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Gene Information
Gene symbol: IL17C
Gene name: interleukin 17C
HGNC ID: 5983
Synonyms: IL-17C, CX2, IL-21, MGC126884, MGC138401
Related Genes
Related Sentences
| # | PMID | Sentence |
| 1 | 12847225 | IL-21 activates both innate and adaptive immunity to generate potent antitumor responses that require perforin but are independent of IFN-gamma. |
| 2 | 12847225 | We show that IL-21 activates NK and CD8(+) T cells in vivo, thus mediating complete rejection of poorly immunogenic tumors. |
| 3 | 12847225 | Rejection of IL-21-secreting tumors requires the presence of cognate IL-21R and does not depend on CD4(+) T cell help. |
| 4 | 12847225 | Interestingly, perforin, but not IFN-gamma or other major Th1 and Th2 cytokines (IL-12, IL-4, or IL-10), is required for the IL-21-mediated antitumor response. |
| 5 | 12847225 | IL-21 activates both innate and adaptive immunity to generate potent antitumor responses that require perforin but are independent of IFN-gamma. |
| 6 | 12847225 | We show that IL-21 activates NK and CD8(+) T cells in vivo, thus mediating complete rejection of poorly immunogenic tumors. |
| 7 | 12847225 | Rejection of IL-21-secreting tumors requires the presence of cognate IL-21R and does not depend on CD4(+) T cell help. |
| 8 | 12847225 | Interestingly, perforin, but not IFN-gamma or other major Th1 and Th2 cytokines (IL-12, IL-4, or IL-10), is required for the IL-21-mediated antitumor response. |
| 9 | 12847225 | IL-21 activates both innate and adaptive immunity to generate potent antitumor responses that require perforin but are independent of IFN-gamma. |
| 10 | 12847225 | We show that IL-21 activates NK and CD8(+) T cells in vivo, thus mediating complete rejection of poorly immunogenic tumors. |
| 11 | 12847225 | Rejection of IL-21-secreting tumors requires the presence of cognate IL-21R and does not depend on CD4(+) T cell help. |
| 12 | 12847225 | Interestingly, perforin, but not IFN-gamma or other major Th1 and Th2 cytokines (IL-12, IL-4, or IL-10), is required for the IL-21-mediated antitumor response. |
| 13 | 12847225 | IL-21 activates both innate and adaptive immunity to generate potent antitumor responses that require perforin but are independent of IFN-gamma. |
| 14 | 12847225 | We show that IL-21 activates NK and CD8(+) T cells in vivo, thus mediating complete rejection of poorly immunogenic tumors. |
| 15 | 12847225 | Rejection of IL-21-secreting tumors requires the presence of cognate IL-21R and does not depend on CD4(+) T cell help. |
| 16 | 12847225 | Interestingly, perforin, but not IFN-gamma or other major Th1 and Th2 cytokines (IL-12, IL-4, or IL-10), is required for the IL-21-mediated antitumor response. |
| 17 | 14734732 | IL-21 induces tumor rejection by specific CTL and IFN-gamma-dependent CXC chemokines in syngeneic mice. |
| 18 | 14734732 | IL-21 is an immune-stimulatory four alpha helix cytokine produced by activated T cells. |
| 19 | 14734732 | Five days after injection, TS/A-IL-21 tumors showed numerous infiltrating granulocytes, NK cells, and to a lesser extent CD8(+) T cells, along with the expression of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. |
| 20 | 14734732 | At day 7, CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells increased together with IFN-gamma, and the CXC chemokines IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10, monokine induced by IFN-gamma, and IFN-inducible T cell alpha-chemoattractant. |
| 21 | 14734732 | In vivo depletion experiments by specific Abs showed that rejection of TS/A-IL-21 cells required CD8(+) T lymphocytes and granulocytes. |
| 22 | 14734732 | When injected in IFN-gamma-deficient mice, TS/A-IL-21 cells formed tumors that regressed in only 29% of animals, indicating a role for IFN-gamma in IL-21-mediated antitumor response, but also the existence of IFN-gamma-independent effects. |
| 23 | 14734732 | IL-21 induces tumor rejection by specific CTL and IFN-gamma-dependent CXC chemokines in syngeneic mice. |
| 24 | 14734732 | IL-21 is an immune-stimulatory four alpha helix cytokine produced by activated T cells. |
| 25 | 14734732 | Five days after injection, TS/A-IL-21 tumors showed numerous infiltrating granulocytes, NK cells, and to a lesser extent CD8(+) T cells, along with the expression of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. |
| 26 | 14734732 | At day 7, CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells increased together with IFN-gamma, and the CXC chemokines IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10, monokine induced by IFN-gamma, and IFN-inducible T cell alpha-chemoattractant. |
| 27 | 14734732 | In vivo depletion experiments by specific Abs showed that rejection of TS/A-IL-21 cells required CD8(+) T lymphocytes and granulocytes. |
| 28 | 14734732 | When injected in IFN-gamma-deficient mice, TS/A-IL-21 cells formed tumors that regressed in only 29% of animals, indicating a role for IFN-gamma in IL-21-mediated antitumor response, but also the existence of IFN-gamma-independent effects. |
| 29 | 14734732 | IL-21 induces tumor rejection by specific CTL and IFN-gamma-dependent CXC chemokines in syngeneic mice. |
| 30 | 14734732 | IL-21 is an immune-stimulatory four alpha helix cytokine produced by activated T cells. |
| 31 | 14734732 | Five days after injection, TS/A-IL-21 tumors showed numerous infiltrating granulocytes, NK cells, and to a lesser extent CD8(+) T cells, along with the expression of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. |
| 32 | 14734732 | At day 7, CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells increased together with IFN-gamma, and the CXC chemokines IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10, monokine induced by IFN-gamma, and IFN-inducible T cell alpha-chemoattractant. |
| 33 | 14734732 | In vivo depletion experiments by specific Abs showed that rejection of TS/A-IL-21 cells required CD8(+) T lymphocytes and granulocytes. |
| 34 | 14734732 | When injected in IFN-gamma-deficient mice, TS/A-IL-21 cells formed tumors that regressed in only 29% of animals, indicating a role for IFN-gamma in IL-21-mediated antitumor response, but also the existence of IFN-gamma-independent effects. |
| 35 | 14734732 | IL-21 induces tumor rejection by specific CTL and IFN-gamma-dependent CXC chemokines in syngeneic mice. |
| 36 | 14734732 | IL-21 is an immune-stimulatory four alpha helix cytokine produced by activated T cells. |
| 37 | 14734732 | Five days after injection, TS/A-IL-21 tumors showed numerous infiltrating granulocytes, NK cells, and to a lesser extent CD8(+) T cells, along with the expression of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. |
| 38 | 14734732 | At day 7, CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells increased together with IFN-gamma, and the CXC chemokines IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10, monokine induced by IFN-gamma, and IFN-inducible T cell alpha-chemoattractant. |
| 39 | 14734732 | In vivo depletion experiments by specific Abs showed that rejection of TS/A-IL-21 cells required CD8(+) T lymphocytes and granulocytes. |
| 40 | 14734732 | When injected in IFN-gamma-deficient mice, TS/A-IL-21 cells formed tumors that regressed in only 29% of animals, indicating a role for IFN-gamma in IL-21-mediated antitumor response, but also the existence of IFN-gamma-independent effects. |
| 41 | 14734732 | IL-21 induces tumor rejection by specific CTL and IFN-gamma-dependent CXC chemokines in syngeneic mice. |
| 42 | 14734732 | IL-21 is an immune-stimulatory four alpha helix cytokine produced by activated T cells. |
| 43 | 14734732 | Five days after injection, TS/A-IL-21 tumors showed numerous infiltrating granulocytes, NK cells, and to a lesser extent CD8(+) T cells, along with the expression of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. |
| 44 | 14734732 | At day 7, CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells increased together with IFN-gamma, and the CXC chemokines IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10, monokine induced by IFN-gamma, and IFN-inducible T cell alpha-chemoattractant. |
| 45 | 14734732 | In vivo depletion experiments by specific Abs showed that rejection of TS/A-IL-21 cells required CD8(+) T lymphocytes and granulocytes. |
| 46 | 14734732 | When injected in IFN-gamma-deficient mice, TS/A-IL-21 cells formed tumors that regressed in only 29% of animals, indicating a role for IFN-gamma in IL-21-mediated antitumor response, but also the existence of IFN-gamma-independent effects. |
| 47 | 15470476 | We investigated whether the vaccine potency is further improved by coadministration of cytokine genes together with a low dose of genetic vaccine. pDNA encoding IL-12, IL-15, IL-18 or IL-21 was capable of elevating survival rates of HSV-1-infected mice when coinjected with 1 microg of gB pDNA, while IL-10 gene delivery failed to affect the effectiveness of the genetic immunization. |
| 48 | 15470476 | Coadministration of the gB and IL-12 genes also elevated the serum level of interferon-gamma. |
| 49 | 16424205 | IL-21 is an IL-2-like cytokine, signaling through a specific IL-21R and the IL-2R gamma-chain. |
| 50 | 16424205 | We tested whether the low therapeutic outcome might be due to CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) present in TS/A-pc tumors and draining lymph nodes and whether IL-21 had any effect on these cells. |
| 51 | 16424205 | Indeed, CD4+CD25+ cells suppressed IFN-gamma production by splenocytes from immune mice in response to stimulation by the AH1 peptide. |
| 52 | 16424205 | Low concentrations of IL-21 (10 ng/ml) failed to reverse the inhibitory activity of CD4+CD25+ cells in an allogeneic MLR, whereas 60 ng/ml rIL-21 partially restored responder T cell proliferation. |
| 53 | 16424205 | Successful combined immunotherapy required NK cells, CD8+ T cells, and IFN-gamma. |
| 54 | 16424205 | IL-21 is an IL-2-like cytokine, signaling through a specific IL-21R and the IL-2R gamma-chain. |
| 55 | 16424205 | We tested whether the low therapeutic outcome might be due to CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) present in TS/A-pc tumors and draining lymph nodes and whether IL-21 had any effect on these cells. |
| 56 | 16424205 | Indeed, CD4+CD25+ cells suppressed IFN-gamma production by splenocytes from immune mice in response to stimulation by the AH1 peptide. |
| 57 | 16424205 | Low concentrations of IL-21 (10 ng/ml) failed to reverse the inhibitory activity of CD4+CD25+ cells in an allogeneic MLR, whereas 60 ng/ml rIL-21 partially restored responder T cell proliferation. |
| 58 | 16424205 | Successful combined immunotherapy required NK cells, CD8+ T cells, and IFN-gamma. |
| 59 | 16424205 | IL-21 is an IL-2-like cytokine, signaling through a specific IL-21R and the IL-2R gamma-chain. |
| 60 | 16424205 | We tested whether the low therapeutic outcome might be due to CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) present in TS/A-pc tumors and draining lymph nodes and whether IL-21 had any effect on these cells. |
| 61 | 16424205 | Indeed, CD4+CD25+ cells suppressed IFN-gamma production by splenocytes from immune mice in response to stimulation by the AH1 peptide. |
| 62 | 16424205 | Low concentrations of IL-21 (10 ng/ml) failed to reverse the inhibitory activity of CD4+CD25+ cells in an allogeneic MLR, whereas 60 ng/ml rIL-21 partially restored responder T cell proliferation. |
| 63 | 16424205 | Successful combined immunotherapy required NK cells, CD8+ T cells, and IFN-gamma. |
| 64 | 16772043 | Combined IL-21 and low-dose IL-2 therapy induces anti-tumor immunity and long-term curative effects in a murine melanoma tumor model. |
| 65 | 16785513 | Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery. |
| 66 | 16785513 | We investigated the ability of a plasmid-derived IL-21 delivered alone or in combination with the IL-15 gene to regulate immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein induced by DNA vaccination. |
| 67 | 16785513 | Moreover, IL-21 in a synergistic manner with IL-15 expression vector augmented the vaccine-induced recall responses to the vBD3 challenge compared with those elicited by immunization in the presence of either cytokine alone. |
| 68 | 16785513 | The synergistic combination of IL-21 and IL-15 plasmids promoted expansion of CD8+CD127+ memory T cell pools specific for a subdominant HLA-A2-restricted Env(121-129) epitope (KLTPLCVTL). |
| 69 | 16785513 | Our results also show that coimmunization with IL-21 and IL-15 plasmid combination resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell function that was partially independent of CD4+ T cell help in mediating protection against vBD3 challenge. |
| 70 | 16785513 | Furthermore, the use of IL-21 and IL-15 genes was able to increase Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent lysis of Env-expressing target cells through augmentation of Env-specific IgG Ab levels. |
| 71 | 16785513 | These data indicate that the plasmid-delivered IL-21 and IL-15 can increase the magnitude of the response to DNA vaccines. |
| 72 | 16785513 | Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery. |
| 73 | 16785513 | We investigated the ability of a plasmid-derived IL-21 delivered alone or in combination with the IL-15 gene to regulate immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein induced by DNA vaccination. |
| 74 | 16785513 | Moreover, IL-21 in a synergistic manner with IL-15 expression vector augmented the vaccine-induced recall responses to the vBD3 challenge compared with those elicited by immunization in the presence of either cytokine alone. |
| 75 | 16785513 | The synergistic combination of IL-21 and IL-15 plasmids promoted expansion of CD8+CD127+ memory T cell pools specific for a subdominant HLA-A2-restricted Env(121-129) epitope (KLTPLCVTL). |
| 76 | 16785513 | Our results also show that coimmunization with IL-21 and IL-15 plasmid combination resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell function that was partially independent of CD4+ T cell help in mediating protection against vBD3 challenge. |
| 77 | 16785513 | Furthermore, the use of IL-21 and IL-15 genes was able to increase Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent lysis of Env-expressing target cells through augmentation of Env-specific IgG Ab levels. |
| 78 | 16785513 | These data indicate that the plasmid-delivered IL-21 and IL-15 can increase the magnitude of the response to DNA vaccines. |
| 79 | 16785513 | Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery. |
| 80 | 16785513 | We investigated the ability of a plasmid-derived IL-21 delivered alone or in combination with the IL-15 gene to regulate immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein induced by DNA vaccination. |
| 81 | 16785513 | Moreover, IL-21 in a synergistic manner with IL-15 expression vector augmented the vaccine-induced recall responses to the vBD3 challenge compared with those elicited by immunization in the presence of either cytokine alone. |
| 82 | 16785513 | The synergistic combination of IL-21 and IL-15 plasmids promoted expansion of CD8+CD127+ memory T cell pools specific for a subdominant HLA-A2-restricted Env(121-129) epitope (KLTPLCVTL). |
| 83 | 16785513 | Our results also show that coimmunization with IL-21 and IL-15 plasmid combination resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell function that was partially independent of CD4+ T cell help in mediating protection against vBD3 challenge. |
| 84 | 16785513 | Furthermore, the use of IL-21 and IL-15 genes was able to increase Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent lysis of Env-expressing target cells through augmentation of Env-specific IgG Ab levels. |
| 85 | 16785513 | These data indicate that the plasmid-delivered IL-21 and IL-15 can increase the magnitude of the response to DNA vaccines. |
| 86 | 16785513 | Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery. |
| 87 | 16785513 | We investigated the ability of a plasmid-derived IL-21 delivered alone or in combination with the IL-15 gene to regulate immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein induced by DNA vaccination. |
| 88 | 16785513 | Moreover, IL-21 in a synergistic manner with IL-15 expression vector augmented the vaccine-induced recall responses to the vBD3 challenge compared with those elicited by immunization in the presence of either cytokine alone. |
| 89 | 16785513 | The synergistic combination of IL-21 and IL-15 plasmids promoted expansion of CD8+CD127+ memory T cell pools specific for a subdominant HLA-A2-restricted Env(121-129) epitope (KLTPLCVTL). |
| 90 | 16785513 | Our results also show that coimmunization with IL-21 and IL-15 plasmid combination resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell function that was partially independent of CD4+ T cell help in mediating protection against vBD3 challenge. |
| 91 | 16785513 | Furthermore, the use of IL-21 and IL-15 genes was able to increase Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent lysis of Env-expressing target cells through augmentation of Env-specific IgG Ab levels. |
| 92 | 16785513 | These data indicate that the plasmid-delivered IL-21 and IL-15 can increase the magnitude of the response to DNA vaccines. |
| 93 | 16785513 | Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery. |
| 94 | 16785513 | We investigated the ability of a plasmid-derived IL-21 delivered alone or in combination with the IL-15 gene to regulate immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein induced by DNA vaccination. |
| 95 | 16785513 | Moreover, IL-21 in a synergistic manner with IL-15 expression vector augmented the vaccine-induced recall responses to the vBD3 challenge compared with those elicited by immunization in the presence of either cytokine alone. |
| 96 | 16785513 | The synergistic combination of IL-21 and IL-15 plasmids promoted expansion of CD8+CD127+ memory T cell pools specific for a subdominant HLA-A2-restricted Env(121-129) epitope (KLTPLCVTL). |
| 97 | 16785513 | Our results also show that coimmunization with IL-21 and IL-15 plasmid combination resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell function that was partially independent of CD4+ T cell help in mediating protection against vBD3 challenge. |
| 98 | 16785513 | Furthermore, the use of IL-21 and IL-15 genes was able to increase Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent lysis of Env-expressing target cells through augmentation of Env-specific IgG Ab levels. |
| 99 | 16785513 | These data indicate that the plasmid-delivered IL-21 and IL-15 can increase the magnitude of the response to DNA vaccines. |
| 100 | 16785513 | Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery. |
| 101 | 16785513 | We investigated the ability of a plasmid-derived IL-21 delivered alone or in combination with the IL-15 gene to regulate immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein induced by DNA vaccination. |
| 102 | 16785513 | Moreover, IL-21 in a synergistic manner with IL-15 expression vector augmented the vaccine-induced recall responses to the vBD3 challenge compared with those elicited by immunization in the presence of either cytokine alone. |
| 103 | 16785513 | The synergistic combination of IL-21 and IL-15 plasmids promoted expansion of CD8+CD127+ memory T cell pools specific for a subdominant HLA-A2-restricted Env(121-129) epitope (KLTPLCVTL). |
| 104 | 16785513 | Our results also show that coimmunization with IL-21 and IL-15 plasmid combination resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell function that was partially independent of CD4+ T cell help in mediating protection against vBD3 challenge. |
| 105 | 16785513 | Furthermore, the use of IL-21 and IL-15 genes was able to increase Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent lysis of Env-expressing target cells through augmentation of Env-specific IgG Ab levels. |
| 106 | 16785513 | These data indicate that the plasmid-delivered IL-21 and IL-15 can increase the magnitude of the response to DNA vaccines. |
| 107 | 16785513 | Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery. |
| 108 | 16785513 | We investigated the ability of a plasmid-derived IL-21 delivered alone or in combination with the IL-15 gene to regulate immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein induced by DNA vaccination. |
| 109 | 16785513 | Moreover, IL-21 in a synergistic manner with IL-15 expression vector augmented the vaccine-induced recall responses to the vBD3 challenge compared with those elicited by immunization in the presence of either cytokine alone. |
| 110 | 16785513 | The synergistic combination of IL-21 and IL-15 plasmids promoted expansion of CD8+CD127+ memory T cell pools specific for a subdominant HLA-A2-restricted Env(121-129) epitope (KLTPLCVTL). |
| 111 | 16785513 | Our results also show that coimmunization with IL-21 and IL-15 plasmid combination resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell function that was partially independent of CD4+ T cell help in mediating protection against vBD3 challenge. |
| 112 | 16785513 | Furthermore, the use of IL-21 and IL-15 genes was able to increase Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent lysis of Env-expressing target cells through augmentation of Env-specific IgG Ab levels. |
| 113 | 16785513 | These data indicate that the plasmid-delivered IL-21 and IL-15 can increase the magnitude of the response to DNA vaccines. |
| 114 | 16884670 | Experimental immunotherapy approaches in clinical development include 1) cytokines such as IL-7 and IL-21, 2) cytokine-antibody fusion proteins or immunocytokines, 3) whole tumor cell vaccines, 4) genetically modified tumor cells, 5) heat shock protein vaccines, 6) peptide vaccines, 7) dendritic cells pulsed with tumor antigens, 8) tumor antigen-naked DNA vectors, 9) recombinant viral vectors (either alone or in a prime boost schedule), 10) adoptive transfer of cloned tumor antigen-specific T cells, 11) Toll-like receptor ligands, 12) antagonistic antibodies to the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4, CD152), and 13) activating antibodies to CD40 and CD137 (41-BB). |
| 115 | 17553344 | [Anti-tumor mechanisms of Sp2/0 tumor vaccine transfected with mIL-21 gene in mice]. |
| 116 | 17597331 | Induction of protective immune responses against NXS2 neuroblastoma challenge in mice by immunotherapy with GD2 mimotope vaccine and IL-15 and IL-21 gene delivery. |
| 117 | 17597331 | We demonstrated that immunization of A/J mice with DNA vaccine expressing the 47-LDA mimotope of GD2 in combination with IL-15 and IL-21 genes enhanced the induction of GD2 cross-reactive IgG2 antibody responses that exhibited cytolytic activity against NXS2 cells. |
| 118 | 17597331 | The vaccine efficacy was reduced after depletion of NK cells as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes suggesting involvement of innate and adaptive immune responses in mediating the antitumor activity in vivo. |
| 119 | 17597331 | We also demonstrated that coimmunization of NXS2-challenged mice with the IL-15 and IL-21 gene combination resulted in enhanced CD8(+) T cell function that was partially independent of CD4(+) T cell help in inhibiting tumor growth. |
| 120 | 17597331 | This study is the first demonstration that the mimotope vaccine of a weakly immunogenic carbohydrate antigen in combination with plasmid-derived IL-15 and IL-21 cytokines induces both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system leading to the generation of effective protection against neuroblastoma challenge. |
| 121 | 17597331 | Induction of protective immune responses against NXS2 neuroblastoma challenge in mice by immunotherapy with GD2 mimotope vaccine and IL-15 and IL-21 gene delivery. |
| 122 | 17597331 | We demonstrated that immunization of A/J mice with DNA vaccine expressing the 47-LDA mimotope of GD2 in combination with IL-15 and IL-21 genes enhanced the induction of GD2 cross-reactive IgG2 antibody responses that exhibited cytolytic activity against NXS2 cells. |
| 123 | 17597331 | The vaccine efficacy was reduced after depletion of NK cells as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes suggesting involvement of innate and adaptive immune responses in mediating the antitumor activity in vivo. |
| 124 | 17597331 | We also demonstrated that coimmunization of NXS2-challenged mice with the IL-15 and IL-21 gene combination resulted in enhanced CD8(+) T cell function that was partially independent of CD4(+) T cell help in inhibiting tumor growth. |
| 125 | 17597331 | This study is the first demonstration that the mimotope vaccine of a weakly immunogenic carbohydrate antigen in combination with plasmid-derived IL-15 and IL-21 cytokines induces both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system leading to the generation of effective protection against neuroblastoma challenge. |
| 126 | 17597331 | Induction of protective immune responses against NXS2 neuroblastoma challenge in mice by immunotherapy with GD2 mimotope vaccine and IL-15 and IL-21 gene delivery. |
| 127 | 17597331 | We demonstrated that immunization of A/J mice with DNA vaccine expressing the 47-LDA mimotope of GD2 in combination with IL-15 and IL-21 genes enhanced the induction of GD2 cross-reactive IgG2 antibody responses that exhibited cytolytic activity against NXS2 cells. |
| 128 | 17597331 | The vaccine efficacy was reduced after depletion of NK cells as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes suggesting involvement of innate and adaptive immune responses in mediating the antitumor activity in vivo. |
| 129 | 17597331 | We also demonstrated that coimmunization of NXS2-challenged mice with the IL-15 and IL-21 gene combination resulted in enhanced CD8(+) T cell function that was partially independent of CD4(+) T cell help in inhibiting tumor growth. |
| 130 | 17597331 | This study is the first demonstration that the mimotope vaccine of a weakly immunogenic carbohydrate antigen in combination with plasmid-derived IL-15 and IL-21 cytokines induces both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system leading to the generation of effective protection against neuroblastoma challenge. |
| 131 | 17597331 | Induction of protective immune responses against NXS2 neuroblastoma challenge in mice by immunotherapy with GD2 mimotope vaccine and IL-15 and IL-21 gene delivery. |
| 132 | 17597331 | We demonstrated that immunization of A/J mice with DNA vaccine expressing the 47-LDA mimotope of GD2 in combination with IL-15 and IL-21 genes enhanced the induction of GD2 cross-reactive IgG2 antibody responses that exhibited cytolytic activity against NXS2 cells. |
| 133 | 17597331 | The vaccine efficacy was reduced after depletion of NK cells as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes suggesting involvement of innate and adaptive immune responses in mediating the antitumor activity in vivo. |
| 134 | 17597331 | We also demonstrated that coimmunization of NXS2-challenged mice with the IL-15 and IL-21 gene combination resulted in enhanced CD8(+) T cell function that was partially independent of CD4(+) T cell help in inhibiting tumor growth. |
| 135 | 17597331 | This study is the first demonstration that the mimotope vaccine of a weakly immunogenic carbohydrate antigen in combination with plasmid-derived IL-15 and IL-21 cytokines induces both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system leading to the generation of effective protection against neuroblastoma challenge. |
| 136 | 17912460 | When compared to monotherapy, the anti-neoplastic efficacy was significantly enhanced when intratumoral Ad.VSV-G administration was combined with adenovirus vectors encoding IL-2, IL-12, IL-18, IL-21, or GM-CSF. |
| 137 | 17996992 | Antigenic stimulation of peripheral blood CD4+ T cells from BCG-vaccinated cattle enhanced expression of perforin and IFNgamma in cells expressing a CD45RA-CD45RO+CD62L+ cell surface phenotype, enhanced transcription of granulysin, IFNgamma, perforin, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-21, and enhanced anti-mycobacterial activity of CD4+ T cells against BCG-infected macrophages. |
| 138 | 18299268 | Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a newly described, typical, four-helix cytokine showing significant homology with IL-2, IL-4 and IL-15. |
| 139 | 18299268 | Prevalence and level of IL-21, total IgG and subclass (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) titers were determined in plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). |
| 140 | 18299268 | Plasma IL-21 levels correlated with IgG1 and IgG3 levels. |
| 141 | 18299268 | Additionally, plasma IL-21 levels correlated with hemoglobin levels in younger children and with parasite density. |
| 142 | 18299268 | Here we describe the relationship between IL-21 and antibodies for erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 (EBA-175) peptide 4, a malaria vaccine candidate in Gabonese children with acute falciparum malaria. |
| 143 | 18299268 | Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a newly described, typical, four-helix cytokine showing significant homology with IL-2, IL-4 and IL-15. |
| 144 | 18299268 | Prevalence and level of IL-21, total IgG and subclass (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) titers were determined in plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). |
| 145 | 18299268 | Plasma IL-21 levels correlated with IgG1 and IgG3 levels. |
| 146 | 18299268 | Additionally, plasma IL-21 levels correlated with hemoglobin levels in younger children and with parasite density. |
| 147 | 18299268 | Here we describe the relationship between IL-21 and antibodies for erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 (EBA-175) peptide 4, a malaria vaccine candidate in Gabonese children with acute falciparum malaria. |
| 148 | 18299268 | Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a newly described, typical, four-helix cytokine showing significant homology with IL-2, IL-4 and IL-15. |
| 149 | 18299268 | Prevalence and level of IL-21, total IgG and subclass (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) titers were determined in plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). |
| 150 | 18299268 | Plasma IL-21 levels correlated with IgG1 and IgG3 levels. |
| 151 | 18299268 | Additionally, plasma IL-21 levels correlated with hemoglobin levels in younger children and with parasite density. |
| 152 | 18299268 | Here we describe the relationship between IL-21 and antibodies for erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 (EBA-175) peptide 4, a malaria vaccine candidate in Gabonese children with acute falciparum malaria. |
| 153 | 18299268 | Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a newly described, typical, four-helix cytokine showing significant homology with IL-2, IL-4 and IL-15. |
| 154 | 18299268 | Prevalence and level of IL-21, total IgG and subclass (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) titers were determined in plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). |
| 155 | 18299268 | Plasma IL-21 levels correlated with IgG1 and IgG3 levels. |
| 156 | 18299268 | Additionally, plasma IL-21 levels correlated with hemoglobin levels in younger children and with parasite density. |
| 157 | 18299268 | Here we describe the relationship between IL-21 and antibodies for erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 (EBA-175) peptide 4, a malaria vaccine candidate in Gabonese children with acute falciparum malaria. |
| 158 | 18299268 | Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a newly described, typical, four-helix cytokine showing significant homology with IL-2, IL-4 and IL-15. |
| 159 | 18299268 | Prevalence and level of IL-21, total IgG and subclass (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) titers were determined in plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). |
| 160 | 18299268 | Plasma IL-21 levels correlated with IgG1 and IgG3 levels. |
| 161 | 18299268 | Additionally, plasma IL-21 levels correlated with hemoglobin levels in younger children and with parasite density. |
| 162 | 18299268 | Here we describe the relationship between IL-21 and antibodies for erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 (EBA-175) peptide 4, a malaria vaccine candidate in Gabonese children with acute falciparum malaria. |
| 163 | 18300037 | In this paper, we addressed the immune adjuvant effects of interleukin(IL)-21 on DNA vaccine constructs expressing mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) Ag85A and compared immune responses induced in mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A and IL-21 with mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A alone or Bacillus Galmette-Guérin(BCG.). |
| 164 | 18300037 | In this experiment, the gene of IL-21 was firstly amplified from plasmid pcDNA3.1-mIL21 by PCR and cloned into the plasmid pRSC, forming recombinant plasmid pRSC-IL21. |
| 165 | 18300037 | It was identified by the analysis of endonuclease digestion, DNA sequencing, the IL-21 and Ag85A expression in SP2/0 cells. |
| 166 | 18300037 | The results showed that the DNA vaccine constructs pRSC-IL21-Ag85A was successfully constructed since the Ag85A and IL-21 was correctly expressed in SP2/0 cells respectively, and it elicited stronger immune responses in Balb/c mice than that of mice immunized with pRSC-Ag85A and the efficiency was as BCG did. |
| 167 | 18300037 | We concluded that the IL-21 was a promising immune adjunctive modality to enhance immunigenicity of DNA vaccine containing Ag85A and the study provided the possibility of further development of immune accessory effect of IL-21 on DNA vaccine against TB. |
| 168 | 18300037 | In this paper, we addressed the immune adjuvant effects of interleukin(IL)-21 on DNA vaccine constructs expressing mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) Ag85A and compared immune responses induced in mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A and IL-21 with mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A alone or Bacillus Galmette-Guérin(BCG.). |
| 169 | 18300037 | In this experiment, the gene of IL-21 was firstly amplified from plasmid pcDNA3.1-mIL21 by PCR and cloned into the plasmid pRSC, forming recombinant plasmid pRSC-IL21. |
| 170 | 18300037 | It was identified by the analysis of endonuclease digestion, DNA sequencing, the IL-21 and Ag85A expression in SP2/0 cells. |
| 171 | 18300037 | The results showed that the DNA vaccine constructs pRSC-IL21-Ag85A was successfully constructed since the Ag85A and IL-21 was correctly expressed in SP2/0 cells respectively, and it elicited stronger immune responses in Balb/c mice than that of mice immunized with pRSC-Ag85A and the efficiency was as BCG did. |
| 172 | 18300037 | We concluded that the IL-21 was a promising immune adjunctive modality to enhance immunigenicity of DNA vaccine containing Ag85A and the study provided the possibility of further development of immune accessory effect of IL-21 on DNA vaccine against TB. |
| 173 | 18300037 | In this paper, we addressed the immune adjuvant effects of interleukin(IL)-21 on DNA vaccine constructs expressing mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) Ag85A and compared immune responses induced in mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A and IL-21 with mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A alone or Bacillus Galmette-Guérin(BCG.). |
| 174 | 18300037 | In this experiment, the gene of IL-21 was firstly amplified from plasmid pcDNA3.1-mIL21 by PCR and cloned into the plasmid pRSC, forming recombinant plasmid pRSC-IL21. |
| 175 | 18300037 | It was identified by the analysis of endonuclease digestion, DNA sequencing, the IL-21 and Ag85A expression in SP2/0 cells. |
| 176 | 18300037 | The results showed that the DNA vaccine constructs pRSC-IL21-Ag85A was successfully constructed since the Ag85A and IL-21 was correctly expressed in SP2/0 cells respectively, and it elicited stronger immune responses in Balb/c mice than that of mice immunized with pRSC-Ag85A and the efficiency was as BCG did. |
| 177 | 18300037 | We concluded that the IL-21 was a promising immune adjunctive modality to enhance immunigenicity of DNA vaccine containing Ag85A and the study provided the possibility of further development of immune accessory effect of IL-21 on DNA vaccine against TB. |
| 178 | 18300037 | In this paper, we addressed the immune adjuvant effects of interleukin(IL)-21 on DNA vaccine constructs expressing mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) Ag85A and compared immune responses induced in mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A and IL-21 with mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A alone or Bacillus Galmette-Guérin(BCG.). |
| 179 | 18300037 | In this experiment, the gene of IL-21 was firstly amplified from plasmid pcDNA3.1-mIL21 by PCR and cloned into the plasmid pRSC, forming recombinant plasmid pRSC-IL21. |
| 180 | 18300037 | It was identified by the analysis of endonuclease digestion, DNA sequencing, the IL-21 and Ag85A expression in SP2/0 cells. |
| 181 | 18300037 | The results showed that the DNA vaccine constructs pRSC-IL21-Ag85A was successfully constructed since the Ag85A and IL-21 was correctly expressed in SP2/0 cells respectively, and it elicited stronger immune responses in Balb/c mice than that of mice immunized with pRSC-Ag85A and the efficiency was as BCG did. |
| 182 | 18300037 | We concluded that the IL-21 was a promising immune adjunctive modality to enhance immunigenicity of DNA vaccine containing Ag85A and the study provided the possibility of further development of immune accessory effect of IL-21 on DNA vaccine against TB. |
| 183 | 18300037 | In this paper, we addressed the immune adjuvant effects of interleukin(IL)-21 on DNA vaccine constructs expressing mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) Ag85A and compared immune responses induced in mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A and IL-21 with mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A alone or Bacillus Galmette-Guérin(BCG.). |
| 184 | 18300037 | In this experiment, the gene of IL-21 was firstly amplified from plasmid pcDNA3.1-mIL21 by PCR and cloned into the plasmid pRSC, forming recombinant plasmid pRSC-IL21. |
| 185 | 18300037 | It was identified by the analysis of endonuclease digestion, DNA sequencing, the IL-21 and Ag85A expression in SP2/0 cells. |
| 186 | 18300037 | The results showed that the DNA vaccine constructs pRSC-IL21-Ag85A was successfully constructed since the Ag85A and IL-21 was correctly expressed in SP2/0 cells respectively, and it elicited stronger immune responses in Balb/c mice than that of mice immunized with pRSC-Ag85A and the efficiency was as BCG did. |
| 187 | 18300037 | We concluded that the IL-21 was a promising immune adjunctive modality to enhance immunigenicity of DNA vaccine containing Ag85A and the study provided the possibility of further development of immune accessory effect of IL-21 on DNA vaccine against TB. |
| 188 | 18497970 | In this study, we constructed two coexpression vectors pGL3-CD80-OVA-linker-beta2m and pGL3-IL21-OVA-linker-beta2m, in order to explore the cooperative action of CD80 or interleukin-21 (IL21) with the epitope fusion gene in anti-tumor immunity. |
| 189 | 18497970 | IL21 played a more cooperative role with the OVA-linker-beta2m than CD80 in this study. |
| 190 | 18497970 | In this study, we constructed two coexpression vectors pGL3-CD80-OVA-linker-beta2m and pGL3-IL21-OVA-linker-beta2m, in order to explore the cooperative action of CD80 or interleukin-21 (IL21) with the epitope fusion gene in anti-tumor immunity. |
| 191 | 18497970 | IL21 played a more cooperative role with the OVA-linker-beta2m than CD80 in this study. |
| 192 | 18606647 | Treatment with an anti-inflammatory Salmonella vaccine expressing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor Ag 1 (CFA/I) proved effective in stimulating protective, potent CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells in susceptible mice challenged with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). |
| 193 | 18606647 | Treatment with Salmonella-CFA/I(IC) greatly reduced clinical disease, similarly as Salmonella-CFA/I, by subduing IL-17 and IL-21; however, mechanisms of protection differed as evident by increased IL-13 and IFN-gamma but diminished TGF-beta production by T(reg) cells from Salmonella-CFA/I(IC)-treated mice. |
| 194 | 18606647 | Although not as potent in its protection, CD25(-)CD4(+) T cells from Salmonella-CFA/I(IC) showed minimal Th2 cells, but vaccination did prime these Th2 cells rendering partial protection against EAE challenge. |
| 195 | 18606647 | In vivo IL-13 but not IFN-gamma neutralization compromised protection conferred by adoptive transfer with Salmonella-CFA/I(IC)-induced T(reg) cells. |
| 196 | 19038785 | Specifically, 12 immune biomolecules (including gamma interferon [IFN-gamma], interleukin-21 [IL-21], IL-27, IL-17f, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11) were differentially regulated, relative to the levels for naïve controls, in the lungs of vaccinated mice at this time point. |
| 197 | 19038785 | Although the vaccine-related immune responses evoked in mice immunized with the DNA vaccine were relatively limited at 10 days postinfection, upregulation of IFN-gamma RNA synthesis as well as increased expression levels of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 chemokines were detected. |
| 198 | 19196197 | Role of IL-15 and IL-21 in viral immunity: applications for vaccines and therapies. |
| 199 | 19196197 | Two recently discovered cytokines (IL-15 and IL-21) appear to be key regulators in this process. |
| 200 | 19196197 | IL-15 induces an antiviral state during innate immunity through the regulation of IFN-alpha/beta production and natural killer cell proliferation. |
| 201 | 19196197 | During the memory phase, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells are highly dependent on IL-15 signaling. |
| 202 | 19196197 | IL-21 induces natural killer cell maturation and IFN-gamma production and acts to enhance the proliferation of memory CD8(+) T cells, its effects being more pronounced when combined with IL-15. |
| 203 | 19196197 | Role of IL-15 and IL-21 in viral immunity: applications for vaccines and therapies. |
| 204 | 19196197 | Two recently discovered cytokines (IL-15 and IL-21) appear to be key regulators in this process. |
| 205 | 19196197 | IL-15 induces an antiviral state during innate immunity through the regulation of IFN-alpha/beta production and natural killer cell proliferation. |
| 206 | 19196197 | During the memory phase, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells are highly dependent on IL-15 signaling. |
| 207 | 19196197 | IL-21 induces natural killer cell maturation and IFN-gamma production and acts to enhance the proliferation of memory CD8(+) T cells, its effects being more pronounced when combined with IL-15. |
| 208 | 19196197 | Role of IL-15 and IL-21 in viral immunity: applications for vaccines and therapies. |
| 209 | 19196197 | Two recently discovered cytokines (IL-15 and IL-21) appear to be key regulators in this process. |
| 210 | 19196197 | IL-15 induces an antiviral state during innate immunity through the regulation of IFN-alpha/beta production and natural killer cell proliferation. |
| 211 | 19196197 | During the memory phase, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells are highly dependent on IL-15 signaling. |
| 212 | 19196197 | IL-21 induces natural killer cell maturation and IFN-gamma production and acts to enhance the proliferation of memory CD8(+) T cells, its effects being more pronounced when combined with IL-15. |
| 213 | 19414765 | PI cytokines also induced significant production of effector cytokines, including IL-4, IFN-gamma, IL-17, and IL-21, by both young and aged CD4 T cells. |
| 214 | 19428306 | In this review, we discuss the four major gammaC cytokines that have proven activity in or potential for immunotherapy: IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21. |
| 215 | 19457579 | Investigation on the anti-tumor efficacy by expression of GPI-anchored mIL-21 on the surface of B16F10 cells in C57BL/6 mice. |
| 216 | 19457579 | The fusion genes containing mIL-21 and the GPI anchor signal sequence was acquired by overlaping PCR, inserted into plasmid pcDNA3.1 to form the pcDNA3.1 mIL-21-GPI recombinant, which was transfected into the B16F10 cells, and the tumor vaccine based on B16F10 cells expressing the GPI-anchored membrane mIL-21 was generated. |
| 217 | 19457579 | Through transfection, it was found that GPI-anchored membrane mIL-21 has no proliferate impact on B16F10 cells, but it was functional and reflected in inducing CD3-activated murine splenocytes proliferation response to B16F10 cells, improving the cytotoxicities of CTL and NK cells, increasing the numbers of splenocytes-producing IFN-gamma in mice, augmenting therapeutic effect of tumor and prolonging longevity effects in tumor-bearing mice injected with the inactivated GPI-anchored mIL-21 tumor vaccine. |
| 218 | 19457579 | Investigation on the anti-tumor efficacy by expression of GPI-anchored mIL-21 on the surface of B16F10 cells in C57BL/6 mice. |
| 219 | 19457579 | The fusion genes containing mIL-21 and the GPI anchor signal sequence was acquired by overlaping PCR, inserted into plasmid pcDNA3.1 to form the pcDNA3.1 mIL-21-GPI recombinant, which was transfected into the B16F10 cells, and the tumor vaccine based on B16F10 cells expressing the GPI-anchored membrane mIL-21 was generated. |
| 220 | 19457579 | Through transfection, it was found that GPI-anchored membrane mIL-21 has no proliferate impact on B16F10 cells, but it was functional and reflected in inducing CD3-activated murine splenocytes proliferation response to B16F10 cells, improving the cytotoxicities of CTL and NK cells, increasing the numbers of splenocytes-producing IFN-gamma in mice, augmenting therapeutic effect of tumor and prolonging longevity effects in tumor-bearing mice injected with the inactivated GPI-anchored mIL-21 tumor vaccine. |
| 221 | 19457579 | Investigation on the anti-tumor efficacy by expression of GPI-anchored mIL-21 on the surface of B16F10 cells in C57BL/6 mice. |
| 222 | 19457579 | The fusion genes containing mIL-21 and the GPI anchor signal sequence was acquired by overlaping PCR, inserted into plasmid pcDNA3.1 to form the pcDNA3.1 mIL-21-GPI recombinant, which was transfected into the B16F10 cells, and the tumor vaccine based on B16F10 cells expressing the GPI-anchored membrane mIL-21 was generated. |
| 223 | 19457579 | Through transfection, it was found that GPI-anchored membrane mIL-21 has no proliferate impact on B16F10 cells, but it was functional and reflected in inducing CD3-activated murine splenocytes proliferation response to B16F10 cells, improving the cytotoxicities of CTL and NK cells, increasing the numbers of splenocytes-producing IFN-gamma in mice, augmenting therapeutic effect of tumor and prolonging longevity effects in tumor-bearing mice injected with the inactivated GPI-anchored mIL-21 tumor vaccine. |
| 224 | 19458207 | Among the consistently upregulated cytokines detected in the immune cocultures are gamma interferon, growth differentiation factor 15, interleukin-21 (IL-21), IL-27, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. |
| 225 | 19543225 | In this Review, we focus on our current understanding of the distinct and overlapping effects of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21, as well as the IL-7-related cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), on the survival and proliferation of conventional alphabeta T cells, gammadelta T cells and regulatory T cells. |
| 226 | 19561536 | As T cells themselves may serve as effective antigen-presenting cells (T antigen-presenting cells; TAPC) and may be useful in vivo as cellular vaccines, we examined whether CD8(+) T cells genetically modified to produce IL-21 could induce immune responses to tumor associated antigen peptides in healthy human leukocyte antigen-A2(+) donors. |
| 227 | 19561536 | We found that IL-21 modified TAPC enhanced both the proliferation and survival of MART-1 specific CD8(+) T cells, which were enriched by >8-fold over cultures with control nontransgenic TAPC. |
| 228 | 19561536 | MART-1-specific CTL produced interferon-gamma in response to cognate peptide antigen and killed primary tumor cells expressing MART-1 in a major histocompatibility complex restricted manner. |
| 229 | 19561536 | IL-21 modified TAPC similarly enhanced generation of functional CTL against melanoma antigen gp100 and the B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated RHAMM antigen. |
| 230 | 19561536 | Antigen-specific CTL generated using IL-21 gene-modified TAPC had a central memory phenotype characterized by CD45RA(-), CD44(high), CD27(high), CD28(high), CD62L(high), and IL-7 receptor-alpha(high), contrasting with the terminal effector phenotype of CTL generated in the absence of IL-21. |
| 231 | 19561536 | As T cells themselves may serve as effective antigen-presenting cells (T antigen-presenting cells; TAPC) and may be useful in vivo as cellular vaccines, we examined whether CD8(+) T cells genetically modified to produce IL-21 could induce immune responses to tumor associated antigen peptides in healthy human leukocyte antigen-A2(+) donors. |
| 232 | 19561536 | We found that IL-21 modified TAPC enhanced both the proliferation and survival of MART-1 specific CD8(+) T cells, which were enriched by >8-fold over cultures with control nontransgenic TAPC. |
| 233 | 19561536 | MART-1-specific CTL produced interferon-gamma in response to cognate peptide antigen and killed primary tumor cells expressing MART-1 in a major histocompatibility complex restricted manner. |
| 234 | 19561536 | IL-21 modified TAPC similarly enhanced generation of functional CTL against melanoma antigen gp100 and the B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated RHAMM antigen. |
| 235 | 19561536 | Antigen-specific CTL generated using IL-21 gene-modified TAPC had a central memory phenotype characterized by CD45RA(-), CD44(high), CD27(high), CD28(high), CD62L(high), and IL-7 receptor-alpha(high), contrasting with the terminal effector phenotype of CTL generated in the absence of IL-21. |
| 236 | 19561536 | As T cells themselves may serve as effective antigen-presenting cells (T antigen-presenting cells; TAPC) and may be useful in vivo as cellular vaccines, we examined whether CD8(+) T cells genetically modified to produce IL-21 could induce immune responses to tumor associated antigen peptides in healthy human leukocyte antigen-A2(+) donors. |
| 237 | 19561536 | We found that IL-21 modified TAPC enhanced both the proliferation and survival of MART-1 specific CD8(+) T cells, which were enriched by >8-fold over cultures with control nontransgenic TAPC. |
| 238 | 19561536 | MART-1-specific CTL produced interferon-gamma in response to cognate peptide antigen and killed primary tumor cells expressing MART-1 in a major histocompatibility complex restricted manner. |
| 239 | 19561536 | IL-21 modified TAPC similarly enhanced generation of functional CTL against melanoma antigen gp100 and the B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated RHAMM antigen. |
| 240 | 19561536 | Antigen-specific CTL generated using IL-21 gene-modified TAPC had a central memory phenotype characterized by CD45RA(-), CD44(high), CD27(high), CD28(high), CD62L(high), and IL-7 receptor-alpha(high), contrasting with the terminal effector phenotype of CTL generated in the absence of IL-21. |
| 241 | 19561536 | As T cells themselves may serve as effective antigen-presenting cells (T antigen-presenting cells; TAPC) and may be useful in vivo as cellular vaccines, we examined whether CD8(+) T cells genetically modified to produce IL-21 could induce immune responses to tumor associated antigen peptides in healthy human leukocyte antigen-A2(+) donors. |
| 242 | 19561536 | We found that IL-21 modified TAPC enhanced both the proliferation and survival of MART-1 specific CD8(+) T cells, which were enriched by >8-fold over cultures with control nontransgenic TAPC. |
| 243 | 19561536 | MART-1-specific CTL produced interferon-gamma in response to cognate peptide antigen and killed primary tumor cells expressing MART-1 in a major histocompatibility complex restricted manner. |
| 244 | 19561536 | IL-21 modified TAPC similarly enhanced generation of functional CTL against melanoma antigen gp100 and the B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated RHAMM antigen. |
| 245 | 19561536 | Antigen-specific CTL generated using IL-21 gene-modified TAPC had a central memory phenotype characterized by CD45RA(-), CD44(high), CD27(high), CD28(high), CD62L(high), and IL-7 receptor-alpha(high), contrasting with the terminal effector phenotype of CTL generated in the absence of IL-21. |
| 246 | 19617297 | Several agents that have shown promising activity in metastatic melanoma including IL-21 and monoclonal antibodies targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (anti-CTLA-4) or CD137 are discussed. |
| 247 | 20039320 | Transient depletion of CD4(+) T cells augments IL-21-based immunotherapy of disseminated neuroblastoma in syngeneic mice. |
| 248 | 20039320 | IL-21 is a member of the IL-2 cytokine family, produced by CD4+ T cells. |
| 249 | 20039320 | Anti-CD25 mAb, indeed, only partially depleted CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells, whereas anti-CD4 mAb was more effective in this respect, leading to 90% depletion of Treg cells. |
| 250 | 20039320 | Spleen cells from mice receiving Neuro2a/IL-21 vaccination showed increased expression of IFN-alpha2, -beta1 and -gamma mRNA. |
| 251 | 20039320 | Moreover, mice receiving vaccine therapy alone or vaccine+anti-CD4 mAb showed increased IFN-gamma serum levels and IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells were found in spleen cells. |
| 252 | 20039320 | In conclusion, anti-CD4 mAb potentiated IL-21-based IT by removing Treg cells and/or their precursors and other potentially immune-suppressive CD4+ cell subsets, thus allowing the development of an IL-21-driven CD8+ T cell response, which mediates NB rejection. |
| 253 | 20039320 | Transient depletion of CD4(+) T cells augments IL-21-based immunotherapy of disseminated neuroblastoma in syngeneic mice. |
| 254 | 20039320 | IL-21 is a member of the IL-2 cytokine family, produced by CD4+ T cells. |
| 255 | 20039320 | Anti-CD25 mAb, indeed, only partially depleted CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells, whereas anti-CD4 mAb was more effective in this respect, leading to 90% depletion of Treg cells. |
| 256 | 20039320 | Spleen cells from mice receiving Neuro2a/IL-21 vaccination showed increased expression of IFN-alpha2, -beta1 and -gamma mRNA. |
| 257 | 20039320 | Moreover, mice receiving vaccine therapy alone or vaccine+anti-CD4 mAb showed increased IFN-gamma serum levels and IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells were found in spleen cells. |
| 258 | 20039320 | In conclusion, anti-CD4 mAb potentiated IL-21-based IT by removing Treg cells and/or their precursors and other potentially immune-suppressive CD4+ cell subsets, thus allowing the development of an IL-21-driven CD8+ T cell response, which mediates NB rejection. |
| 259 | 20039320 | Transient depletion of CD4(+) T cells augments IL-21-based immunotherapy of disseminated neuroblastoma in syngeneic mice. |
| 260 | 20039320 | IL-21 is a member of the IL-2 cytokine family, produced by CD4+ T cells. |
| 261 | 20039320 | Anti-CD25 mAb, indeed, only partially depleted CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells, whereas anti-CD4 mAb was more effective in this respect, leading to 90% depletion of Treg cells. |
| 262 | 20039320 | Spleen cells from mice receiving Neuro2a/IL-21 vaccination showed increased expression of IFN-alpha2, -beta1 and -gamma mRNA. |
| 263 | 20039320 | Moreover, mice receiving vaccine therapy alone or vaccine+anti-CD4 mAb showed increased IFN-gamma serum levels and IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells were found in spleen cells. |
| 264 | 20039320 | In conclusion, anti-CD4 mAb potentiated IL-21-based IT by removing Treg cells and/or their precursors and other potentially immune-suppressive CD4+ cell subsets, thus allowing the development of an IL-21-driven CD8+ T cell response, which mediates NB rejection. |
| 265 | 20039320 | Transient depletion of CD4(+) T cells augments IL-21-based immunotherapy of disseminated neuroblastoma in syngeneic mice. |
| 266 | 20039320 | IL-21 is a member of the IL-2 cytokine family, produced by CD4+ T cells. |
| 267 | 20039320 | Anti-CD25 mAb, indeed, only partially depleted CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells, whereas anti-CD4 mAb was more effective in this respect, leading to 90% depletion of Treg cells. |
| 268 | 20039320 | Spleen cells from mice receiving Neuro2a/IL-21 vaccination showed increased expression of IFN-alpha2, -beta1 and -gamma mRNA. |
| 269 | 20039320 | Moreover, mice receiving vaccine therapy alone or vaccine+anti-CD4 mAb showed increased IFN-gamma serum levels and IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells were found in spleen cells. |
| 270 | 20039320 | In conclusion, anti-CD4 mAb potentiated IL-21-based IT by removing Treg cells and/or their precursors and other potentially immune-suppressive CD4+ cell subsets, thus allowing the development of an IL-21-driven CD8+ T cell response, which mediates NB rejection. |
| 271 | 20099135 | The activity of several potent adjuvants, including incomplete Freund's adjuvant, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, and alum, has been shown to be due at least in part to the induction of cytokines, including type I interferons (IFNs), IFN-gamma, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and IL-12, that play key roles in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. |
| 272 | 20099135 | Although a number of cytokines including IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-21, GM-CSF, and Flt-3 ligand have been shown to potentiate the immune response to vaccination in various experimental models, the full potential of cytokines as vaccine adjuvants remains to be established. |
| 273 | 20112107 | T helper type 17 (Th17) cells are a distinct lineage of T cells that produce the effector molecules IL-17, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22. |
| 274 | 20153795 | Enhancing therapy of B16F10 melanoma efficacy through tumor vaccine expressing GPI-anchored IL-21 and secreting GM-CSF in mouse model. |
| 275 | 20153795 | In the present study, we developed the tumor vaccine expressing IL-21 in the GPI-anchored form together with secreting GM-CSFs and investigated its antitumor efficacy in C57BL/6 mouse model. |
| 276 | 20153795 | The fusion genes containing IL-21 and the GPI anchor signal sequence were acquired by overlaping PCR, inserted into the downstream of two multi-clone sites in recombinant plasmid pRSC/GM-CSFs to form pRSC/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs that was transfected into the B16F10 cells. |
| 277 | 20153795 | The results showed that the pRSC/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs had no cell cycle and proliferative state impact on the B16F10 cells after transfected, and that the tumor vaccine B16F10/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs increased the cytotoxicities of NK cells and CD8(+)CTL, enhanced the level of serum IFN-gamma, augmented therapy of tumor effect and prolonged survival time in the tumor-bearing mice immunized with the tumor vaccine B16F10/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs. |
| 278 | 20153795 | The data that we presented here provided a rationale and practical platform for clinical testing of enhancing cell therapy of B16F10 melanoma efficacy by modified tumor vaccine expressing GPI-anchored IL-21 and secreting GM-CSF. |
| 279 | 20153795 | Enhancing therapy of B16F10 melanoma efficacy through tumor vaccine expressing GPI-anchored IL-21 and secreting GM-CSF in mouse model. |
| 280 | 20153795 | In the present study, we developed the tumor vaccine expressing IL-21 in the GPI-anchored form together with secreting GM-CSFs and investigated its antitumor efficacy in C57BL/6 mouse model. |
| 281 | 20153795 | The fusion genes containing IL-21 and the GPI anchor signal sequence were acquired by overlaping PCR, inserted into the downstream of two multi-clone sites in recombinant plasmid pRSC/GM-CSFs to form pRSC/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs that was transfected into the B16F10 cells. |
| 282 | 20153795 | The results showed that the pRSC/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs had no cell cycle and proliferative state impact on the B16F10 cells after transfected, and that the tumor vaccine B16F10/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs increased the cytotoxicities of NK cells and CD8(+)CTL, enhanced the level of serum IFN-gamma, augmented therapy of tumor effect and prolonged survival time in the tumor-bearing mice immunized with the tumor vaccine B16F10/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs. |
| 283 | 20153795 | The data that we presented here provided a rationale and practical platform for clinical testing of enhancing cell therapy of B16F10 melanoma efficacy by modified tumor vaccine expressing GPI-anchored IL-21 and secreting GM-CSF. |
| 284 | 20153795 | Enhancing therapy of B16F10 melanoma efficacy through tumor vaccine expressing GPI-anchored IL-21 and secreting GM-CSF in mouse model. |
| 285 | 20153795 | In the present study, we developed the tumor vaccine expressing IL-21 in the GPI-anchored form together with secreting GM-CSFs and investigated its antitumor efficacy in C57BL/6 mouse model. |
| 286 | 20153795 | The fusion genes containing IL-21 and the GPI anchor signal sequence were acquired by overlaping PCR, inserted into the downstream of two multi-clone sites in recombinant plasmid pRSC/GM-CSFs to form pRSC/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs that was transfected into the B16F10 cells. |
| 287 | 20153795 | The results showed that the pRSC/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs had no cell cycle and proliferative state impact on the B16F10 cells after transfected, and that the tumor vaccine B16F10/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs increased the cytotoxicities of NK cells and CD8(+)CTL, enhanced the level of serum IFN-gamma, augmented therapy of tumor effect and prolonged survival time in the tumor-bearing mice immunized with the tumor vaccine B16F10/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs. |
| 288 | 20153795 | The data that we presented here provided a rationale and practical platform for clinical testing of enhancing cell therapy of B16F10 melanoma efficacy by modified tumor vaccine expressing GPI-anchored IL-21 and secreting GM-CSF. |
| 289 | 20153795 | Enhancing therapy of B16F10 melanoma efficacy through tumor vaccine expressing GPI-anchored IL-21 and secreting GM-CSF in mouse model. |
| 290 | 20153795 | In the present study, we developed the tumor vaccine expressing IL-21 in the GPI-anchored form together with secreting GM-CSFs and investigated its antitumor efficacy in C57BL/6 mouse model. |
| 291 | 20153795 | The fusion genes containing IL-21 and the GPI anchor signal sequence were acquired by overlaping PCR, inserted into the downstream of two multi-clone sites in recombinant plasmid pRSC/GM-CSFs to form pRSC/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs that was transfected into the B16F10 cells. |
| 292 | 20153795 | The results showed that the pRSC/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs had no cell cycle and proliferative state impact on the B16F10 cells after transfected, and that the tumor vaccine B16F10/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs increased the cytotoxicities of NK cells and CD8(+)CTL, enhanced the level of serum IFN-gamma, augmented therapy of tumor effect and prolonged survival time in the tumor-bearing mice immunized with the tumor vaccine B16F10/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs. |
| 293 | 20153795 | The data that we presented here provided a rationale and practical platform for clinical testing of enhancing cell therapy of B16F10 melanoma efficacy by modified tumor vaccine expressing GPI-anchored IL-21 and secreting GM-CSF. |
| 294 | 20153795 | Enhancing therapy of B16F10 melanoma efficacy through tumor vaccine expressing GPI-anchored IL-21 and secreting GM-CSF in mouse model. |
| 295 | 20153795 | In the present study, we developed the tumor vaccine expressing IL-21 in the GPI-anchored form together with secreting GM-CSFs and investigated its antitumor efficacy in C57BL/6 mouse model. |
| 296 | 20153795 | The fusion genes containing IL-21 and the GPI anchor signal sequence were acquired by overlaping PCR, inserted into the downstream of two multi-clone sites in recombinant plasmid pRSC/GM-CSFs to form pRSC/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs that was transfected into the B16F10 cells. |
| 297 | 20153795 | The results showed that the pRSC/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs had no cell cycle and proliferative state impact on the B16F10 cells after transfected, and that the tumor vaccine B16F10/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs increased the cytotoxicities of NK cells and CD8(+)CTL, enhanced the level of serum IFN-gamma, augmented therapy of tumor effect and prolonged survival time in the tumor-bearing mice immunized with the tumor vaccine B16F10/IL-21-gpi-GM-CSFs. |
| 298 | 20153795 | The data that we presented here provided a rationale and practical platform for clinical testing of enhancing cell therapy of B16F10 melanoma efficacy by modified tumor vaccine expressing GPI-anchored IL-21 and secreting GM-CSF. |
| 299 | 20182648 | The development of IL-7 and IL-21 for the clinic offers the promise of enhancing anti-tumor responses but with far less systemic toxicity and no expansion of regulatory T cells. |
| 300 | 20182648 | CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: Future work should expand the use of vaccines with IL-7, IL-21 and hopefully IL-15 in high-risk patients, and consider treatment while in a state of minimal residual disease to maximize benefit. |
| 301 | 20182648 | The development of IL-7 and IL-21 for the clinic offers the promise of enhancing anti-tumor responses but with far less systemic toxicity and no expansion of regulatory T cells. |
| 302 | 20182648 | CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: Future work should expand the use of vaccines with IL-7, IL-21 and hopefully IL-15 in high-risk patients, and consider treatment while in a state of minimal residual disease to maximize benefit. |
| 303 | 20182729 | T helper type 17 (Th17) cells are a distinct lineage of T cells that produce the effector molecules IL-17, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22. |
| 304 | 20386464 | Increase of circulating CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ regulatory T cells in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma during treatment with dendritic cell vaccination and low-dose interleukin-2. |
| 305 | 20386464 | In this study, we analyzed the impact of administration of dendritic cell (DC) vaccination in combination with low-dose interleukin (IL)-2 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma on the frequency of CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ Treg cells in peripheral blood. |
| 306 | 20386464 | Also, in vitro studies showed that coculture of mature DCs, autologous T cells and IL-2 leads to an increase in the number of Treg cells whereas IL-21 does not stimulate the induction of Treg cells. |
| 307 | 20386464 | These findings demonstrate that even low doses of IL-2 in combination with DC vaccination are able to expand CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in vivo in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients. |
| 308 | 20488794 | Furthermore, this diet resulted in low mRNA expression levels of IL-17, IFN regulatory factor 4, IL-21, IL-22, and IL-23 without alteration of other genes, such as RORgammat, TGF-beta, IL-6, IL-25, and IL-27 in the small intestine ileum. |
| 309 | 20488794 | Interestingly, the VAD diet elicited high levels of mucin MUC2 by goblet cell hyperplasia and subsequently reduced gut microbiome, including segmented filamentous bacteria. |
| 310 | 20488794 | Much like wild-type mice, the VAD diet-fed MyD88-/-TRIF-/- mice had significantly fewer IL-17-secreting CD4+ T cells than the control diet-fed MyD88-/-TRIF-/- mice. |
| 311 | 20525889 | Germinal center T follicular helper cell IL-4 production is dependent on signaling lymphocytic activation molecule receptor (CD150). |
| 312 | 20525889 | Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP [SH2D1A]) expression in CD4 T cells is essential for GC development. |
| 313 | 20525889 | Strikingly, SAP-deficient mice have an absence of the GC T(FH) cell subset and SAP(-) T(FH) cells are defective in IL-4 and IL-21 production. |
| 314 | 20525889 | We further demonstrate that SLAM (Slamf1, CD150), a surface receptor that uses SAP signaling, is specifically required for IL-4 production by GC T(FH) cells. |
| 315 | 20525889 | These data illustrate complexities of SAP-dependent SLAM family receptor signaling, revealing a prominent role for SLAM receptor ligation in IL-4 production by GC CD4 T cells but not in T(FH) cell and GC T(FH) cell differentiation. |
| 316 | 20693852 | IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 each possess properties that can be exploited in the context of immunotherapy for cancer. |
| 317 | 20693852 | Although the overlap among the agents is significant, IL-7 is uniquely immunorestorative and preferentially augments reactivity of naive populations, IL-15 potently augments reactivity of CD8 memory cells and natural killer cells, and IL-21 preferentially expands the inflammatory Th17 subset and may limit terminal differentiation of effector CD8 cells. |
| 318 | 20693852 | Clinical trials of IL-7 and IL-21 have already been completed and, so far, demonstrate safety and biologic activity of these agents. |
| 319 | 20693852 | IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 each possess properties that can be exploited in the context of immunotherapy for cancer. |
| 320 | 20693852 | Although the overlap among the agents is significant, IL-7 is uniquely immunorestorative and preferentially augments reactivity of naive populations, IL-15 potently augments reactivity of CD8 memory cells and natural killer cells, and IL-21 preferentially expands the inflammatory Th17 subset and may limit terminal differentiation of effector CD8 cells. |
| 321 | 20693852 | Clinical trials of IL-7 and IL-21 have already been completed and, so far, demonstrate safety and biologic activity of these agents. |
| 322 | 20693852 | IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 each possess properties that can be exploited in the context of immunotherapy for cancer. |
| 323 | 20693852 | Although the overlap among the agents is significant, IL-7 is uniquely immunorestorative and preferentially augments reactivity of naive populations, IL-15 potently augments reactivity of CD8 memory cells and natural killer cells, and IL-21 preferentially expands the inflammatory Th17 subset and may limit terminal differentiation of effector CD8 cells. |
| 324 | 20693852 | Clinical trials of IL-7 and IL-21 have already been completed and, so far, demonstrate safety and biologic activity of these agents. |
| 325 | 21098256 | The number of CD8(+) TCR Vβ families with clonal expansions at 12 weeks relative to baseline (median [10th to 90th percentile], +2.5 [0 to +7] versus +1 [0 to +2], P = 0.03) and at 24 weeks relative to 12 weeks (+1 [0 to +2] versus -1 [-3 to +4], P = 0.006) was higher in subjects with a virological response versus subjects without a virological response, as were interleukin-2 (IL-2) but not IL-21 mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. |
| 326 | 21159862 | Interleukin-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells are preferentially seen in elite controllers. |
| 327 | 21159862 | A hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis is the rapid loss of CD4 T cells leading to generalized immune dysfunction, including an exhausted CD8 T cell phenotype. |
| 328 | 21159862 | Mouse models of chronic viral infection demonstrate that interleukin-21 (IL-21), produced primarily by CD4 T cells, is required for the generation and maintenance of functionally competent CD8 T cells and viral containment. |
| 329 | 21159862 | We reasoned that preserved IL-21 production during HIV-1 infection would be associated with enhanced CD8 T cell function, allowing improved viral control. |
| 330 | 21159862 | Here we analyzed the ability of CD4 and CD8 T cells to produce several cytokines in addition to IL-21 ex vivo following stimulation with overlapping HIV-1 peptides. |
| 331 | 21159862 | Both CD4 and CD8 T cells were able to produce IL-21 in response to HIV-1 infection, with the latter cell type more closely associated with viral control. |
| 332 | 21159862 | Furthermore, IL-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD4 T cells (compared to those producing other cytokines) were the best indicator of functional CD8 T cells. |
| 333 | 21159862 | Our results demonstrate that HIV-1-specific IL-21-producing CD8 T cells are induced following primary infection and enriched in elite controllers, suggesting a critical role for these cells in the maintenance of viremia control. |
| 334 | 21159862 | Interleukin-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells are preferentially seen in elite controllers. |
| 335 | 21159862 | A hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis is the rapid loss of CD4 T cells leading to generalized immune dysfunction, including an exhausted CD8 T cell phenotype. |
| 336 | 21159862 | Mouse models of chronic viral infection demonstrate that interleukin-21 (IL-21), produced primarily by CD4 T cells, is required for the generation and maintenance of functionally competent CD8 T cells and viral containment. |
| 337 | 21159862 | We reasoned that preserved IL-21 production during HIV-1 infection would be associated with enhanced CD8 T cell function, allowing improved viral control. |
| 338 | 21159862 | Here we analyzed the ability of CD4 and CD8 T cells to produce several cytokines in addition to IL-21 ex vivo following stimulation with overlapping HIV-1 peptides. |
| 339 | 21159862 | Both CD4 and CD8 T cells were able to produce IL-21 in response to HIV-1 infection, with the latter cell type more closely associated with viral control. |
| 340 | 21159862 | Furthermore, IL-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD4 T cells (compared to those producing other cytokines) were the best indicator of functional CD8 T cells. |
| 341 | 21159862 | Our results demonstrate that HIV-1-specific IL-21-producing CD8 T cells are induced following primary infection and enriched in elite controllers, suggesting a critical role for these cells in the maintenance of viremia control. |
| 342 | 21159862 | Interleukin-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells are preferentially seen in elite controllers. |
| 343 | 21159862 | A hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis is the rapid loss of CD4 T cells leading to generalized immune dysfunction, including an exhausted CD8 T cell phenotype. |
| 344 | 21159862 | Mouse models of chronic viral infection demonstrate that interleukin-21 (IL-21), produced primarily by CD4 T cells, is required for the generation and maintenance of functionally competent CD8 T cells and viral containment. |
| 345 | 21159862 | We reasoned that preserved IL-21 production during HIV-1 infection would be associated with enhanced CD8 T cell function, allowing improved viral control. |
| 346 | 21159862 | Here we analyzed the ability of CD4 and CD8 T cells to produce several cytokines in addition to IL-21 ex vivo following stimulation with overlapping HIV-1 peptides. |
| 347 | 21159862 | Both CD4 and CD8 T cells were able to produce IL-21 in response to HIV-1 infection, with the latter cell type more closely associated with viral control. |
| 348 | 21159862 | Furthermore, IL-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD4 T cells (compared to those producing other cytokines) were the best indicator of functional CD8 T cells. |
| 349 | 21159862 | Our results demonstrate that HIV-1-specific IL-21-producing CD8 T cells are induced following primary infection and enriched in elite controllers, suggesting a critical role for these cells in the maintenance of viremia control. |
| 350 | 21159862 | Interleukin-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells are preferentially seen in elite controllers. |
| 351 | 21159862 | A hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis is the rapid loss of CD4 T cells leading to generalized immune dysfunction, including an exhausted CD8 T cell phenotype. |
| 352 | 21159862 | Mouse models of chronic viral infection demonstrate that interleukin-21 (IL-21), produced primarily by CD4 T cells, is required for the generation and maintenance of functionally competent CD8 T cells and viral containment. |
| 353 | 21159862 | We reasoned that preserved IL-21 production during HIV-1 infection would be associated with enhanced CD8 T cell function, allowing improved viral control. |
| 354 | 21159862 | Here we analyzed the ability of CD4 and CD8 T cells to produce several cytokines in addition to IL-21 ex vivo following stimulation with overlapping HIV-1 peptides. |
| 355 | 21159862 | Both CD4 and CD8 T cells were able to produce IL-21 in response to HIV-1 infection, with the latter cell type more closely associated with viral control. |
| 356 | 21159862 | Furthermore, IL-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD4 T cells (compared to those producing other cytokines) were the best indicator of functional CD8 T cells. |
| 357 | 21159862 | Our results demonstrate that HIV-1-specific IL-21-producing CD8 T cells are induced following primary infection and enriched in elite controllers, suggesting a critical role for these cells in the maintenance of viremia control. |
| 358 | 21159862 | Interleukin-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells are preferentially seen in elite controllers. |
| 359 | 21159862 | A hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis is the rapid loss of CD4 T cells leading to generalized immune dysfunction, including an exhausted CD8 T cell phenotype. |
| 360 | 21159862 | Mouse models of chronic viral infection demonstrate that interleukin-21 (IL-21), produced primarily by CD4 T cells, is required for the generation and maintenance of functionally competent CD8 T cells and viral containment. |
| 361 | 21159862 | We reasoned that preserved IL-21 production during HIV-1 infection would be associated with enhanced CD8 T cell function, allowing improved viral control. |
| 362 | 21159862 | Here we analyzed the ability of CD4 and CD8 T cells to produce several cytokines in addition to IL-21 ex vivo following stimulation with overlapping HIV-1 peptides. |
| 363 | 21159862 | Both CD4 and CD8 T cells were able to produce IL-21 in response to HIV-1 infection, with the latter cell type more closely associated with viral control. |
| 364 | 21159862 | Furthermore, IL-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD4 T cells (compared to those producing other cytokines) were the best indicator of functional CD8 T cells. |
| 365 | 21159862 | Our results demonstrate that HIV-1-specific IL-21-producing CD8 T cells are induced following primary infection and enriched in elite controllers, suggesting a critical role for these cells in the maintenance of viremia control. |
| 366 | 21159862 | Interleukin-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells are preferentially seen in elite controllers. |
| 367 | 21159862 | A hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis is the rapid loss of CD4 T cells leading to generalized immune dysfunction, including an exhausted CD8 T cell phenotype. |
| 368 | 21159862 | Mouse models of chronic viral infection demonstrate that interleukin-21 (IL-21), produced primarily by CD4 T cells, is required for the generation and maintenance of functionally competent CD8 T cells and viral containment. |
| 369 | 21159862 | We reasoned that preserved IL-21 production during HIV-1 infection would be associated with enhanced CD8 T cell function, allowing improved viral control. |
| 370 | 21159862 | Here we analyzed the ability of CD4 and CD8 T cells to produce several cytokines in addition to IL-21 ex vivo following stimulation with overlapping HIV-1 peptides. |
| 371 | 21159862 | Both CD4 and CD8 T cells were able to produce IL-21 in response to HIV-1 infection, with the latter cell type more closely associated with viral control. |
| 372 | 21159862 | Furthermore, IL-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD4 T cells (compared to those producing other cytokines) were the best indicator of functional CD8 T cells. |
| 373 | 21159862 | Our results demonstrate that HIV-1-specific IL-21-producing CD8 T cells are induced following primary infection and enriched in elite controllers, suggesting a critical role for these cells in the maintenance of viremia control. |
| 374 | 21185849 | The results showed that the nanoparticles containing DNA vaccine pRSC-gD-IL-21 induced mice to generate higher levels of specific neutralizing antibody, sIgA in tears, and IFN-γ, IL-4 in serum, and to enhance the cytotoxicities of NK cells and splenocytes as well as splenocyte proliferative response to glycoprotein D compared with those of the control mice. |
| 375 | 21204603 | Immunization with DNA vaccine expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 gD and IL-21 protects against mouse herpes keratitis. |
| 376 | 21204603 | In this study, we developed a DNA vaccine expressing HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) and mouse interleukin-21(IL-21) and intramuscularly inoculated mice 3 times at 2-week intervals with a total of 300 ? |
| 377 | 21204603 | Immunization with DNA vaccine expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 gD and IL-21 protects against mouse herpes keratitis. |
| 378 | 21204603 | In this study, we developed a DNA vaccine expressing HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) and mouse interleukin-21(IL-21) and intramuscularly inoculated mice 3 times at 2-week intervals with a total of 300 ? |
| 379 | 21257966 | Intrinsic IL-21 signaling is critical for CD8 T cell survival and memory formation in response to vaccinia viral infection. |
| 380 | 21257966 | CD4 T cell help plays an important role in promoting CD8 T cell immunity to pathogens. |
| 381 | 21257966 | In models of infection with vaccinia virus (VV) and Listeria monocytogenes, CD4 T cell help is critical for the survival of activated CD8 T cells during both the primary and memory recall responses. |
| 382 | 21257966 | Still unclear, however, is how CD4 T cell help promotes CD8 T cell survival. |
| 383 | 21257966 | In this study, we first showed that CD4 T cell help for the CD8 T cell response to VV infection was mediated by IL-21, a cytokine produced predominantly by activated CD4 T cells, and that direct action of IL-21 on CD8 T cells was critical for the VV-specific CD8 T cell response in vivo. |
| 384 | 21257966 | We next demonstrated that this intrinsic IL-21 signaling was essential for the survival of activated CD8 T cells and the generation of long-lived memory cells. |
| 385 | 21257966 | We further revealed that IL-21 promoted CD8 T cell survival in a mechanism dependent on activation of the STAT1 and STAT3 pathways and subsequent upregulation of the prosurvival molecules Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L). |
| 386 | 21257966 | These results identify a critical role for intrinsic IL-21 signaling in CD8 T cell responses to an acute viral infection in vivo and may help design effective vaccine strategies. |
| 387 | 21257966 | Intrinsic IL-21 signaling is critical for CD8 T cell survival and memory formation in response to vaccinia viral infection. |
| 388 | 21257966 | CD4 T cell help plays an important role in promoting CD8 T cell immunity to pathogens. |
| 389 | 21257966 | In models of infection with vaccinia virus (VV) and Listeria monocytogenes, CD4 T cell help is critical for the survival of activated CD8 T cells during both the primary and memory recall responses. |
| 390 | 21257966 | Still unclear, however, is how CD4 T cell help promotes CD8 T cell survival. |
| 391 | 21257966 | In this study, we first showed that CD4 T cell help for the CD8 T cell response to VV infection was mediated by IL-21, a cytokine produced predominantly by activated CD4 T cells, and that direct action of IL-21 on CD8 T cells was critical for the VV-specific CD8 T cell response in vivo. |
| 392 | 21257966 | We next demonstrated that this intrinsic IL-21 signaling was essential for the survival of activated CD8 T cells and the generation of long-lived memory cells. |
| 393 | 21257966 | We further revealed that IL-21 promoted CD8 T cell survival in a mechanism dependent on activation of the STAT1 and STAT3 pathways and subsequent upregulation of the prosurvival molecules Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L). |
| 394 | 21257966 | These results identify a critical role for intrinsic IL-21 signaling in CD8 T cell responses to an acute viral infection in vivo and may help design effective vaccine strategies. |
| 395 | 21257966 | Intrinsic IL-21 signaling is critical for CD8 T cell survival and memory formation in response to vaccinia viral infection. |
| 396 | 21257966 | CD4 T cell help plays an important role in promoting CD8 T cell immunity to pathogens. |
| 397 | 21257966 | In models of infection with vaccinia virus (VV) and Listeria monocytogenes, CD4 T cell help is critical for the survival of activated CD8 T cells during both the primary and memory recall responses. |
| 398 | 21257966 | Still unclear, however, is how CD4 T cell help promotes CD8 T cell survival. |
| 399 | 21257966 | In this study, we first showed that CD4 T cell help for the CD8 T cell response to VV infection was mediated by IL-21, a cytokine produced predominantly by activated CD4 T cells, and that direct action of IL-21 on CD8 T cells was critical for the VV-specific CD8 T cell response in vivo. |
| 400 | 21257966 | We next demonstrated that this intrinsic IL-21 signaling was essential for the survival of activated CD8 T cells and the generation of long-lived memory cells. |
| 401 | 21257966 | We further revealed that IL-21 promoted CD8 T cell survival in a mechanism dependent on activation of the STAT1 and STAT3 pathways and subsequent upregulation of the prosurvival molecules Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L). |
| 402 | 21257966 | These results identify a critical role for intrinsic IL-21 signaling in CD8 T cell responses to an acute viral infection in vivo and may help design effective vaccine strategies. |
| 403 | 21257966 | Intrinsic IL-21 signaling is critical for CD8 T cell survival and memory formation in response to vaccinia viral infection. |
| 404 | 21257966 | CD4 T cell help plays an important role in promoting CD8 T cell immunity to pathogens. |
| 405 | 21257966 | In models of infection with vaccinia virus (VV) and Listeria monocytogenes, CD4 T cell help is critical for the survival of activated CD8 T cells during both the primary and memory recall responses. |
| 406 | 21257966 | Still unclear, however, is how CD4 T cell help promotes CD8 T cell survival. |
| 407 | 21257966 | In this study, we first showed that CD4 T cell help for the CD8 T cell response to VV infection was mediated by IL-21, a cytokine produced predominantly by activated CD4 T cells, and that direct action of IL-21 on CD8 T cells was critical for the VV-specific CD8 T cell response in vivo. |
| 408 | 21257966 | We next demonstrated that this intrinsic IL-21 signaling was essential for the survival of activated CD8 T cells and the generation of long-lived memory cells. |
| 409 | 21257966 | We further revealed that IL-21 promoted CD8 T cell survival in a mechanism dependent on activation of the STAT1 and STAT3 pathways and subsequent upregulation of the prosurvival molecules Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L). |
| 410 | 21257966 | These results identify a critical role for intrinsic IL-21 signaling in CD8 T cell responses to an acute viral infection in vivo and may help design effective vaccine strategies. |
| 411 | 21257966 | Intrinsic IL-21 signaling is critical for CD8 T cell survival and memory formation in response to vaccinia viral infection. |
| 412 | 21257966 | CD4 T cell help plays an important role in promoting CD8 T cell immunity to pathogens. |
| 413 | 21257966 | In models of infection with vaccinia virus (VV) and Listeria monocytogenes, CD4 T cell help is critical for the survival of activated CD8 T cells during both the primary and memory recall responses. |
| 414 | 21257966 | Still unclear, however, is how CD4 T cell help promotes CD8 T cell survival. |
| 415 | 21257966 | In this study, we first showed that CD4 T cell help for the CD8 T cell response to VV infection was mediated by IL-21, a cytokine produced predominantly by activated CD4 T cells, and that direct action of IL-21 on CD8 T cells was critical for the VV-specific CD8 T cell response in vivo. |
| 416 | 21257966 | We next demonstrated that this intrinsic IL-21 signaling was essential for the survival of activated CD8 T cells and the generation of long-lived memory cells. |
| 417 | 21257966 | We further revealed that IL-21 promoted CD8 T cell survival in a mechanism dependent on activation of the STAT1 and STAT3 pathways and subsequent upregulation of the prosurvival molecules Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L). |
| 418 | 21257966 | These results identify a critical role for intrinsic IL-21 signaling in CD8 T cell responses to an acute viral infection in vivo and may help design effective vaccine strategies. |
| 419 | 21314428 | Distinguishing features of T(FH) cells are the expression of CXCR5, PD-1, SAP (SH2D1A), IL-21, and ICOS, among other molecules, and the absence of Blimp-1 (prdm1). |
| 420 | 21382487 | PBMC were stimulated polyclonally using CD40 Ligand, IL-21 and CpG to induce B cell proliferation and differentiation into antibody secreting cells (ASCs). |
| 421 | 21423809 | IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation. |
| 422 | 21423809 | Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells. |
| 423 | 21423809 | Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo. |
| 424 | 21423809 | C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV). |
| 425 | 21423809 | The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression. |
| 426 | 21423809 | IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines). |
| 427 | 21423809 | In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21. |
| 428 | 21423809 | Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development. |
| 429 | 21423809 | Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression. |
| 430 | 21423809 | TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression. |
| 431 | 21423809 | Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation. |
| 432 | 21423809 | IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation. |
| 433 | 21423809 | Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells. |
| 434 | 21423809 | Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo. |
| 435 | 21423809 | C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV). |
| 436 | 21423809 | The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression. |
| 437 | 21423809 | IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines). |
| 438 | 21423809 | In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21. |
| 439 | 21423809 | Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development. |
| 440 | 21423809 | Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression. |
| 441 | 21423809 | TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression. |
| 442 | 21423809 | Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation. |
| 443 | 21423809 | IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation. |
| 444 | 21423809 | Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells. |
| 445 | 21423809 | Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo. |
| 446 | 21423809 | C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV). |
| 447 | 21423809 | The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression. |
| 448 | 21423809 | IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines). |
| 449 | 21423809 | In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21. |
| 450 | 21423809 | Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development. |
| 451 | 21423809 | Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression. |
| 452 | 21423809 | TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression. |
| 453 | 21423809 | Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation. |
| 454 | 21423809 | IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation. |
| 455 | 21423809 | Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells. |
| 456 | 21423809 | Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo. |
| 457 | 21423809 | C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV). |
| 458 | 21423809 | The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression. |
| 459 | 21423809 | IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines). |
| 460 | 21423809 | In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21. |
| 461 | 21423809 | Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development. |
| 462 | 21423809 | Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression. |
| 463 | 21423809 | TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression. |
| 464 | 21423809 | Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation. |
| 465 | 21423809 | IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation. |
| 466 | 21423809 | Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells. |
| 467 | 21423809 | Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo. |
| 468 | 21423809 | C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV). |
| 469 | 21423809 | The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression. |
| 470 | 21423809 | IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines). |
| 471 | 21423809 | In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21. |
| 472 | 21423809 | Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development. |
| 473 | 21423809 | Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression. |
| 474 | 21423809 | TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression. |
| 475 | 21423809 | Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation. |
| 476 | 21423809 | IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation. |
| 477 | 21423809 | Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells. |
| 478 | 21423809 | Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo. |
| 479 | 21423809 | C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV). |
| 480 | 21423809 | The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression. |
| 481 | 21423809 | IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines). |
| 482 | 21423809 | In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21. |
| 483 | 21423809 | Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development. |
| 484 | 21423809 | Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression. |
| 485 | 21423809 | TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression. |
| 486 | 21423809 | Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation. |
| 487 | 21423809 | IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation. |
| 488 | 21423809 | Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells. |
| 489 | 21423809 | Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo. |
| 490 | 21423809 | C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV). |
| 491 | 21423809 | The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression. |
| 492 | 21423809 | IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines). |
| 493 | 21423809 | In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21. |
| 494 | 21423809 | Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development. |
| 495 | 21423809 | Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression. |
| 496 | 21423809 | TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression. |
| 497 | 21423809 | Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation. |
| 498 | 21423809 | IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation. |
| 499 | 21423809 | Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells. |
| 500 | 21423809 | Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo. |
| 501 | 21423809 | C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV). |
| 502 | 21423809 | The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression. |
| 503 | 21423809 | IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines). |
| 504 | 21423809 | In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21. |
| 505 | 21423809 | Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development. |
| 506 | 21423809 | Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression. |
| 507 | 21423809 | TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression. |
| 508 | 21423809 | Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation. |
| 509 | 21423809 | IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation. |
| 510 | 21423809 | Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells. |
| 511 | 21423809 | Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo. |
| 512 | 21423809 | C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV). |
| 513 | 21423809 | The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression. |
| 514 | 21423809 | IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines). |
| 515 | 21423809 | In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21. |
| 516 | 21423809 | Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development. |
| 517 | 21423809 | Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression. |
| 518 | 21423809 | TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression. |
| 519 | 21423809 | Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation. |
| 520 | 21423809 | IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation. |
| 521 | 21423809 | Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells. |
| 522 | 21423809 | Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo. |
| 523 | 21423809 | C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV). |
| 524 | 21423809 | The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression. |
| 525 | 21423809 | IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines). |
| 526 | 21423809 | In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21. |
| 527 | 21423809 | Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development. |
| 528 | 21423809 | Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression. |
| 529 | 21423809 | TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression. |
| 530 | 21423809 | Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation. |
| 531 | 21469117 | Here, we show that IL-4 and IL-13 production is NF-κB1-dependent in mouse OVA-specific CD4(+) (OTII) T cells responding to alum-precipitated OVA (alumOVA) immunization. |
| 532 | 21469117 | More surprisingly, we found that NF-κB1 deficiency in OTII cells also selectively impairs their CXCR5 induction by alumOVA without affecting upregulation of BCL6, IL-21, OX40 and CXCR4 mRNA and PD-1 protein. |
| 533 | 21469117 | The selective effects of NF-κB1-deficiency on Th2 and follicular helper T cell induction do not appear to be due to altered expression of the Th2-associated transcription factors - GATA-3, c-Maf and Ikaros. |
| 534 | 21469117 | Altogether, these results suggest that NF-κB1 regulates the expression of CXCR5 on CD4(+) T cells primed in vivo, and thus selectively controls the T-cell-dependent germinal center component of B-cell response to alumOVA. |
| 535 | 21531891 | The novel association of novel 2009 H1N1 vaccine-induced Ab responses with IL-21/IL-21R upregulation and with development of memory B cells and plasmablasts has implications for future research in vaccine design. |
| 536 | 22169717 | Prospect of IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21 for HIV immune-based therapy. |
| 537 | 22169717 | The common γ-chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 are primary regulators of T cell homeostasis and thus have been considered prime immunotherapeutic candidates, both for increasing T cell levels/function and augmenting vaccine-elicited viral-specific T cell responses in immunocompromised AIDS patients. |
| 538 | 22169717 | The Objective of this review is to update the role of the common γ-chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 in HIV AIDS pathogenesis. |
| 539 | 22169717 | Prospect of IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21 for HIV immune-based therapy. |
| 540 | 22169717 | The common γ-chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 are primary regulators of T cell homeostasis and thus have been considered prime immunotherapeutic candidates, both for increasing T cell levels/function and augmenting vaccine-elicited viral-specific T cell responses in immunocompromised AIDS patients. |
| 541 | 22169717 | The Objective of this review is to update the role of the common γ-chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 in HIV AIDS pathogenesis. |
| 542 | 22169717 | Prospect of IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21 for HIV immune-based therapy. |
| 543 | 22169717 | The common γ-chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 are primary regulators of T cell homeostasis and thus have been considered prime immunotherapeutic candidates, both for increasing T cell levels/function and augmenting vaccine-elicited viral-specific T cell responses in immunocompromised AIDS patients. |
| 544 | 22169717 | The Objective of this review is to update the role of the common γ-chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 in HIV AIDS pathogenesis. |
| 545 | 22406425 | The goal of this study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of a cationic nanoparticle-based DNA vaccine expressing antigen 85A (Ag85A) and 6-kDa early secretory antigen target (ESAT-6) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) against M. tuberculosis infection. |
| 546 | 22427637 | Bcl6 and Maf cooperate to instruct human follicular helper CD4 T cell differentiation. |
| 547 | 22427637 | The introduction of Bcl6 expression in primary human CD4 T cells resulted in the regulation of a core set of migration genes that enable trafficking to germinal centers: CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, and EBI2. |
| 548 | 22427637 | Bcl6 expression also induced a module of protein expression critical for T-B interactions, including SAP, CD40L, PD-1, ICOS, and CXCL13. |
| 549 | 22427637 | This constitutes direct evidence for Bcl6 control of most of these functions and includes three genes known to be loci of severe human genetic immunodeficiencies (CD40L, SH2D1A, and ICOS). |
| 550 | 22427637 | Introduction of Bcl6 did not alter the expression of IL-21 or IL-4, the primary cytokines of human Tfh cells. |
| 551 | 22427637 | Coexpression of Bcl6 and Maf revealed that Bcl6 and Maf cooperate in the induction of CXCR4, PD-1, and ICOS. |
| 552 | 22427637 | Altogether, these findings reveal that Bcl6 and Maf collaborate to orchestrate a suite of genes that define core characteristics of human Tfh cell biology. |
| 553 | 22442347 | IL-21 inhibits T cell IL-2 production and impairs Treg homeostasis. |
| 554 | 22442347 | We show that IL-21 counteracts suppression by acting on conventional T cells and that this is associated with inhibition of IL-2 production. |
| 555 | 22442347 | Despite the lack of IL-2, conventional T-cell responses proceed unimpaired because IL-21 can substitute for IL-2 as a T cell growth factor. |
| 556 | 22442347 | However, IL-21 is unable to substitute for IL-2 in supporting the Treg compartment. |
| 557 | 22442347 | Thus, IL-21 signaling in conventional T cells indirectly impacts Treg homeostasis by decreasing IL-2 availability. |
| 558 | 22442347 | These data demonstrate that IL-21 and IL-2 can have overlapping roles in promoting conventional T-cell responses but play distinct roles in controlling Treg homeostasis and function. |
| 559 | 22442347 | IL-21 inhibits T cell IL-2 production and impairs Treg homeostasis. |
| 560 | 22442347 | We show that IL-21 counteracts suppression by acting on conventional T cells and that this is associated with inhibition of IL-2 production. |
| 561 | 22442347 | Despite the lack of IL-2, conventional T-cell responses proceed unimpaired because IL-21 can substitute for IL-2 as a T cell growth factor. |
| 562 | 22442347 | However, IL-21 is unable to substitute for IL-2 in supporting the Treg compartment. |
| 563 | 22442347 | Thus, IL-21 signaling in conventional T cells indirectly impacts Treg homeostasis by decreasing IL-2 availability. |
| 564 | 22442347 | These data demonstrate that IL-21 and IL-2 can have overlapping roles in promoting conventional T-cell responses but play distinct roles in controlling Treg homeostasis and function. |
| 565 | 22442347 | IL-21 inhibits T cell IL-2 production and impairs Treg homeostasis. |
| 566 | 22442347 | We show that IL-21 counteracts suppression by acting on conventional T cells and that this is associated with inhibition of IL-2 production. |
| 567 | 22442347 | Despite the lack of IL-2, conventional T-cell responses proceed unimpaired because IL-21 can substitute for IL-2 as a T cell growth factor. |
| 568 | 22442347 | However, IL-21 is unable to substitute for IL-2 in supporting the Treg compartment. |
| 569 | 22442347 | Thus, IL-21 signaling in conventional T cells indirectly impacts Treg homeostasis by decreasing IL-2 availability. |
| 570 | 22442347 | These data demonstrate that IL-21 and IL-2 can have overlapping roles in promoting conventional T-cell responses but play distinct roles in controlling Treg homeostasis and function. |
| 571 | 22442347 | IL-21 inhibits T cell IL-2 production and impairs Treg homeostasis. |
| 572 | 22442347 | We show that IL-21 counteracts suppression by acting on conventional T cells and that this is associated with inhibition of IL-2 production. |
| 573 | 22442347 | Despite the lack of IL-2, conventional T-cell responses proceed unimpaired because IL-21 can substitute for IL-2 as a T cell growth factor. |
| 574 | 22442347 | However, IL-21 is unable to substitute for IL-2 in supporting the Treg compartment. |
| 575 | 22442347 | Thus, IL-21 signaling in conventional T cells indirectly impacts Treg homeostasis by decreasing IL-2 availability. |
| 576 | 22442347 | These data demonstrate that IL-21 and IL-2 can have overlapping roles in promoting conventional T-cell responses but play distinct roles in controlling Treg homeostasis and function. |
| 577 | 22442347 | IL-21 inhibits T cell IL-2 production and impairs Treg homeostasis. |
| 578 | 22442347 | We show that IL-21 counteracts suppression by acting on conventional T cells and that this is associated with inhibition of IL-2 production. |
| 579 | 22442347 | Despite the lack of IL-2, conventional T-cell responses proceed unimpaired because IL-21 can substitute for IL-2 as a T cell growth factor. |
| 580 | 22442347 | However, IL-21 is unable to substitute for IL-2 in supporting the Treg compartment. |
| 581 | 22442347 | Thus, IL-21 signaling in conventional T cells indirectly impacts Treg homeostasis by decreasing IL-2 availability. |
| 582 | 22442347 | These data demonstrate that IL-21 and IL-2 can have overlapping roles in promoting conventional T-cell responses but play distinct roles in controlling Treg homeostasis and function. |
| 583 | 22442347 | IL-21 inhibits T cell IL-2 production and impairs Treg homeostasis. |
| 584 | 22442347 | We show that IL-21 counteracts suppression by acting on conventional T cells and that this is associated with inhibition of IL-2 production. |
| 585 | 22442347 | Despite the lack of IL-2, conventional T-cell responses proceed unimpaired because IL-21 can substitute for IL-2 as a T cell growth factor. |
| 586 | 22442347 | However, IL-21 is unable to substitute for IL-2 in supporting the Treg compartment. |
| 587 | 22442347 | Thus, IL-21 signaling in conventional T cells indirectly impacts Treg homeostasis by decreasing IL-2 availability. |
| 588 | 22442347 | These data demonstrate that IL-21 and IL-2 can have overlapping roles in promoting conventional T-cell responses but play distinct roles in controlling Treg homeostasis and function. |
| 589 | 22477528 | Vaccination with the viable B16F10/ESAT-6-GPI-IL-21 vaccine resulted in an increase of IFN-γ level and the CD8(+)CTL cytotoxicity, a decrease in TGF-β generation and increase in the expression of miR-200c that serves as melanoma suppressor by directly targeting zinc-finger E-box binding homeobox 1 to inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition and block tumor metastasis. |
| 590 | 22486304 | Interleukin-21 inhibits humoral response to an HIV DNA vaccine by enhancing Bcl-6 and Pax-5 expression. |
| 591 | 22486304 | Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a T-cell-derived cytokine that modulates T-cell, B-cell, and natural killer cell responses. |
| 592 | 22486304 | In our study, we investigated if a DNA construct expressing IL-21 (designated as pVAX-IL-21) as a molecule adjuvant could enhance antigen-specific immune responses to an HIV DNA vaccine (pGX-EnvC). |
| 593 | 22486304 | The plasma cell inhibitory transcription factors B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl-6) and Pax-5 were increased in B cells from mice that had been immunized by HIV DNA vaccine plus pVAX-IL-21, suggesting that the expressed IL-21 may inhibit the differentiation from B cells to plasma cells. |
| 594 | 22486304 | These results indicate that IL-21 could enhance CD8⁺ T-cell immunity, but inhibit humoral responses during HIV DNA vaccination. |
| 595 | 22486304 | Interleukin-21 inhibits humoral response to an HIV DNA vaccine by enhancing Bcl-6 and Pax-5 expression. |
| 596 | 22486304 | Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a T-cell-derived cytokine that modulates T-cell, B-cell, and natural killer cell responses. |
| 597 | 22486304 | In our study, we investigated if a DNA construct expressing IL-21 (designated as pVAX-IL-21) as a molecule adjuvant could enhance antigen-specific immune responses to an HIV DNA vaccine (pGX-EnvC). |
| 598 | 22486304 | The plasma cell inhibitory transcription factors B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl-6) and Pax-5 were increased in B cells from mice that had been immunized by HIV DNA vaccine plus pVAX-IL-21, suggesting that the expressed IL-21 may inhibit the differentiation from B cells to plasma cells. |
| 599 | 22486304 | These results indicate that IL-21 could enhance CD8⁺ T-cell immunity, but inhibit humoral responses during HIV DNA vaccination. |
| 600 | 22486304 | Interleukin-21 inhibits humoral response to an HIV DNA vaccine by enhancing Bcl-6 and Pax-5 expression. |
| 601 | 22486304 | Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a T-cell-derived cytokine that modulates T-cell, B-cell, and natural killer cell responses. |
| 602 | 22486304 | In our study, we investigated if a DNA construct expressing IL-21 (designated as pVAX-IL-21) as a molecule adjuvant could enhance antigen-specific immune responses to an HIV DNA vaccine (pGX-EnvC). |
| 603 | 22486304 | The plasma cell inhibitory transcription factors B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl-6) and Pax-5 were increased in B cells from mice that had been immunized by HIV DNA vaccine plus pVAX-IL-21, suggesting that the expressed IL-21 may inhibit the differentiation from B cells to plasma cells. |
| 604 | 22486304 | These results indicate that IL-21 could enhance CD8⁺ T-cell immunity, but inhibit humoral responses during HIV DNA vaccination. |
| 605 | 22486304 | Interleukin-21 inhibits humoral response to an HIV DNA vaccine by enhancing Bcl-6 and Pax-5 expression. |
| 606 | 22486304 | Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a T-cell-derived cytokine that modulates T-cell, B-cell, and natural killer cell responses. |
| 607 | 22486304 | In our study, we investigated if a DNA construct expressing IL-21 (designated as pVAX-IL-21) as a molecule adjuvant could enhance antigen-specific immune responses to an HIV DNA vaccine (pGX-EnvC). |
| 608 | 22486304 | The plasma cell inhibitory transcription factors B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl-6) and Pax-5 were increased in B cells from mice that had been immunized by HIV DNA vaccine plus pVAX-IL-21, suggesting that the expressed IL-21 may inhibit the differentiation from B cells to plasma cells. |
| 609 | 22486304 | These results indicate that IL-21 could enhance CD8⁺ T-cell immunity, but inhibit humoral responses during HIV DNA vaccination. |
| 610 | 22692510 | Germinal center TFH cells share functional properties with circulating CXCR5(+) CD4 T cells, referred to herein as peripheral TFH (pTFH) cells. |
| 611 | 22692510 | In the vaccine responders (n = 8) and HCs, pTFH cells underwent expansion with increased IL-21 and CXCL13 secretion in H1N1-stimulated PBMC culture supernatants at week 4 (T2). |
| 612 | 22720235 | While T cells loaded with a class I-restricted peptide induced proliferation but not effector differentiation of antigen-specific CD8 T cells, injection of T cells co-pulsed with αGC strongly induced IFNγ and Granzyme B expression in T cells and complete lysis of target cells in vivo. |
| 613 | 22720235 | Of note, the generation of this cytotoxic T cell response was independent of IL-4, IFNγ, IL-12, IL-21 and costimulation. |
| 614 | 22753938 | IL-1R subunit β-deficient (Il10rb(-/-)) Th cells were able to differentiate more readily into T(FH) cells, as well as secrete more IL-21 and IL-17 compared with wild-type Th cell-derived T(FH) cells. |
| 615 | 22753938 | Increased IL-21 and IL-17 contributed to the enhanced B cell help functions of T(FH) cells. |
| 616 | 22753938 | Further experiments demonstrated that IL-6 and IL-23 from dendritic cells in Il10rb(-/-) mice contributed to the differentiation of naive Th cells into T(FH) cells, as well as the generation of IL-21- and IL-17-producing T(FH) cells. |
| 617 | 22753938 | IL-1R subunit β-deficient (Il10rb(-/-)) Th cells were able to differentiate more readily into T(FH) cells, as well as secrete more IL-21 and IL-17 compared with wild-type Th cell-derived T(FH) cells. |
| 618 | 22753938 | Increased IL-21 and IL-17 contributed to the enhanced B cell help functions of T(FH) cells. |
| 619 | 22753938 | Further experiments demonstrated that IL-6 and IL-23 from dendritic cells in Il10rb(-/-) mice contributed to the differentiation of naive Th cells into T(FH) cells, as well as the generation of IL-21- and IL-17-producing T(FH) cells. |
| 620 | 22753938 | IL-1R subunit β-deficient (Il10rb(-/-)) Th cells were able to differentiate more readily into T(FH) cells, as well as secrete more IL-21 and IL-17 compared with wild-type Th cell-derived T(FH) cells. |
| 621 | 22753938 | Increased IL-21 and IL-17 contributed to the enhanced B cell help functions of T(FH) cells. |
| 622 | 22753938 | Further experiments demonstrated that IL-6 and IL-23 from dendritic cells in Il10rb(-/-) mice contributed to the differentiation of naive Th cells into T(FH) cells, as well as the generation of IL-21- and IL-17-producing T(FH) cells. |
| 623 | 23162125 | We demonstrate that neonatal immunization induces CXCR5(high)PD-1(high) CD4(+) T(FH) cells that exhibit T(FH) features (including Batf, Bcl6, c-Maf, ICOS, and IL-21 expression) and are able to migrate into the GCs. |
| 624 | 23181060 | Because PP GC formation is dependent on the presence of CD4 T cells, we speculate that all IgA responses in the normal gut are directly or indirectly T cell-dependent (TD). |
| 625 | 23181060 | We hypothesize that the CD4 T cell involvement in gut IgA responses against the microbiota is different from that in systemic responses since cognate T-B cell interactions appear not to be required. |
| 626 | 23181060 | However, production of IL-21 and IL-6 is more pronounced than in peripheral lymph nodes. |
| 627 | 23444943 | Lastly, we review novel patents on the use of genetic immunomodulators, such as "universal" T helper epitopes derived from tetanus toxin, E. coli heat labile enterotoxin and vegetable proteins, as well as cytokines, chemokines or costimulatory molecules such as IL-6, IL-15, IL- 21 to amplify immunity against cancer. |
| 628 | 23467775 | Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a cytokine whose actions are closely related to B cell differentiation into plasma cells as well as to CD8(+) cytolytic T cell effector and memory generation, influencing the T lymphocyte response to different viruses. |
| 629 | 23467775 | We observed in a pediatric patient with XLP-1 that IL-21 was expressed in nearly all peripheral blood CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. |
| 630 | 23467775 | However, IL-21 could not be found in the lymph nodes, suggesting massive mobilization of activated cells toward the infection's target organs, where IL-21-producing cells were detected, resulting in large areas of tissue damage. |
| 631 | 23467775 | Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a cytokine whose actions are closely related to B cell differentiation into plasma cells as well as to CD8(+) cytolytic T cell effector and memory generation, influencing the T lymphocyte response to different viruses. |
| 632 | 23467775 | We observed in a pediatric patient with XLP-1 that IL-21 was expressed in nearly all peripheral blood CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. |
| 633 | 23467775 | However, IL-21 could not be found in the lymph nodes, suggesting massive mobilization of activated cells toward the infection's target organs, where IL-21-producing cells were detected, resulting in large areas of tissue damage. |
| 634 | 23467775 | Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a cytokine whose actions are closely related to B cell differentiation into plasma cells as well as to CD8(+) cytolytic T cell effector and memory generation, influencing the T lymphocyte response to different viruses. |
| 635 | 23467775 | We observed in a pediatric patient with XLP-1 that IL-21 was expressed in nearly all peripheral blood CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. |
| 636 | 23467775 | However, IL-21 could not be found in the lymph nodes, suggesting massive mobilization of activated cells toward the infection's target organs, where IL-21-producing cells were detected, resulting in large areas of tissue damage. |
| 637 | 23475201 | In fact, we show that engagement of PD-1 on TFH cells leads to a reduction in cell proliferation, activation, inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS) expression and interleukin-21 (IL-21) cytokine secretion. |
| 638 | 23475201 | We further show that at least part of this defect involves IL-21, as addition of this cytokine rescues antibody responses and plasma cell generation in vitro. |
| 639 | 23475201 | In fact, we show that engagement of PD-1 on TFH cells leads to a reduction in cell proliferation, activation, inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS) expression and interleukin-21 (IL-21) cytokine secretion. |
| 640 | 23475201 | We further show that at least part of this defect involves IL-21, as addition of this cytokine rescues antibody responses and plasma cell generation in vitro. |
| 641 | 23486418 | In addition, children with active TB had significantly elevated levels of C-reactive protein, α-2 macroglobulin, and haptoglobin, as well as hemoxygenase 1. |
| 642 | 23486418 | Markers of innate immune activation (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein [LBP]) were significantly lower in ETB than in PTB children. |
| 643 | 23486418 | Although there were no significant differences between the two groups in their levels of cytokines (type 1 [gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), and IL-12], type 2 [IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33], and most type 17 [IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1β, and IL-6] and type 1 interferons [IFN-α and IFN-β]) or most of the cytokines associated with immune modulation (IL-10 and IL-20), pediatric TB was associated with elevated plasma transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), IL-21, and IL-23 levels. |
| 644 | 23486778 | Induction of ICOS+CXCR3+CXCR5+ TH cells correlates with antibody responses to influenza vaccination. |
| 645 | 23486778 | The induction of ICOS was largely restricted to CD4+ T cells coexpressing the chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CXCR5, a subpopulation of circulating memory T follicular helper cells. |
| 646 | 23486778 | Up to 60% of these ICOS+CXCR3+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells were specific for influenza antigens and expressed interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-10, IL-21, and interferon-γ upon antigen stimulation. |
| 647 | 23486778 | The increase of ICOS+CXCR3+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells in blood correlated with the increase of preexisting antibody titers, but not with the induction of primary antibody responses. |
| 648 | 23486778 | Consistently, purified ICOS+CXCR3+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells efficiently induced memory B cells, but not naïve B cells, to differentiate into plasma cells that produce influenza-specific antibodies ex vivo. |
| 649 | 23486778 | Thus, the emergence of blood ICOS+CXCR3+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells correlates with the development of protective antibody responses generated by memory B cells upon seasonal influenza vaccination. |
| 650 | 23624107 | Protection could be partially transferred with CD4(+) T cells and pulmonary challenge with the P6 antigen induced interferon-γ and the Th17 cytokine IL-21. |
| 651 | 23637417 | In this study, we have examined the role of the cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) in regulating humoral immunity during acute viral infections. |
| 652 | 23637417 | Using IL-21 receptor-deficient (IL-21R(-/-)) mice, we found that virus-specific CD4 T cells were generated after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and that these CD4 T cells differentiated into T follicular helper (TFH)-like cells in the absence of IL-21 signaling. |
| 653 | 23637417 | Using chimeric mice containing wild-type or IL-21R(-/-) CD4 T cells and B cells, we showed that both B and CD4 T cells need IL-21 signaling for generating long-term humoral immunity. |
| 654 | 23637417 | Taken together, our results highlight the importance of IL-21 in humoral immunity to viruses. |
| 655 | 23637417 | In this study, we have examined the role of the cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) in regulating humoral immunity during acute viral infections. |
| 656 | 23637417 | Using IL-21 receptor-deficient (IL-21R(-/-)) mice, we found that virus-specific CD4 T cells were generated after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and that these CD4 T cells differentiated into T follicular helper (TFH)-like cells in the absence of IL-21 signaling. |
| 657 | 23637417 | Using chimeric mice containing wild-type or IL-21R(-/-) CD4 T cells and B cells, we showed that both B and CD4 T cells need IL-21 signaling for generating long-term humoral immunity. |
| 658 | 23637417 | Taken together, our results highlight the importance of IL-21 in humoral immunity to viruses. |
| 659 | 23637417 | In this study, we have examined the role of the cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) in regulating humoral immunity during acute viral infections. |
| 660 | 23637417 | Using IL-21 receptor-deficient (IL-21R(-/-)) mice, we found that virus-specific CD4 T cells were generated after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and that these CD4 T cells differentiated into T follicular helper (TFH)-like cells in the absence of IL-21 signaling. |
| 661 | 23637417 | Using chimeric mice containing wild-type or IL-21R(-/-) CD4 T cells and B cells, we showed that both B and CD4 T cells need IL-21 signaling for generating long-term humoral immunity. |
| 662 | 23637417 | Taken together, our results highlight the importance of IL-21 in humoral immunity to viruses. |
| 663 | 23637417 | In this study, we have examined the role of the cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) in regulating humoral immunity during acute viral infections. |
| 664 | 23637417 | Using IL-21 receptor-deficient (IL-21R(-/-)) mice, we found that virus-specific CD4 T cells were generated after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and that these CD4 T cells differentiated into T follicular helper (TFH)-like cells in the absence of IL-21 signaling. |
| 665 | 23637417 | Using chimeric mice containing wild-type or IL-21R(-/-) CD4 T cells and B cells, we showed that both B and CD4 T cells need IL-21 signaling for generating long-term humoral immunity. |
| 666 | 23637417 | Taken together, our results highlight the importance of IL-21 in humoral immunity to viruses. |
| 667 | 23759470 | In our current study, we found that LBP were able to activate CXCR5+PD-1+ Tfh cells and induce IL-21 secretion. |
| 668 | 23804713 | Although this vaccination induced CD4(+) CXCR5(+) PD-1(+) TFH cells in newborns, their frequency, as well as their Bcl6 expression and IL-21 and IL-4 mRNA induction, was decreased in early life. |
| 669 | 23804713 | In addition, IL-4 dampened expression of Th17-related molecules in neonatal TFH cells, as TFH cells from immunized IL-4-deficient neonates displayed enhanced expression of RORγt and IL-17. |
| 670 | 23823532 | The data showed that adenoviral vectors co-expressing FMDV VP1 proteins and porcine IFN-α potently enhanced the generation of Tfh cells, the secretion of IL-21 protein and the expression of Bcl-6 mRNA, compared with adenoviral vectors sole expressing VP1 alone. |
| 671 | 23940329 | Human circulating influenza-CD4+ ICOS1+IL-21+ T cells expand after vaccination, exert helper function, and predict antibody responses. |
| 672 | 23940329 | In lymph nodes and tonsils, T-follicular helper cells have been identified as the T cells subset specialized in helping B lymphocytes, with interleukin-21 (IL-21) and inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS1) playing a central role for this function. |
| 673 | 23940329 | We followed the expansion of antigen-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells upon influenza vaccination in adults. |
| 674 | 23940329 | We show that, after an overnight in vitro stimulation, influenza-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells can be measured in human blood, accumulate in the CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) population, and increase in frequency after vaccination. |
| 675 | 23940329 | The expansion of influenza-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells associates with and predicts the rise of functionally active antibodies to avian H5N1. |
| 676 | 23940329 | We also show that blood-derived CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) CD4(+) T cells exert helper function in vitro and support the differentiation of influenza specific B cells in an ICOS1- and IL-21-dependent manner. |
| 677 | 23940329 | We propose that the expansion of antigen-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells in blood is an early marker of vaccine immunogenicity and an important immune parameter for the evaluation of novel vaccination strategies. |
| 678 | 23940329 | Human circulating influenza-CD4+ ICOS1+IL-21+ T cells expand after vaccination, exert helper function, and predict antibody responses. |
| 679 | 23940329 | In lymph nodes and tonsils, T-follicular helper cells have been identified as the T cells subset specialized in helping B lymphocytes, with interleukin-21 (IL-21) and inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS1) playing a central role for this function. |
| 680 | 23940329 | We followed the expansion of antigen-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells upon influenza vaccination in adults. |
| 681 | 23940329 | We show that, after an overnight in vitro stimulation, influenza-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells can be measured in human blood, accumulate in the CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) population, and increase in frequency after vaccination. |
| 682 | 23940329 | The expansion of influenza-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells associates with and predicts the rise of functionally active antibodies to avian H5N1. |
| 683 | 23940329 | We also show that blood-derived CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) CD4(+) T cells exert helper function in vitro and support the differentiation of influenza specific B cells in an ICOS1- and IL-21-dependent manner. |
| 684 | 23940329 | We propose that the expansion of antigen-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells in blood is an early marker of vaccine immunogenicity and an important immune parameter for the evaluation of novel vaccination strategies. |
| 685 | 23940329 | Human circulating influenza-CD4+ ICOS1+IL-21+ T cells expand after vaccination, exert helper function, and predict antibody responses. |
| 686 | 23940329 | In lymph nodes and tonsils, T-follicular helper cells have been identified as the T cells subset specialized in helping B lymphocytes, with interleukin-21 (IL-21) and inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS1) playing a central role for this function. |
| 687 | 23940329 | We followed the expansion of antigen-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells upon influenza vaccination in adults. |
| 688 | 23940329 | We show that, after an overnight in vitro stimulation, influenza-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells can be measured in human blood, accumulate in the CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) population, and increase in frequency after vaccination. |
| 689 | 23940329 | The expansion of influenza-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells associates with and predicts the rise of functionally active antibodies to avian H5N1. |
| 690 | 23940329 | We also show that blood-derived CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) CD4(+) T cells exert helper function in vitro and support the differentiation of influenza specific B cells in an ICOS1- and IL-21-dependent manner. |
| 691 | 23940329 | We propose that the expansion of antigen-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells in blood is an early marker of vaccine immunogenicity and an important immune parameter for the evaluation of novel vaccination strategies. |
| 692 | 23940329 | Human circulating influenza-CD4+ ICOS1+IL-21+ T cells expand after vaccination, exert helper function, and predict antibody responses. |
| 693 | 23940329 | In lymph nodes and tonsils, T-follicular helper cells have been identified as the T cells subset specialized in helping B lymphocytes, with interleukin-21 (IL-21) and inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS1) playing a central role for this function. |
| 694 | 23940329 | We followed the expansion of antigen-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells upon influenza vaccination in adults. |
| 695 | 23940329 | We show that, after an overnight in vitro stimulation, influenza-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells can be measured in human blood, accumulate in the CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) population, and increase in frequency after vaccination. |
| 696 | 23940329 | The expansion of influenza-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells associates with and predicts the rise of functionally active antibodies to avian H5N1. |
| 697 | 23940329 | We also show that blood-derived CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) CD4(+) T cells exert helper function in vitro and support the differentiation of influenza specific B cells in an ICOS1- and IL-21-dependent manner. |
| 698 | 23940329 | We propose that the expansion of antigen-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells in blood is an early marker of vaccine immunogenicity and an important immune parameter for the evaluation of novel vaccination strategies. |
| 699 | 23940329 | Human circulating influenza-CD4+ ICOS1+IL-21+ T cells expand after vaccination, exert helper function, and predict antibody responses. |
| 700 | 23940329 | In lymph nodes and tonsils, T-follicular helper cells have been identified as the T cells subset specialized in helping B lymphocytes, with interleukin-21 (IL-21) and inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS1) playing a central role for this function. |
| 701 | 23940329 | We followed the expansion of antigen-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells upon influenza vaccination in adults. |
| 702 | 23940329 | We show that, after an overnight in vitro stimulation, influenza-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells can be measured in human blood, accumulate in the CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) population, and increase in frequency after vaccination. |
| 703 | 23940329 | The expansion of influenza-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells associates with and predicts the rise of functionally active antibodies to avian H5N1. |
| 704 | 23940329 | We also show that blood-derived CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) CD4(+) T cells exert helper function in vitro and support the differentiation of influenza specific B cells in an ICOS1- and IL-21-dependent manner. |
| 705 | 23940329 | We propose that the expansion of antigen-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells in blood is an early marker of vaccine immunogenicity and an important immune parameter for the evaluation of novel vaccination strategies. |
| 706 | 23940329 | Human circulating influenza-CD4+ ICOS1+IL-21+ T cells expand after vaccination, exert helper function, and predict antibody responses. |
| 707 | 23940329 | In lymph nodes and tonsils, T-follicular helper cells have been identified as the T cells subset specialized in helping B lymphocytes, with interleukin-21 (IL-21) and inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS1) playing a central role for this function. |
| 708 | 23940329 | We followed the expansion of antigen-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells upon influenza vaccination in adults. |
| 709 | 23940329 | We show that, after an overnight in vitro stimulation, influenza-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells can be measured in human blood, accumulate in the CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) population, and increase in frequency after vaccination. |
| 710 | 23940329 | The expansion of influenza-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells associates with and predicts the rise of functionally active antibodies to avian H5N1. |
| 711 | 23940329 | We also show that blood-derived CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) CD4(+) T cells exert helper function in vitro and support the differentiation of influenza specific B cells in an ICOS1- and IL-21-dependent manner. |
| 712 | 23940329 | We propose that the expansion of antigen-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells in blood is an early marker of vaccine immunogenicity and an important immune parameter for the evaluation of novel vaccination strategies. |
| 713 | 23940329 | Human circulating influenza-CD4+ ICOS1+IL-21+ T cells expand after vaccination, exert helper function, and predict antibody responses. |
| 714 | 23940329 | In lymph nodes and tonsils, T-follicular helper cells have been identified as the T cells subset specialized in helping B lymphocytes, with interleukin-21 (IL-21) and inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS1) playing a central role for this function. |
| 715 | 23940329 | We followed the expansion of antigen-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells upon influenza vaccination in adults. |
| 716 | 23940329 | We show that, after an overnight in vitro stimulation, influenza-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells can be measured in human blood, accumulate in the CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) population, and increase in frequency after vaccination. |
| 717 | 23940329 | The expansion of influenza-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells associates with and predicts the rise of functionally active antibodies to avian H5N1. |
| 718 | 23940329 | We also show that blood-derived CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) CD4(+) T cells exert helper function in vitro and support the differentiation of influenza specific B cells in an ICOS1- and IL-21-dependent manner. |
| 719 | 23940329 | We propose that the expansion of antigen-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells in blood is an early marker of vaccine immunogenicity and an important immune parameter for the evaluation of novel vaccination strategies. |
| 720 | 24188670 | Furthermore, dendritic cells electroporated with survivin and cytokine (i.e., IL-12 and IL-21) mRNA can be used to generate survivin-specific T cells in vitro. |
| 721 | 24235222 | Mycoplasma synoviae infection of embryos resulted in intensive upregulation of cytokine and chemokine genes, including interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-16, IL-18, MIP-1β (CCL4), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), XCL1, and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-α factor (LITAF), with different expression profiles in the 4 organs. |
| 722 | 24235222 | Inoculation of lentogenic NDV significantly upregulated IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-16 genes in spleen and IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-16, IL-21, XCL1, and MIP-1β (CCL4) genes in the thymus, but to a lesser extent than M. synoviae. |
| 723 | 24242760 | Interleukin (IL)-21 is a member of the γ chain-receptor cytokine family along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15. |
| 724 | 24242760 | The effects of IL-21 are pleiotropic, owing to the broad cellular distribution of the IL-21 receptor. |
| 725 | 24242760 | IL-21 is secreted by activated CD4 T cells and natural killer T cells. |
| 726 | 24242760 | Our research focus has been on the role of IL-21 and more recently of Tfh in immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. |
| 727 | 24242760 | This review focuses on first the influence of IL-21 in regulation of T cell, B cell, and NK cell responses and its immunotherapeutic potential in viral infections and as a vaccine adjuvant. |
| 728 | 24242760 | Interleukin (IL)-21 is a member of the γ chain-receptor cytokine family along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15. |
| 729 | 24242760 | The effects of IL-21 are pleiotropic, owing to the broad cellular distribution of the IL-21 receptor. |
| 730 | 24242760 | IL-21 is secreted by activated CD4 T cells and natural killer T cells. |
| 731 | 24242760 | Our research focus has been on the role of IL-21 and more recently of Tfh in immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. |
| 732 | 24242760 | This review focuses on first the influence of IL-21 in regulation of T cell, B cell, and NK cell responses and its immunotherapeutic potential in viral infections and as a vaccine adjuvant. |
| 733 | 24242760 | Interleukin (IL)-21 is a member of the γ chain-receptor cytokine family along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15. |
| 734 | 24242760 | The effects of IL-21 are pleiotropic, owing to the broad cellular distribution of the IL-21 receptor. |
| 735 | 24242760 | IL-21 is secreted by activated CD4 T cells and natural killer T cells. |
| 736 | 24242760 | Our research focus has been on the role of IL-21 and more recently of Tfh in immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. |
| 737 | 24242760 | This review focuses on first the influence of IL-21 in regulation of T cell, B cell, and NK cell responses and its immunotherapeutic potential in viral infections and as a vaccine adjuvant. |
| 738 | 24242760 | Interleukin (IL)-21 is a member of the γ chain-receptor cytokine family along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15. |
| 739 | 24242760 | The effects of IL-21 are pleiotropic, owing to the broad cellular distribution of the IL-21 receptor. |
| 740 | 24242760 | IL-21 is secreted by activated CD4 T cells and natural killer T cells. |
| 741 | 24242760 | Our research focus has been on the role of IL-21 and more recently of Tfh in immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. |
| 742 | 24242760 | This review focuses on first the influence of IL-21 in regulation of T cell, B cell, and NK cell responses and its immunotherapeutic potential in viral infections and as a vaccine adjuvant. |
| 743 | 24242760 | Interleukin (IL)-21 is a member of the γ chain-receptor cytokine family along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15. |
| 744 | 24242760 | The effects of IL-21 are pleiotropic, owing to the broad cellular distribution of the IL-21 receptor. |
| 745 | 24242760 | IL-21 is secreted by activated CD4 T cells and natural killer T cells. |
| 746 | 24242760 | Our research focus has been on the role of IL-21 and more recently of Tfh in immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. |
| 747 | 24242760 | This review focuses on first the influence of IL-21 in regulation of T cell, B cell, and NK cell responses and its immunotherapeutic potential in viral infections and as a vaccine adjuvant. |
| 748 | 24308005 | Here, we report that the Schistosoma japonicum recombinant protein (SjGST-32) combined with tacrolimus (FK506) augmented the induction of Tfh cells, which expressed the canonical markers CXCR5, BCL6, and IL-21, and enhanced the humoral immune responses in BALB/c mice. |
| 749 | 24497611 | Recently, we reported that the combination of CpG and IL-21 (CpG/IL-21) can induce granzyme B (GrB)-dependent apoptosis in B-CLL cells. |
| 750 | 24497611 | APC- and CTL-typical molecules found to be up-regulated in CpG/IL-21-stimulated B-CLL cells include GrB, perforin, T-bet, monokine-induced by IFN-γ and IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), as well as molecules important for cell adhesion, antigen cross-presentation and costimulation. |
| 751 | 24497611 | Also induced are molecules involved in GrB induction, trafficking and processing, whereas the GrB inhibitor Serpin B9 [formerly proteinase inhibitor-9 (PI-9)] is down-modulated by CpG/IL-21. |
| 752 | 24497611 | Recently, we reported that the combination of CpG and IL-21 (CpG/IL-21) can induce granzyme B (GrB)-dependent apoptosis in B-CLL cells. |
| 753 | 24497611 | APC- and CTL-typical molecules found to be up-regulated in CpG/IL-21-stimulated B-CLL cells include GrB, perforin, T-bet, monokine-induced by IFN-γ and IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), as well as molecules important for cell adhesion, antigen cross-presentation and costimulation. |
| 754 | 24497611 | Also induced are molecules involved in GrB induction, trafficking and processing, whereas the GrB inhibitor Serpin B9 [formerly proteinase inhibitor-9 (PI-9)] is down-modulated by CpG/IL-21. |
| 755 | 24497611 | Recently, we reported that the combination of CpG and IL-21 (CpG/IL-21) can induce granzyme B (GrB)-dependent apoptosis in B-CLL cells. |
| 756 | 24497611 | APC- and CTL-typical molecules found to be up-regulated in CpG/IL-21-stimulated B-CLL cells include GrB, perforin, T-bet, monokine-induced by IFN-γ and IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), as well as molecules important for cell adhesion, antigen cross-presentation and costimulation. |
| 757 | 24497611 | Also induced are molecules involved in GrB induction, trafficking and processing, whereas the GrB inhibitor Serpin B9 [formerly proteinase inhibitor-9 (PI-9)] is down-modulated by CpG/IL-21. |
| 758 | 24497824 | In co-culture experiments we confirmed CXCR5+ cells from HIV-uninfected donors provide help to B cells and more specifically, we identified a CCR7(high)CXCR5(high)CCR6(high)PD-1(high) CD4 T cell population that secretes IL-21 and enhances isotype-switched immunoglobulin production. |
| 759 | 24505407 | The induction of a balanced Th1 and Th17 response, together with expression of effector cytokines, such as IFNG, IL2, IL17, IL21 and IL22, could be used as correlates of a protective host response. |
| 760 | 24605077 | TFH cells are characterized by their expression of master regulator, Bcl-6, and chemokine receptor, CXCR5, which are essential for the migration of T cells into the B cell follicle. |
| 761 | 24605077 | IL-6 and IL-21 cytokine-mediated STAT signaling pathways, including STAT1 and STAT3, are crucial for inducing Bcl-6 expression and TFH cell differentiation. |
| 762 | 24605077 | TFH cells express important surface molecules such as ICOS, PD-1, IL-21, BTLA, SAP and CD40L for mediating the interaction between T and B cells. |
| 763 | 24605077 | The miR-17-92 cluster induces Bcl-6 and TFH cell differentiation, whereas miR-10a negatively regulates Bcl-6 expression in T cells. |
| 764 | 24605077 | In addition, follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells are studied as thymus-derived CXCR5(+)PD-1(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells that play a significant role in limiting the GC response. |
| 765 | 24605077 | TFH cells are characterized by their expression of master regulator, Bcl-6, and chemokine receptor, CXCR5, which are essential for the migration of T cells into the B cell follicle. |
| 766 | 24605077 | IL-6 and IL-21 cytokine-mediated STAT signaling pathways, including STAT1 and STAT3, are crucial for inducing Bcl-6 expression and TFH cell differentiation. |
| 767 | 24605077 | TFH cells express important surface molecules such as ICOS, PD-1, IL-21, BTLA, SAP and CD40L for mediating the interaction between T and B cells. |
| 768 | 24605077 | The miR-17-92 cluster induces Bcl-6 and TFH cell differentiation, whereas miR-10a negatively regulates Bcl-6 expression in T cells. |
| 769 | 24605077 | In addition, follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells are studied as thymus-derived CXCR5(+)PD-1(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells that play a significant role in limiting the GC response. |
| 770 | 24647609 | Anti-CD4 antibody treatment efficiently depleted CD4(+) CD25(high) Treg cells, but alone had limited impact on NB. |
| 771 | 24647609 | These observations open new perspectives for the use of IL-21-based immunotherapy in conjunction with transient CD4(+) T cell depletion, in human metastatic NB. |
| 772 | 24729614 | In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of chimeric molecules containing uncleaved Env gp140 fused to the species-matched cytokines IL-21 or GM-CSF in rabbits and mice. |
| 773 | 24729614 | The cytokine components of the chimeric Env-GM-CSF and Env-IL-21 molecules were functional in vitro, but none of the Env-cytokine fusion proteins resulted in improved Ab responses in vivo. |
| 774 | 24729614 | Both the Env-GM-CSF and the Env-IL-21 molecules induced strong anticytokine Ab responses in both test species. |
| 775 | 24729614 | In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of chimeric molecules containing uncleaved Env gp140 fused to the species-matched cytokines IL-21 or GM-CSF in rabbits and mice. |
| 776 | 24729614 | The cytokine components of the chimeric Env-GM-CSF and Env-IL-21 molecules were functional in vitro, but none of the Env-cytokine fusion proteins resulted in improved Ab responses in vivo. |
| 777 | 24729614 | Both the Env-GM-CSF and the Env-IL-21 molecules induced strong anticytokine Ab responses in both test species. |
| 778 | 24729614 | In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of chimeric molecules containing uncleaved Env gp140 fused to the species-matched cytokines IL-21 or GM-CSF in rabbits and mice. |
| 779 | 24729614 | The cytokine components of the chimeric Env-GM-CSF and Env-IL-21 molecules were functional in vitro, but none of the Env-cytokine fusion proteins resulted in improved Ab responses in vivo. |
| 780 | 24729614 | Both the Env-GM-CSF and the Env-IL-21 molecules induced strong anticytokine Ab responses in both test species. |
| 781 | 25042008 | Vaccination increased: (i) the breadth of the immune response from 1 (1-3) to 4 (2-5) peptide-pool responses/patient (p = 0.009); (ii) the frequency of functional T cells (producing at least two cytokines among IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2) from 0.026 to 0.32% (p = 0.002) and from 0.26 to 0.35% (p = 0.005) for CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, respectively; and (iii) the breadth of cytokines secreted by PBMCs upon antigen exposure, including IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-21, IL-17, and IL-13. |
| 782 | 25042008 | An inverse correlation was found between the maximum of VL and the frequency of polyfunctional CD4(+) T cells (p = 0.007), production of IL-2 (p = 0.006), IFN-γ (p = 0.01), IL-21 (p = 0.006), and IL-13 (p = 0.001). |
| 783 | 25042008 | Vaccination increased: (i) the breadth of the immune response from 1 (1-3) to 4 (2-5) peptide-pool responses/patient (p = 0.009); (ii) the frequency of functional T cells (producing at least two cytokines among IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2) from 0.026 to 0.32% (p = 0.002) and from 0.26 to 0.35% (p = 0.005) for CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, respectively; and (iii) the breadth of cytokines secreted by PBMCs upon antigen exposure, including IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-21, IL-17, and IL-13. |
| 784 | 25042008 | An inverse correlation was found between the maximum of VL and the frequency of polyfunctional CD4(+) T cells (p = 0.007), production of IL-2 (p = 0.006), IFN-γ (p = 0.01), IL-21 (p = 0.006), and IL-13 (p = 0.001). |
| 785 | 25077417 | Genetic polymorphisms of CXCR5 and CXCL13 are associated with non-responsiveness to the hepatitis B vaccine. |
| 786 | 25077417 | A total of 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 6 TfH related genes (CXCR5, ICOS, CXCL13, IL-21, BCL6 and CD40L) were investigated in 20 non-responders and 45 responders to HBV vaccination. |
| 787 | 25077417 | Genetic association analysis revealed that three SNPs (rs497916, rs3922, rs676925) in CXCR5 and one SNP (rs355687) in CXCL13 were associated with hepatitis B vaccine efficacy. |
| 788 | 25149304 | The most utilized Elispot assay is the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) test, a marker for CD8(+) CTL activation, but Elispot can also be used to distinguish different subsets of activated T cells by using other cytokines such as T-helper (Th) 1-type cells (characterized by the production of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-21, and TNF-α), Th2 (producing cytokines like IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13), and Th17 (IL-17) cells. |
| 789 | 25192845 | Protective efficacy of Toxoplasma gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (TgCDPK1) adjuvated with recombinant IL-15 and IL-21 against experimental toxoplasmosis in mice. |
| 790 | 25211639 | A fusion DNA vaccine encoding middle version of HBV envelope protein fused to interleukin-21 did not enhance HBV-specific immune response in mice. |
| 791 | 25211639 | Thus, we aimed to investigate the ability of IL-21 in the regulation of middle version of HBV envelop protein (MS) DNA vaccine. |
| 792 | 25211639 | Fusion plasmid encoding IL-21 linked with MS was constructed. |
| 793 | 25211639 | Normal and HBV transgenic mice were immunized by plasmid. pcDNA-IL-21/S2S induced a comparable level of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response with pcDNA-S2S. |
| 794 | 25211639 | Furthermore, the level of circulating HBsAg was decreased by induction of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response to both pcDNA-IL-21/S2S and pcDNA-S2S vaccination in HBV transgenic mice. |
| 795 | 25211639 | But IL-21 did not strengthen immune response induced by HBV DNA immunization. |
| 796 | 25211639 | However, IL-21 does not improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of MS DNA vaccination, and thus may not be used as a therapeutic marker for chronic hepatitis B. |
| 797 | 25211639 | A fusion DNA vaccine encoding middle version of HBV envelope protein fused to interleukin-21 did not enhance HBV-specific immune response in mice. |
| 798 | 25211639 | Thus, we aimed to investigate the ability of IL-21 in the regulation of middle version of HBV envelop protein (MS) DNA vaccine. |
| 799 | 25211639 | Fusion plasmid encoding IL-21 linked with MS was constructed. |
| 800 | 25211639 | Normal and HBV transgenic mice were immunized by plasmid. pcDNA-IL-21/S2S induced a comparable level of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response with pcDNA-S2S. |
| 801 | 25211639 | Furthermore, the level of circulating HBsAg was decreased by induction of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response to both pcDNA-IL-21/S2S and pcDNA-S2S vaccination in HBV transgenic mice. |
| 802 | 25211639 | But IL-21 did not strengthen immune response induced by HBV DNA immunization. |
| 803 | 25211639 | However, IL-21 does not improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of MS DNA vaccination, and thus may not be used as a therapeutic marker for chronic hepatitis B. |
| 804 | 25211639 | A fusion DNA vaccine encoding middle version of HBV envelope protein fused to interleukin-21 did not enhance HBV-specific immune response in mice. |
| 805 | 25211639 | Thus, we aimed to investigate the ability of IL-21 in the regulation of middle version of HBV envelop protein (MS) DNA vaccine. |
| 806 | 25211639 | Fusion plasmid encoding IL-21 linked with MS was constructed. |
| 807 | 25211639 | Normal and HBV transgenic mice were immunized by plasmid. pcDNA-IL-21/S2S induced a comparable level of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response with pcDNA-S2S. |
| 808 | 25211639 | Furthermore, the level of circulating HBsAg was decreased by induction of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response to both pcDNA-IL-21/S2S and pcDNA-S2S vaccination in HBV transgenic mice. |
| 809 | 25211639 | But IL-21 did not strengthen immune response induced by HBV DNA immunization. |
| 810 | 25211639 | However, IL-21 does not improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of MS DNA vaccination, and thus may not be used as a therapeutic marker for chronic hepatitis B. |
| 811 | 25211639 | A fusion DNA vaccine encoding middle version of HBV envelope protein fused to interleukin-21 did not enhance HBV-specific immune response in mice. |
| 812 | 25211639 | Thus, we aimed to investigate the ability of IL-21 in the regulation of middle version of HBV envelop protein (MS) DNA vaccine. |
| 813 | 25211639 | Fusion plasmid encoding IL-21 linked with MS was constructed. |
| 814 | 25211639 | Normal and HBV transgenic mice were immunized by plasmid. pcDNA-IL-21/S2S induced a comparable level of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response with pcDNA-S2S. |
| 815 | 25211639 | Furthermore, the level of circulating HBsAg was decreased by induction of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response to both pcDNA-IL-21/S2S and pcDNA-S2S vaccination in HBV transgenic mice. |
| 816 | 25211639 | But IL-21 did not strengthen immune response induced by HBV DNA immunization. |
| 817 | 25211639 | However, IL-21 does not improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of MS DNA vaccination, and thus may not be used as a therapeutic marker for chronic hepatitis B. |
| 818 | 25211639 | A fusion DNA vaccine encoding middle version of HBV envelope protein fused to interleukin-21 did not enhance HBV-specific immune response in mice. |
| 819 | 25211639 | Thus, we aimed to investigate the ability of IL-21 in the regulation of middle version of HBV envelop protein (MS) DNA vaccine. |
| 820 | 25211639 | Fusion plasmid encoding IL-21 linked with MS was constructed. |
| 821 | 25211639 | Normal and HBV transgenic mice were immunized by plasmid. pcDNA-IL-21/S2S induced a comparable level of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response with pcDNA-S2S. |
| 822 | 25211639 | Furthermore, the level of circulating HBsAg was decreased by induction of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response to both pcDNA-IL-21/S2S and pcDNA-S2S vaccination in HBV transgenic mice. |
| 823 | 25211639 | But IL-21 did not strengthen immune response induced by HBV DNA immunization. |
| 824 | 25211639 | However, IL-21 does not improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of MS DNA vaccination, and thus may not be used as a therapeutic marker for chronic hepatitis B. |
| 825 | 25211639 | A fusion DNA vaccine encoding middle version of HBV envelope protein fused to interleukin-21 did not enhance HBV-specific immune response in mice. |
| 826 | 25211639 | Thus, we aimed to investigate the ability of IL-21 in the regulation of middle version of HBV envelop protein (MS) DNA vaccine. |
| 827 | 25211639 | Fusion plasmid encoding IL-21 linked with MS was constructed. |
| 828 | 25211639 | Normal and HBV transgenic mice were immunized by plasmid. pcDNA-IL-21/S2S induced a comparable level of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response with pcDNA-S2S. |
| 829 | 25211639 | Furthermore, the level of circulating HBsAg was decreased by induction of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response to both pcDNA-IL-21/S2S and pcDNA-S2S vaccination in HBV transgenic mice. |
| 830 | 25211639 | But IL-21 did not strengthen immune response induced by HBV DNA immunization. |
| 831 | 25211639 | However, IL-21 does not improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of MS DNA vaccination, and thus may not be used as a therapeutic marker for chronic hepatitis B. |
| 832 | 25211769 | CD4-positive T cells from mice primed with OVA-NPs produced substantial levels of IL-21 and IL-4, comparable to those from OVA-alum group. |
| 833 | 25211769 | Moreover, when OVA-NPs-primed, but not OVA-alum-primed, B cells were cultured in the presence of anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, IL-4, and IL-21, or LPS plus TGF-β in vitro, OVA-specific IgG1 or IgG2b antibody responses were elicited, suggesting that immunization with OVA-NPs modulates B cells to generate IgG1 and IgG2b responses. |
| 834 | 25211769 | CD4-positive T cells from mice primed with OVA-NPs produced substantial levels of IL-21 and IL-4, comparable to those from OVA-alum group. |
| 835 | 25211769 | Moreover, when OVA-NPs-primed, but not OVA-alum-primed, B cells were cultured in the presence of anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, IL-4, and IL-21, or LPS plus TGF-β in vitro, OVA-specific IgG1 or IgG2b antibody responses were elicited, suggesting that immunization with OVA-NPs modulates B cells to generate IgG1 and IgG2b responses. |
| 836 | 25247707 | Here, we found that Env-APRIL signaled through the two receptors, BCMA and TACI. |
| 837 | 25247707 | Thus, in contrast to the 4-helix cytokines IL-21 and GM-CSF, the TNF-superfamily members CD40L and APRIL induced negligible autoantibodies. |
| 838 | 25253667 | Interleukin-10- and transforming growth factor β-independent regulation of CD8⁺ T cells expressing type 1 and type 2 cytokines in human lymphatic filariasis. |
| 839 | 25253667 | INF individuals exhibited significant decreases in the frequencies of CD8⁺ T cells expressing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and interleukin-22 (IL-22) at baseline and/or in response to filarial antigens, compared with CP and EN individuals. |
| 840 | 25253667 | In contrast, the same individuals exhibited significant increases in the frequencies of CD8⁺ T cells expressing IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-21, compared with CP and/or EN individuals. |
| 841 | 25253667 | Finally, the regulation of these responses appears to be independent of IL-10 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), since blockade of IL-10 or TGF-β signaling did not significantly alter the frequencies of type 1 or type 2 cytokine-expressing CD8⁺ T cells. |
| 842 | 25627812 | Importantly, although interleukin (IL)-23 is critical, IL-12 and IL-21 are dispensable for protective Th17 recall responses. |
| 843 | 25699040 | This specialized T helper subset provides help to cognate B cells via their expression of CD40 ligand, IL-21, IL-4, and other molecules. |
| 844 | 25699040 | Tfh cells are characterized by their expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5, expression of the transcriptional repressor Bcl6, and their capacity to migrate to the follicle and promote germinal center B cell responses. |
| 845 | 25712216 | Additionally, following immunization with SEA (but not with an Ag that induced type 1 immunity), IL-4 and IL-21 were coproduced by individual Tfh cells, revealing a potential mechanism through which appropriate class-switching can be coupled to plasmablast proliferation to enforce type 2 immunity. |
| 846 | 25763578 | Disruption of IL-21 signaling affects T cell-B cell interactions and abrogates protective humoral immunity to malaria. |
| 847 | 25763578 | However, a role for IL-21 in antibody-mediated protection against pathogens has not been demonstrated. |
| 848 | 25763578 | Here we show that IL-21 is produced by T follicular helper cells and co-expressed with IFN-γ during an erythrocytic-stage malaria infection of Plasmodium chabaudi in mice. |
| 849 | 25763578 | Mice deficient either in IL-21 or the IL-21 receptor fail to resolve the chronic phase of P. chabaudi infection and P. yoelii infection resulting in sustained high parasitemias, and are not immune to re-infection. |
| 850 | 25763578 | Mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, with T cells carrying a targeted disruption of the Il21 gene, or B cells with a targeted disruption of the Il21r gene, demonstrate that IL-21 from T cells signaling through the IL-21 receptor on B cells is necessary to control chronic P. chabaudi infection. |
| 851 | 25763578 | Our data uncover a mechanism by which CD4+ T cells and B cells control parasitemia during chronic erythrocytic-stage malaria through a single gene, Il21, and demonstrate the importance of this cytokine in the control of pathogens by humoral immune responses. |
| 852 | 25763578 | Disruption of IL-21 signaling affects T cell-B cell interactions and abrogates protective humoral immunity to malaria. |
| 853 | 25763578 | However, a role for IL-21 in antibody-mediated protection against pathogens has not been demonstrated. |
| 854 | 25763578 | Here we show that IL-21 is produced by T follicular helper cells and co-expressed with IFN-γ during an erythrocytic-stage malaria infection of Plasmodium chabaudi in mice. |
| 855 | 25763578 | Mice deficient either in IL-21 or the IL-21 receptor fail to resolve the chronic phase of P. chabaudi infection and P. yoelii infection resulting in sustained high parasitemias, and are not immune to re-infection. |
| 856 | 25763578 | Mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, with T cells carrying a targeted disruption of the Il21 gene, or B cells with a targeted disruption of the Il21r gene, demonstrate that IL-21 from T cells signaling through the IL-21 receptor on B cells is necessary to control chronic P. chabaudi infection. |
| 857 | 25763578 | Our data uncover a mechanism by which CD4+ T cells and B cells control parasitemia during chronic erythrocytic-stage malaria through a single gene, Il21, and demonstrate the importance of this cytokine in the control of pathogens by humoral immune responses. |
| 858 | 25763578 | Disruption of IL-21 signaling affects T cell-B cell interactions and abrogates protective humoral immunity to malaria. |
| 859 | 25763578 | However, a role for IL-21 in antibody-mediated protection against pathogens has not been demonstrated. |
| 860 | 25763578 | Here we show that IL-21 is produced by T follicular helper cells and co-expressed with IFN-γ during an erythrocytic-stage malaria infection of Plasmodium chabaudi in mice. |
| 861 | 25763578 | Mice deficient either in IL-21 or the IL-21 receptor fail to resolve the chronic phase of P. chabaudi infection and P. yoelii infection resulting in sustained high parasitemias, and are not immune to re-infection. |
| 862 | 25763578 | Mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, with T cells carrying a targeted disruption of the Il21 gene, or B cells with a targeted disruption of the Il21r gene, demonstrate that IL-21 from T cells signaling through the IL-21 receptor on B cells is necessary to control chronic P. chabaudi infection. |
| 863 | 25763578 | Our data uncover a mechanism by which CD4+ T cells and B cells control parasitemia during chronic erythrocytic-stage malaria through a single gene, Il21, and demonstrate the importance of this cytokine in the control of pathogens by humoral immune responses. |
| 864 | 25763578 | Disruption of IL-21 signaling affects T cell-B cell interactions and abrogates protective humoral immunity to malaria. |
| 865 | 25763578 | However, a role for IL-21 in antibody-mediated protection against pathogens has not been demonstrated. |
| 866 | 25763578 | Here we show that IL-21 is produced by T follicular helper cells and co-expressed with IFN-γ during an erythrocytic-stage malaria infection of Plasmodium chabaudi in mice. |
| 867 | 25763578 | Mice deficient either in IL-21 or the IL-21 receptor fail to resolve the chronic phase of P. chabaudi infection and P. yoelii infection resulting in sustained high parasitemias, and are not immune to re-infection. |
| 868 | 25763578 | Mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, with T cells carrying a targeted disruption of the Il21 gene, or B cells with a targeted disruption of the Il21r gene, demonstrate that IL-21 from T cells signaling through the IL-21 receptor on B cells is necessary to control chronic P. chabaudi infection. |
| 869 | 25763578 | Our data uncover a mechanism by which CD4+ T cells and B cells control parasitemia during chronic erythrocytic-stage malaria through a single gene, Il21, and demonstrate the importance of this cytokine in the control of pathogens by humoral immune responses. |
| 870 | 25763578 | Disruption of IL-21 signaling affects T cell-B cell interactions and abrogates protective humoral immunity to malaria. |
| 871 | 25763578 | However, a role for IL-21 in antibody-mediated protection against pathogens has not been demonstrated. |
| 872 | 25763578 | Here we show that IL-21 is produced by T follicular helper cells and co-expressed with IFN-γ during an erythrocytic-stage malaria infection of Plasmodium chabaudi in mice. |
| 873 | 25763578 | Mice deficient either in IL-21 or the IL-21 receptor fail to resolve the chronic phase of P. chabaudi infection and P. yoelii infection resulting in sustained high parasitemias, and are not immune to re-infection. |
| 874 | 25763578 | Mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, with T cells carrying a targeted disruption of the Il21 gene, or B cells with a targeted disruption of the Il21r gene, demonstrate that IL-21 from T cells signaling through the IL-21 receptor on B cells is necessary to control chronic P. chabaudi infection. |
| 875 | 25763578 | Our data uncover a mechanism by which CD4+ T cells and B cells control parasitemia during chronic erythrocytic-stage malaria through a single gene, Il21, and demonstrate the importance of this cytokine in the control of pathogens by humoral immune responses. |
| 876 | 25763578 | Disruption of IL-21 signaling affects T cell-B cell interactions and abrogates protective humoral immunity to malaria. |
| 877 | 25763578 | However, a role for IL-21 in antibody-mediated protection against pathogens has not been demonstrated. |
| 878 | 25763578 | Here we show that IL-21 is produced by T follicular helper cells and co-expressed with IFN-γ during an erythrocytic-stage malaria infection of Plasmodium chabaudi in mice. |
| 879 | 25763578 | Mice deficient either in IL-21 or the IL-21 receptor fail to resolve the chronic phase of P. chabaudi infection and P. yoelii infection resulting in sustained high parasitemias, and are not immune to re-infection. |
| 880 | 25763578 | Mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, with T cells carrying a targeted disruption of the Il21 gene, or B cells with a targeted disruption of the Il21r gene, demonstrate that IL-21 from T cells signaling through the IL-21 receptor on B cells is necessary to control chronic P. chabaudi infection. |
| 881 | 25763578 | Our data uncover a mechanism by which CD4+ T cells and B cells control parasitemia during chronic erythrocytic-stage malaria through a single gene, Il21, and demonstrate the importance of this cytokine in the control of pathogens by humoral immune responses. |
| 882 | 25780036 | CD4+ T cell-derived IL-21 and deprivation of CD40 signaling favor the in vivo development of granzyme B-expressing regulatory B cells in HIV patients. |
| 883 | 25780036 | In this article, we demonstrate that untreated HIV patients display CD4(+) T cells with enhanced IL-21 expression and high in vivo frequencies of regulatory B cells overexpressing the serine protease granzyme B. |
| 884 | 25780036 | Granzyme B-expressing regulatory B cells (GraB cells) cells from HIV patients exhibit increased expression of CD5, CD43, CD86, and CD147 but do not produce IL-10. |
| 885 | 25780036 | Although Th cells from HIV patients secrete IL-21 in a Nef-dependent manner, they barely express CD40L. |
| 886 | 25780036 | When culturing such IL-21(+)CD40L(-) Th cells with B cells, the former directly induce B cell differentiation into GraB cells. |
| 887 | 25780036 | In contrast, the addition of soluble CD40L multimers to T cell/B cell cultures redirects B cell differentiation toward plasma cells, indicating that CD40L determines the direction of IL-21-dependent B cell differentiation. |
| 888 | 25780036 | CD4+ T cell-derived IL-21 and deprivation of CD40 signaling favor the in vivo development of granzyme B-expressing regulatory B cells in HIV patients. |
| 889 | 25780036 | In this article, we demonstrate that untreated HIV patients display CD4(+) T cells with enhanced IL-21 expression and high in vivo frequencies of regulatory B cells overexpressing the serine protease granzyme B. |
| 890 | 25780036 | Granzyme B-expressing regulatory B cells (GraB cells) cells from HIV patients exhibit increased expression of CD5, CD43, CD86, and CD147 but do not produce IL-10. |
| 891 | 25780036 | Although Th cells from HIV patients secrete IL-21 in a Nef-dependent manner, they barely express CD40L. |
| 892 | 25780036 | When culturing such IL-21(+)CD40L(-) Th cells with B cells, the former directly induce B cell differentiation into GraB cells. |
| 893 | 25780036 | In contrast, the addition of soluble CD40L multimers to T cell/B cell cultures redirects B cell differentiation toward plasma cells, indicating that CD40L determines the direction of IL-21-dependent B cell differentiation. |
| 894 | 25780036 | CD4+ T cell-derived IL-21 and deprivation of CD40 signaling favor the in vivo development of granzyme B-expressing regulatory B cells in HIV patients. |
| 895 | 25780036 | In this article, we demonstrate that untreated HIV patients display CD4(+) T cells with enhanced IL-21 expression and high in vivo frequencies of regulatory B cells overexpressing the serine protease granzyme B. |
| 896 | 25780036 | Granzyme B-expressing regulatory B cells (GraB cells) cells from HIV patients exhibit increased expression of CD5, CD43, CD86, and CD147 but do not produce IL-10. |
| 897 | 25780036 | Although Th cells from HIV patients secrete IL-21 in a Nef-dependent manner, they barely express CD40L. |
| 898 | 25780036 | When culturing such IL-21(+)CD40L(-) Th cells with B cells, the former directly induce B cell differentiation into GraB cells. |
| 899 | 25780036 | In contrast, the addition of soluble CD40L multimers to T cell/B cell cultures redirects B cell differentiation toward plasma cells, indicating that CD40L determines the direction of IL-21-dependent B cell differentiation. |
| 900 | 25780036 | CD4+ T cell-derived IL-21 and deprivation of CD40 signaling favor the in vivo development of granzyme B-expressing regulatory B cells in HIV patients. |
| 901 | 25780036 | In this article, we demonstrate that untreated HIV patients display CD4(+) T cells with enhanced IL-21 expression and high in vivo frequencies of regulatory B cells overexpressing the serine protease granzyme B. |
| 902 | 25780036 | Granzyme B-expressing regulatory B cells (GraB cells) cells from HIV patients exhibit increased expression of CD5, CD43, CD86, and CD147 but do not produce IL-10. |
| 903 | 25780036 | Although Th cells from HIV patients secrete IL-21 in a Nef-dependent manner, they barely express CD40L. |
| 904 | 25780036 | When culturing such IL-21(+)CD40L(-) Th cells with B cells, the former directly induce B cell differentiation into GraB cells. |
| 905 | 25780036 | In contrast, the addition of soluble CD40L multimers to T cell/B cell cultures redirects B cell differentiation toward plasma cells, indicating that CD40L determines the direction of IL-21-dependent B cell differentiation. |
| 906 | 25780036 | CD4+ T cell-derived IL-21 and deprivation of CD40 signaling favor the in vivo development of granzyme B-expressing regulatory B cells in HIV patients. |
| 907 | 25780036 | In this article, we demonstrate that untreated HIV patients display CD4(+) T cells with enhanced IL-21 expression and high in vivo frequencies of regulatory B cells overexpressing the serine protease granzyme B. |
| 908 | 25780036 | Granzyme B-expressing regulatory B cells (GraB cells) cells from HIV patients exhibit increased expression of CD5, CD43, CD86, and CD147 but do not produce IL-10. |
| 909 | 25780036 | Although Th cells from HIV patients secrete IL-21 in a Nef-dependent manner, they barely express CD40L. |
| 910 | 25780036 | When culturing such IL-21(+)CD40L(-) Th cells with B cells, the former directly induce B cell differentiation into GraB cells. |
| 911 | 25780036 | In contrast, the addition of soluble CD40L multimers to T cell/B cell cultures redirects B cell differentiation toward plasma cells, indicating that CD40L determines the direction of IL-21-dependent B cell differentiation. |
| 912 | 25875847 | Interleukin 21 (IL-21), one of the secreted factors produced by TFH cells, plays an important role in both the maintenance of the germinal center response as well as in the generation of long-lived plasma cells. |
| 913 | 25875847 | Using IL-21R deficient mice, we show that IL-21 signaling is required for efficient establishment of MHV68 infection. |
| 914 | 25875847 | In the absence of IL-21 signaling, fewer infected splenocytes are able to gain access to either the germinal center B cell population or the plasma cell population--the latter being a major site of MHV68 reactivation. |
| 915 | 25875847 | Taken together, these data indicate that IL-21 signaling plays multiple roles during establishment of MHV68 infection, and identify IL-21 as a critical TFH cell-derived factor for efficient establishment of gammaherpesvirus B cell latency. |
| 916 | 25875847 | Interleukin 21 (IL-21), one of the secreted factors produced by TFH cells, plays an important role in both the maintenance of the germinal center response as well as in the generation of long-lived plasma cells. |
| 917 | 25875847 | Using IL-21R deficient mice, we show that IL-21 signaling is required for efficient establishment of MHV68 infection. |
| 918 | 25875847 | In the absence of IL-21 signaling, fewer infected splenocytes are able to gain access to either the germinal center B cell population or the plasma cell population--the latter being a major site of MHV68 reactivation. |
| 919 | 25875847 | Taken together, these data indicate that IL-21 signaling plays multiple roles during establishment of MHV68 infection, and identify IL-21 as a critical TFH cell-derived factor for efficient establishment of gammaherpesvirus B cell latency. |
| 920 | 25875847 | Interleukin 21 (IL-21), one of the secreted factors produced by TFH cells, plays an important role in both the maintenance of the germinal center response as well as in the generation of long-lived plasma cells. |
| 921 | 25875847 | Using IL-21R deficient mice, we show that IL-21 signaling is required for efficient establishment of MHV68 infection. |
| 922 | 25875847 | In the absence of IL-21 signaling, fewer infected splenocytes are able to gain access to either the germinal center B cell population or the plasma cell population--the latter being a major site of MHV68 reactivation. |
| 923 | 25875847 | Taken together, these data indicate that IL-21 signaling plays multiple roles during establishment of MHV68 infection, and identify IL-21 as a critical TFH cell-derived factor for efficient establishment of gammaherpesvirus B cell latency. |
| 924 | 25875847 | Interleukin 21 (IL-21), one of the secreted factors produced by TFH cells, plays an important role in both the maintenance of the germinal center response as well as in the generation of long-lived plasma cells. |
| 925 | 25875847 | Using IL-21R deficient mice, we show that IL-21 signaling is required for efficient establishment of MHV68 infection. |
| 926 | 25875847 | In the absence of IL-21 signaling, fewer infected splenocytes are able to gain access to either the germinal center B cell population or the plasma cell population--the latter being a major site of MHV68 reactivation. |
| 927 | 25875847 | Taken together, these data indicate that IL-21 signaling plays multiple roles during establishment of MHV68 infection, and identify IL-21 as a critical TFH cell-derived factor for efficient establishment of gammaherpesvirus B cell latency. |
| 928 | 25895132 | Our study aimed at optimizing the antitumor effects of the B16F10/glycosylphosphatidylinositol-interleukin 21 (B16F10/GPI-IL-21) tumor vaccine on melanoma bearing mice by combining the TGF-β1 knockdown and the administration of miR200c agomir. |
| 929 | 25895132 | The later combination showed that, when compared with the mice in the control group that received no vaccination, vaccinated mice significantly increased NK and CTL activities, enhanced levels of IFN-γ, and reduced expression of TGF-β1, N-cadherin, Vimentin, Gli1/2, P-Smad2/3 and others involved in promoting expression of EMT-related molecules in tumor areas, and inhibited the melanoma metastasis in lungs and lymph nodes. |
| 930 | 25956014 | New genes defects causing immunodeficiency include phophoglucomutase 3 (PGM3), cytidine 5' triphosphate synthase 1 (CTPS1), nuclear factor κB-inducing kinase (NIK), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 10 (BCL10), phosphoinositide-3 kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1), IL21, and Jagunal homolog 1 (JAGN1). |
| 931 | 25956014 | The role of IL-12 and IL-15 in the enhancement of natural killer cell activity was reported. |
| 932 | 26069966 | Preclinical studies have found that IL-17 secreting CD4+ Th17 cells in reducing pneumococcal colonisation. |
| 933 | 26069966 | Th17 cytokines assayed included IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22 as well as TNF-α, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-6, IL-23 and IFNγ. |
| 934 | 26069966 | Cytokine levels were significantly lower in children with high density pneumococcal carriage compared with children with low density carriage for IL-17A (p=0.002) and IL-23 (p=0.04). |
| 935 | 26069966 | There was a trend towards significance for IL-22 (p=0.057) while no difference was observed for the other cytokines. |
| 936 | 26191409 | We recently reported that human B cells from healthy donors secrete active GzmB when stimulated in vitro through B-cell receptor (BCR) ligation and interleukin (IL)-21. |
| 937 | 26221072 | Higher Frequency of Circulating PD-1(high) CXCR5(+)CD4(+) Tfh Cells in Patients with Chronic Schistosomiasis. |
| 938 | 26221072 | Significantly higher frequencies of circulating CXCR5(+) CD4(+) Tfh cells and higher expression levels of ICOS and PD-1 in CXCR5(+) CD4(+) Tfh cells were observed in patients with chronic schistosomiasis compared to HC. |
| 939 | 26221072 | Moreover, the frequency of circulating PD-1(high) CXCR5(+) CD4(+) Tfh cells positively correlated with the levels of IL-21 in serum from patients with chronic schistosomiasis. |
| 940 | 26221072 | A positive correlation was also found between the frequency of PD-1(high) CXCR5(+) CD4(+) Tfh cells and the levels of soluble egg antigen (SEA)-specific antibodies in serum samples from the patient group. |
| 941 | 26221072 | Our study is the first regarding Tfh cells in chronic human schistosomiasis and the finding indicate that PD-1(high) CXCR5(+) CD4(+)Tfh cells might play an important role in the production of specific antibodies in schistosomiasis. |
| 942 | 26297764 | TFR are natural regulatory T cells (TREG) that migrate into the follicle and, similar to TFH, upregulate CXCR5, Bcl-6, and PD1. |
| 943 | 26297764 | In this study, we identified TFR as CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+)CXCR5(+)PD1(hi)Bcl-6(+) within lymph nodes of rhesus macaques (RM) and confirmed their localization within the GC by immunohistochemistry. |
| 944 | 26297764 | RNA sequencing showed that TFR exhibit a distinct transcriptional profile with shared features of both TFH and TREG, including intermediate expression of FOXP3, Bcl-6, PRDM1, IL-10, and IL-21. |