoral immune responses induced by DNA and adenoviral vectors encoding HIV-1 subtype B gp160 gene]. |
| 2109 | 24772900 | To enhance the immunogenicity of DNA and adenoviral vector vaccines expressing HIV-1 subtype B gp160, human interleukin 15 (hIL15) DNA adjuvant (pVR-hIL15) was constructed. |
| 2110 | 24772900 | BALB/c mice received DNA prime/protein boost immunization with pVR-HIVgp160/Ad5-HIVgp160 alone or combined with pVR-hIL15. |
| 2111 | 24772900 | It suggests that the IL15 DNA adjuvant can enhance the immune responses induced by prime-boost regimen using DNA and adenoviral vector encoding HIV-1 subtype B gp160. |
| 2112 | 24772900 | [IL15 DNA adjuvant enhances cellular and humoral immune responses induced by DNA and adenoviral vectors encoding HIV-1 subtype B gp160 gene]. |
| 2113 | 24772900 | To enhance the immunogenicity of DNA and adenoviral vector vaccines expressing HIV-1 subtype B gp160, human interleukin 15 (hIL15) DNA adjuvant (pVR-hIL15) was constructed. |
| 2114 | 24772900 | BALB/c mice received DNA prime/protein boost immunization with pVR-HIVgp160/Ad5-HIVgp160 alone or combined with pVR-hIL15. |
| 2115 | 24772900 | It suggests that the IL15 DNA adjuvant can enhance the immune responses induced by prime-boost regimen using DNA and adenoviral vector encoding HIV-1 subtype B gp160. |
| 2116 | 24777763 | NK cells are primed by ANRS MVA(HIV)-infected DCs, via a mechanism involving NKG2D and membrane-bound IL-15, to control HIV-1 infection in CD4+ T cells. |
| 2117 | 24777763 | We also highlight the importance of NKG2D engagement on NK cells and DC-produced IL-15 to achieve the anti-HIV-1 specific priming, as blockade of either NKG2D or IL-15 during MVA(HIV)-priming lead to a subsequent decreased control of HIV-1 infection in autologous CD4(+) T cells. |
| 2118 | 24777763 | Furthermore, we show that the decreased control of HIV-1 infection in CD4(+) T cells might be due, at least in part, to the decreased expression of membrane-bound IL-15 (mbIL-15) on DCs when NKG2D is blocked during MVA(HIV)-priming of NK cells. |
| 2119 | 24777763 | NK cells are primed by ANRS MVA(HIV)-infected DCs, via a mechanism involving NKG2D and membrane-bound IL-15, to control HIV-1 infection in CD4+ T cells. |
| 2120 | 24777763 | We also highlight the importance of NKG2D engagement on NK cells and DC-produced IL-15 to achieve the anti-HIV-1 specific priming, as blockade of either NKG2D or IL-15 during MVA(HIV)-priming lead to a subsequent decreased control of HIV-1 infection in autologous CD4(+) T cells. |
| 2121 | 24777763 | Furthermore, we show that the decreased control of HIV-1 infection in CD4(+) T cells might be due, at least in part, to the decreased expression of membrane-bound IL-15 (mbIL-15) on DCs when NKG2D is blocked during MVA(HIV)-priming of NK cells. |
| 2122 | 24777763 | NK cells are primed by ANRS MVA(HIV)-infected DCs, via a mechanism involving NKG2D and membrane-bound IL-15, to control HIV-1 infection in CD4+ T cells. |
| 2123 | 24777763 | We also highlight the importance of NKG2D engagement on NK cells and DC-produced IL-15 to achieve the anti-HIV-1 specific priming, as blockade of either NKG2D or IL-15 during MVA(HIV)-priming lead to a subsequent decreased control of HIV-1 infection in autologous CD4(+) T cells. |
| 2124 | 24777763 | Furthermore, we show that the decreased control of HIV-1 infection in CD4(+) T cells might be due, at least in part, to the decreased expression of membrane-bound IL-15 (mbIL-15) on DCs when NKG2D is blocked during MVA(HIV)-priming of NK cells. |
| 2125 | 24777831 | PIAS1 and STAT-3 impair the tumoricidal potential of IFN-γ-stimulated mouse dendritic cells generated with IL-15. |
| 2126 | 24777831 | We report here that the tumoricidal potential of mouse DCs generated from myeloid precursors with GM-CSF and IL-15 (IL-15 DCs) can be triggered with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 ligand lipopolysaccharide to a similar extent compared with that of their counterparts, conventionally generated with IL-4 (IL-4 DCs). |
| 2127 | 24777831 | In contrast, interferon (IFN)-γ induces the cytotoxic activity of IL-4 but not IL-15 DCs. |
| 2128 | 24777831 | Although the IFN-γ-STAT-1 signaling pathway is overall functional in IL-15 DCs, IFN-γ fails to induce iNOS expression in these cells. iNOS expression is negatively controlled in IFN-γ-stimulated IL-15 DCs by the cooperation between the E3 SUMO ligase PIAS1 and STAT-3, and can be partially restored with PIAS1 siRNA and STAT-3 inhibitors. |
| 2129 | 24777831 | PIAS1 and STAT-3 impair the tumoricidal potential of IFN-γ-stimulated mouse dendritic cells generated with IL-15. |
| 2130 | 24777831 | We report here that the tumoricidal potential of mouse DCs generated from myeloid precursors with GM-CSF and IL-15 (IL-15 DCs) can be triggered with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 ligand lipopolysaccharide to a similar extent compared with that of their counterparts, conventionally generated with IL-4 (IL-4 DCs). |
| 2131 | 24777831 | In contrast, interferon (IFN)-γ induces the cytotoxic activity of IL-4 but not IL-15 DCs. |
| 2132 | 24777831 | Although the IFN-γ-STAT-1 signaling pathway is overall functional in IL-15 DCs, IFN-γ fails to induce iNOS expression in these cells. iNOS expression is negatively controlled in IFN-γ-stimulated IL-15 DCs by the cooperation between the E3 SUMO ligase PIAS1 and STAT-3, and can be partially restored with PIAS1 siRNA and STAT-3 inhibitors. |
| 2133 | 24777831 | PIAS1 and STAT-3 impair the tumoricidal potential of IFN-γ-stimulated mouse dendritic cells generated with IL-15. |
| 2134 | 24777831 | We report here that the tumoricidal potential of mouse DCs generated from myeloid precursors with GM-CSF and IL-15 (IL-15 DCs) can be triggered with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 ligand lipopolysaccharide to a similar extent compared with that of their counterparts, conventionally generated with IL-4 (IL-4 DCs). |
| 2135 | 24777831 | In contrast, interferon (IFN)-γ induces the cytotoxic activity of IL-4 but not IL-15 DCs. |
| 2136 | 24777831 | Although the IFN-γ-STAT-1 signaling pathway is overall functional in IL-15 DCs, IFN-γ fails to induce iNOS expression in these cells. iNOS expression is negatively controlled in IFN-γ-stimulated IL-15 DCs by the cooperation between the E3 SUMO ligase PIAS1 and STAT-3, and can be partially restored with PIAS1 siRNA and STAT-3 inhibitors. |
| 2137 | 24777831 | PIAS1 and STAT-3 impair the tumoricidal potential of IFN-γ-stimulated mouse dendritic cells generated with IL-15. |
| 2138 | 24777831 | We report here that the tumoricidal potential of mouse DCs generated from myeloid precursors with GM-CSF and IL-15 (IL-15 DCs) can be triggered with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 ligand lipopolysaccharide to a similar extent compared with that of their counterparts, conventionally generated with IL-4 (IL-4 DCs). |
| 2139 | 24777831 | In contrast, interferon (IFN)-γ induces the cytotoxic activity of IL-4 but not IL-15 DCs. |
| 2140 | 24777831 | Although the IFN-γ-STAT-1 signaling pathway is overall functional in IL-15 DCs, IFN-γ fails to induce iNOS expression in these cells. iNOS expression is negatively controlled in IFN-γ-stimulated IL-15 DCs by the cooperation between the E3 SUMO ligase PIAS1 and STAT-3, and can be partially restored with PIAS1 siRNA and STAT-3 inhibitors. |
| 2141 | 24838092 | Enhanced antitumor immunity is elicited by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of CCL21 and IL-15 in murine colon carcinomas. |
| 2142 | 24838092 | We constructed a CCL21/IL-15-expressing adenovirus (Ad-CCL21-IL-15) and evaluated its antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. |
| 2143 | 24838092 | This study indicates that providing cancer therapy by combining CCL21 and IL-15 can induce antitumor immune responses and is an effective strategy for cancer immunotherapy. |
| 2144 | 24838092 | Enhanced antitumor immunity is elicited by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of CCL21 and IL-15 in murine colon carcinomas. |
| 2145 | 24838092 | We constructed a CCL21/IL-15-expressing adenovirus (Ad-CCL21-IL-15) and evaluated its antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. |
| 2146 | 24838092 | This study indicates that providing cancer therapy by combining CCL21 and IL-15 can induce antitumor immune responses and is an effective strategy for cancer immunotherapy. |
| 2147 | 24838092 | Enhanced antitumor immunity is elicited by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of CCL21 and IL-15 in murine colon carcinomas. |
| 2148 | 24838092 | We constructed a CCL21/IL-15-expressing adenovirus (Ad-CCL21-IL-15) and evaluated its antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. |
| 2149 | 24838092 | This study indicates that providing cancer therapy by combining CCL21 and IL-15 can induce antitumor immune responses and is an effective strategy for cancer immunotherapy. |
| 2150 | 25101086 | We here report optimal γδT cell expansion (>10(7) cells/ml blood) when peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals and melanoma patients were stimulated with zoledronate and then cultured for 14 days in the presence of IL-2 and IL-15, yielding γδT cell cultures of variable purity (77 ± 21 and 56 ± 26%, respectively). |
| 2151 | 25192845 | Protective efficacy of Toxoplasma gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (TgCDPK1) adjuvated with recombinant IL-15 and IL-21 against experimental toxoplasmosis in mice. |
| 2152 | 25273353 | Heterodimeric IL-15 led to preferential expansion of CD8(+)NK cells, all memory CD8(+) T-cell subsets and effector memory CD4(+) T cells. |
| 2153 | 25559187 | DNA vaccination with SIV Gag induced antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the absence of IL-15. |
| 2154 | 25559187 | Importantly, boosting by DNA 8-months after vaccination revealed severely reduced granzyme B content in CD8(+) T cells of IL-15 KO mice compared to WT mice. |
| 2155 | 25559187 | DNA vaccination with SIV Gag induced antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the absence of IL-15. |
| 2156 | 25559187 | Importantly, boosting by DNA 8-months after vaccination revealed severely reduced granzyme B content in CD8(+) T cells of IL-15 KO mice compared to WT mice. |
| 2157 | 25705619 | These targets include exploration of ancient wheat if they are less immunogenic, intra-luminal digestion of gluten using prolylendopeptidases, pretreatment of whole gluten with bacterial-derived peptidase before ingestion; prevention of passage of immunogenic peptides through the tight junctions such as zonulin antagonists, Blocking of HLA-DQ2 to prevent binding of immunogenic peptides, inhibition of transglutaminase 2, immune-modulation, and induction of tolerance to gluten using gluten tolerizing vaccines, use of gluten-sequestering polymers, use of anti-inflammatory drugs (glucocorticoids, budesonides) and anti-cytokines such as anti TNF-α, and anti-interleukin-15. |
| 2158 | 25716018 | The former could be related to the rise in splenic IL-7 and IL-15 mRNA expression. |
| 2159 | 25941586 | DC-derived IL-15 (DCIL-15) notably has the capacity to activate DC, to substitute for CD4+ Th and to potentiate vaccine efficacy making IL-15-based therapies attractive treatment options. |
| 2160 | 25941586 | We observed in transplantable melanoma, glioma and metastatic breast carcinoma models that DCIL-15-based DNA vaccines in which DC specifically express IL-15 and simultaneously produce tumor Aghsp70 were able to mediate potent therapeutic efficacy that required both host Batf3+ DC and CD8+ T cells. |
| 2161 | 25941586 | Such activation occurred even in the presence of Treg, without a need for CD4+ Th, but was IL-15/IL-15Rα-dependent. |
| 2162 | 25941586 | CD14+ DC emigrating from human skin explants genetically-immunized by IL-15 and Aghsp70 were more effective than similar DC emigrating from the explants genetically-immunized by Aghsp70 in the presence of rIL-15 in expressing membrane-bound IL-15/IL-15Rα and activating CD8+ T cells. |
| 2163 | 25941586 | DC-derived IL-15 (DCIL-15) notably has the capacity to activate DC, to substitute for CD4+ Th and to potentiate vaccine efficacy making IL-15-based therapies attractive treatment options. |
| 2164 | 25941586 | We observed in transplantable melanoma, glioma and metastatic breast carcinoma models that DCIL-15-based DNA vaccines in which DC specifically express IL-15 and simultaneously produce tumor Aghsp70 were able to mediate potent therapeutic efficacy that required both host Batf3+ DC and CD8+ T cells. |
| 2165 | 25941586 | Such activation occurred even in the presence of Treg, without a need for CD4+ Th, but was IL-15/IL-15Rα-dependent. |
| 2166 | 25941586 | CD14+ DC emigrating from human skin explants genetically-immunized by IL-15 and Aghsp70 were more effective than similar DC emigrating from the explants genetically-immunized by Aghsp70 in the presence of rIL-15 in expressing membrane-bound IL-15/IL-15Rα and activating CD8+ T cells. |
| 2167 | 25941586 | DC-derived IL-15 (DCIL-15) notably has the capacity to activate DC, to substitute for CD4+ Th and to potentiate vaccine efficacy making IL-15-based therapies attractive treatment options. |
| 2168 | 25941586 | We observed in transplantable melanoma, glioma and metastatic breast carcinoma models that DCIL-15-based DNA vaccines in which DC specifically express IL-15 and simultaneously produce tumor Aghsp70 were able to mediate potent therapeutic efficacy that required both host Batf3+ DC and CD8+ T cells. |
| 2169 | 25941586 | Such activation occurred even in the presence of Treg, without a need for CD4+ Th, but was IL-15/IL-15Rα-dependent. |
| 2170 | 25941586 | CD14+ DC emigrating from human skin explants genetically-immunized by IL-15 and Aghsp70 were more effective than similar DC emigrating from the explants genetically-immunized by Aghsp70 in the presence of rIL-15 in expressing membrane-bound IL-15/IL-15Rα and activating CD8+ T cells. |
| 2171 | 25941586 | DC-derived IL-15 (DCIL-15) notably has the capacity to activate DC, to substitute for CD4+ Th and to potentiate vaccine efficacy making IL-15-based therapies attractive treatment options. |
| 2172 | 25941586 | We observed in transplantable melanoma, glioma and metastatic breast carcinoma models that DCIL-15-based DNA vaccines in which DC specifically express IL-15 and simultaneously produce tumor Aghsp70 were able to mediate potent therapeutic efficacy that required both host Batf3+ DC and CD8+ T cells. |
| 2173 | 25941586 | Such activation occurred even in the presence of Treg, without a need for CD4+ Th, but was IL-15/IL-15Rα-dependent. |
| 2174 | 25941586 | CD14+ DC emigrating from human skin explants genetically-immunized by IL-15 and Aghsp70 were more effective than similar DC emigrating from the explants genetically-immunized by Aghsp70 in the presence of rIL-15 in expressing membrane-bound IL-15/IL-15Rα and activating CD8+ T cells. |
| 2175 | 25951230 | In a head-to-head comparison with "IL-4 DCs" used routinely for clinical studies, IL-15 DCs were found to induce a more activated, cytotoxic effector phenotype in NK cells, in particular in the CD56bright NK cell subset. |
| 2176 | 25951230 | With the exception of GM-CSF, no significant enhancement of cytokine/chemokine secretion was observed following co-culture of NK cells with IL-15 DCs. |
| 2177 | 25951230 | IL-15 DCs, but not IL-4 DCs, promoted NK cell tumoricidal activity towards both NK-sensitive and NK-resistant targets. |
| 2178 | 25951230 | The observed lack of membrane-bound IL-15 on "gold-standard" IL-4 DCs and their consequent inability to effectively promote NK cell cytotoxicity may have important implications for the future design of DC-based cancer vaccine studies. |
| 2179 | 25951230 | In a head-to-head comparison with "IL-4 DCs" used routinely for clinical studies, IL-15 DCs were found to induce a more activated, cytotoxic effector phenotype in NK cells, in particular in the CD56bright NK cell subset. |
| 2180 | 25951230 | With the exception of GM-CSF, no significant enhancement of cytokine/chemokine secretion was observed following co-culture of NK cells with IL-15 DCs. |
| 2181 | 25951230 | IL-15 DCs, but not IL-4 DCs, promoted NK cell tumoricidal activity towards both NK-sensitive and NK-resistant targets. |
| 2182 | 25951230 | The observed lack of membrane-bound IL-15 on "gold-standard" IL-4 DCs and their consequent inability to effectively promote NK cell cytotoxicity may have important implications for the future design of DC-based cancer vaccine studies. |
| 2183 | 25951230 | In a head-to-head comparison with "IL-4 DCs" used routinely for clinical studies, IL-15 DCs were found to induce a more activated, cytotoxic effector phenotype in NK cells, in particular in the CD56bright NK cell subset. |
| 2184 | 25951230 | With the exception of GM-CSF, no significant enhancement of cytokine/chemokine secretion was observed following co-culture of NK cells with IL-15 DCs. |
| 2185 | 25951230 | IL-15 DCs, but not IL-4 DCs, promoted NK cell tumoricidal activity towards both NK-sensitive and NK-resistant targets. |
| 2186 | 25951230 | The observed lack of membrane-bound IL-15 on "gold-standard" IL-4 DCs and their consequent inability to effectively promote NK cell cytotoxicity may have important implications for the future design of DC-based cancer vaccine studies. |
| 2187 | 25951230 | In a head-to-head comparison with "IL-4 DCs" used routinely for clinical studies, IL-15 DCs were found to induce a more activated, cytotoxic effector phenotype in NK cells, in particular in the CD56bright NK cell subset. |
| 2188 | 25951230 | With the exception of GM-CSF, no significant enhancement of cytokine/chemokine secretion was observed following co-culture of NK cells with IL-15 DCs. |
| 2189 | 25951230 | IL-15 DCs, but not IL-4 DCs, promoted NK cell tumoricidal activity towards both NK-sensitive and NK-resistant targets. |
| 2190 | 25951230 | The observed lack of membrane-bound IL-15 on "gold-standard" IL-4 DCs and their consequent inability to effectively promote NK cell cytotoxicity may have important implications for the future design of DC-based cancer vaccine studies. |
| 2191 | 25954597 | Thus, we engineered a collection of lentivectors that simultaneously co-expressed an antigen, a PD-L1-silencing shRNA, and various T cell-polarising cytokines, including interferon γ (IFNγ), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) or interleukins (IL12, IL15, IL23, IL17A, IL6, IL10, IL4). |
| 2192 | 25954597 | In a syngeneic B16F0 melanoma model and using tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1) as a vaccine antigen, we found that simultaneous delivery of IL12 and a PD-L1-silencing shRNA was the only combination that exhibited therapeutically relevant anti-melanoma activities. |
| 2193 | 25956014 | New genes defects causing immunodeficiency include phophoglucomutase 3 (PGM3), cytidine 5' triphosphate synthase 1 (CTPS1), nuclear factor κB-inducing kinase (NIK), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 10 (BCL10), phosphoinositide-3 kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1), IL21, and Jagunal homolog 1 (JAGN1). |
| 2194 | 25956014 | The role of IL-12 and IL-15 in the enhancement of natural killer cell activity was reported. |
| 2195 | 25997501 | Interleukin-15 is required for immunosurveillance and immunoprevention of HER2/neu-driven mammary carcinogenesis. |
| 2196 | 26022121 | The fused dsNKG2D-IL-15 gene fragment consisted of double extracellular domains of NKG2D with IL-15 gene at downstream. |
| 2197 | 26195801 | IL-15 receptor α signaling constrains the development of IL-17-producing γδ T cells. |
| 2198 | 26195801 | Here we examine the role of IL-15 and its unique receptor, IL-15Rα, in the development of IL-17-producing γδ (γδ-17) T cells. |
| 2199 | 26195801 | Phenotypic analysis has shown that CD44(high) γδ-17 cells express IL-15Rα and the common gamma chain (CD132), yet lack the IL-2/15Rβ chain (CD122). |
| 2200 | 26195801 | Finally, an analysis of neonatal thymi revealed that the CD44(lo/int) precursors of γδ-17 cells, which also expressed IL-15Rα, were increased in newborn mice deficient in IL-15Rα signaling, but not in IL-15 itself. |
| 2201 | 26195801 | IL-15 receptor α signaling constrains the development of IL-17-producing γδ T cells. |
| 2202 | 26195801 | Here we examine the role of IL-15 and its unique receptor, IL-15Rα, in the development of IL-17-producing γδ (γδ-17) T cells. |
| 2203 | 26195801 | Phenotypic analysis has shown that CD44(high) γδ-17 cells express IL-15Rα and the common gamma chain (CD132), yet lack the IL-2/15Rβ chain (CD122). |
| 2204 | 26195801 | Finally, an analysis of neonatal thymi revealed that the CD44(lo/int) precursors of γδ-17 cells, which also expressed IL-15Rα, were increased in newborn mice deficient in IL-15Rα signaling, but not in IL-15 itself. |
| 2205 | 26195801 | IL-15 receptor α signaling constrains the development of IL-17-producing γδ T cells. |
| 2206 | 26195801 | Here we examine the role of IL-15 and its unique receptor, IL-15Rα, in the development of IL-17-producing γδ (γδ-17) T cells. |
| 2207 | 26195801 | Phenotypic analysis has shown that CD44(high) γδ-17 cells express IL-15Rα and the common gamma chain (CD132), yet lack the IL-2/15Rβ chain (CD122). |
| 2208 | 26195801 | Finally, an analysis of neonatal thymi revealed that the CD44(lo/int) precursors of γδ-17 cells, which also expressed IL-15Rα, were increased in newborn mice deficient in IL-15Rα signaling, but not in IL-15 itself. |
| 2209 | 26283355 | IL-2 and IL-15, members of the gamma chain (γc) family of cytokines, are prominently deregulated in HAM/TSP and underlie many of the characteristic immune abnormalities, such as spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation (SP), increased STAT5 phosphorylation in the lymphocytes, and increased frequency and cytotoxicity of virus-specific cytotoxic CD8(+) T lymphocytes (CTLs). |
| 2210 | 26283355 | In this study, we describe a novel immunomodulatory strategy consisting of selective blockade of certain γc family cytokines, including IL-2 and IL-15, with a γc antagonistic peptide. |
| 2211 | 26283355 | This strategy is thus a promising therapeutic approach to HAM/TSP with the potential of being more effective than single monoclonal antibodies targeting either IL-2 or IL-15 receptors and safer than inhibitors of downstream signaling molecules such as JAK1 inhibitors. |
| 2212 | 26283355 | IL-2 and IL-15, members of the gamma chain (γc) family of cytokines, are prominently deregulated in HAM/TSP and underlie many of the characteristic immune abnormalities, such as spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation (SP), increased STAT5 phosphorylation in the lymphocytes, and increased frequency and cytotoxicity of virus-specific cytotoxic CD8(+) T lymphocytes (CTLs). |
| 2213 | 26283355 | In this study, we describe a novel immunomodulatory strategy consisting of selective blockade of certain γc family cytokines, including IL-2 and IL-15, with a γc antagonistic peptide. |
| 2214 | 26283355 | This strategy is thus a promising therapeutic approach to HAM/TSP with the potential of being more effective than single monoclonal antibodies targeting either IL-2 or IL-15 receptors and safer than inhibitors of downstream signaling molecules such as JAK1 inhibitors. |
| 2215 | 26283355 | IL-2 and IL-15, members of the gamma chain (γc) family of cytokines, are prominently deregulated in HAM/TSP and underlie many of the characteristic immune abnormalities, such as spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation (SP), increased STAT5 phosphorylation in the lymphocytes, and increased frequency and cytotoxicity of virus-specific cytotoxic CD8(+) T lymphocytes (CTLs). |
| 2216 | 26283355 | In this study, we describe a novel immunomodulatory strategy consisting of selective blockade of certain γc family cytokines, including IL-2 and IL-15, with a γc antagonistic peptide. |
| 2217 | 26283355 | This strategy is thus a promising therapeutic approach to HAM/TSP with the potential of being more effective than single monoclonal antibodies targeting either IL-2 or IL-15 receptors and safer than inhibitors of downstream signaling molecules such as JAK1 inhibitors. |
| 2218 | 26297201 | The G protein also has a CX3C chemokine motif which binds to the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1. |
| 2219 | 26297201 | The kinetics of cytokine production suggested that the RSV/CX3CR1 interaction induced RANTES (regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted protein), IL-8 and fractalkine production, whilst it downregulated IL-15, IL1-RA and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. |
| 2220 | 26310829 | In cells from healthy individuals, adenosine hydrolysis decreased CD4(+)CD25(hi) regulatory T cells. |
| 2221 | 26310829 | Addition of 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine, an adenosine receptor agonist, significantly decreased CD4(+)CD25(lo) cells, confirming a modulatory role of adenosine acting via adenosine receptors. |
| 2222 | 26310829 | In autologous cocultures of T cells with HIV-1-pulsed dendritic cells, addition of adenosine deaminase led to a significant decrease of HIV-1-induced CD4(+)CD25(hi) forkhead box p3(+) cells and to a significant enhancement of the HIV-1-specific CD4(+) responder T cells. |
| 2223 | 26310829 | An increase in the effector response was confirmed by the enhanced production of CD4(+) and CD8(+) CD25(-)CD45RO(+) memory cell generation and secretion of Th1 cytokines, including IFN-γ and IL-15 and chemokines MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, and RANTES/CCL5. |
| 2224 | 26405596 | Indeed, compared with NK cells with intact TLR3, Tlr3-/- NK cells produced significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IFNγ, when incubated in the presence of different combinations of IL-12, IL-18 and IL-15. |
| 2225 | 26453750 | Human cells expressing HLA class I ligands for inhibitory receptors KIR2DL1, KIR2DL2/3, or CD94-NKG2A were transfected with IL-15Rα. |
| 2226 | 26453750 | Proliferation of primary NK cells in response to transpresented IL-15 was reduced by engagement of either KIR2DL1 or KIR2DL2/3 by cognate HLA-C ligands. |
| 2227 | 26453750 | Inhibitory KIR-HLA-C interactions did not reduce the proliferation induced by soluble IL-15. |
| 2228 | 26453750 | Therefore, transpresentation of IL-15 is subject to downregulation by MHC class I-specific inhibitory receptors. |
| 2229 | 26453750 | Similarly, proliferation of the NKG2A(+) cell line NKL induced by IL-15 transpresentation was inhibited by HLA-E. |
| 2230 | 26453750 | Coengagement of inhibitory receptors, either KIR2DL1 or CD94-NKG2A, did not inhibit phosphorylation of Stat5 but inhibited selectively phosphorylation of Akt and S6 ribosomal protein. |
| 2231 | 26453750 | Human cells expressing HLA class I ligands for inhibitory receptors KIR2DL1, KIR2DL2/3, or CD94-NKG2A were transfected with IL-15Rα. |
| 2232 | 26453750 | Proliferation of primary NK cells in response to transpresented IL-15 was reduced by engagement of either KIR2DL1 or KIR2DL2/3 by cognate HLA-C ligands. |
| 2233 | 26453750 | Inhibitory KIR-HLA-C interactions did not reduce the proliferation induced by soluble IL-15. |
| 2234 | 26453750 | Therefore, transpresentation of IL-15 is subject to downregulation by MHC class I-specific inhibitory receptors. |
| 2235 | 26453750 | Similarly, proliferation of the NKG2A(+) cell line NKL induced by IL-15 transpresentation was inhibited by HLA-E. |
| 2236 | 26453750 | Coengagement of inhibitory receptors, either KIR2DL1 or CD94-NKG2A, did not inhibit phosphorylation of Stat5 but inhibited selectively phosphorylation of Akt and S6 ribosomal protein. |
| 2237 | 26453750 | Human cells expressing HLA class I ligands for inhibitory receptors KIR2DL1, KIR2DL2/3, or CD94-NKG2A were transfected with IL-15Rα. |
| 2238 | 26453750 | Proliferation of primary NK cells in response to transpresented IL-15 was reduced by engagement of either KIR2DL1 or KIR2DL2/3 by cognate HLA-C ligands. |
| 2239 | 26453750 | Inhibitory KIR-HLA-C interactions did not reduce the proliferation induced by soluble IL-15. |
| 2240 | 26453750 | Therefore, transpresentation of IL-15 is subject to downregulation by MHC class I-specific inhibitory receptors. |
| 2241 | 26453750 | Similarly, proliferation of the NKG2A(+) cell line NKL induced by IL-15 transpresentation was inhibited by HLA-E. |
| 2242 | 26453750 | Coengagement of inhibitory receptors, either KIR2DL1 or CD94-NKG2A, did not inhibit phosphorylation of Stat5 but inhibited selectively phosphorylation of Akt and S6 ribosomal protein. |
| 2243 | 26453750 | Human cells expressing HLA class I ligands for inhibitory receptors KIR2DL1, KIR2DL2/3, or CD94-NKG2A were transfected with IL-15Rα. |
| 2244 | 26453750 | Proliferation of primary NK cells in response to transpresented IL-15 was reduced by engagement of either KIR2DL1 or KIR2DL2/3 by cognate HLA-C ligands. |
| 2245 | 26453750 | Inhibitory KIR-HLA-C interactions did not reduce the proliferation induced by soluble IL-15. |
| 2246 | 26453750 | Therefore, transpresentation of IL-15 is subject to downregulation by MHC class I-specific inhibitory receptors. |
| 2247 | 26453750 | Similarly, proliferation of the NKG2A(+) cell line NKL induced by IL-15 transpresentation was inhibited by HLA-E. |
| 2248 | 26453750 | Coengagement of inhibitory receptors, either KIR2DL1 or CD94-NKG2A, did not inhibit phosphorylation of Stat5 but inhibited selectively phosphorylation of Akt and S6 ribosomal protein. |