Ignet

Gene Information

Gene symbol: IL21

Gene name: interleukin 21

HGNC ID: 6005

Synonyms: Za11, IL-21

Related Genes

#	Gene Symbol	Number of hits
1	ALB	1 hits
2	ATAD2	1 hits
3	BCL10	1 hits
4	BCL6	1 hits
5	BIRC5	1 hits
6	C19orf10	1 hits
7	CD4	1 hits
8	CD80	1 hits
9	CD8A	1 hits
10	CSF2	1 hits
11	CSF3	1 hits
12	CTLA4	1 hits
13	CXCL10	1 hits
14	CXCL11	1 hits
15	CXCL9	1 hits
16	CXCR5	1 hits
17	DARC	1 hits
18	ERVWE1	1 hits
19	GDF15	1 hits
20	GHRL	1 hits
21	HBB	1 hits
22	ICOS	1 hits
23	IFNG	1 hits
24	IL15	1 hits
25	IL17C	1 hits
26	IL17D	1 hits
27	IL17F	1 hits
28	IL2	1 hits
29	IL21R	1 hits
30	IL4	1 hits
31	IL6	1 hits
32	INS	1 hits
33	JAGN1	1 hits
34	MAP3K14	1 hits
35	NGF	1 hits
36	PAX5	1 hits
37	PDCD1	1 hits
38	PGM3	1 hits
39	PIK3R1	1 hits
40	SP2	1 hits
41	THBD	1 hits
42	TNF	1 hits

Related Sentences

#	PMID	Sentence
1	17200730	5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, (R)-flurbiprofen; Ad5CMV-p53, adalimumab, alefacept, alemtuzumab, Alequel, alicaforsen sodium, almotriptan, anakinra, aprepitant, aripiprazole, armodafinil; Bevacizumab, bortezomib, bosentan; Canfosfamide hydrochloride, ciclesonide, clofarabine, Cypher; Darbepoetin alfa, diclofenac potassium, drotrecogin alfa (activated), duloxetine hydrochloride; Eel calcitonin, eletriptan, eplerenone, everolimus, ezetimibe; Frovatriptan; Gefitinib, gamma-hydroxybutyrate sodium; HKI-272, HYB-165; Ibutamoren mesylate, imatinib mesylate, interleukin-21, ixabepilone; KRN-951; L-Arginine hydrochloride, levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone; Micafungin sodium, motexafin gadolinium, mycophenolic acid sodium salt; Nesiritide; Peginterferon alfa-2a, pitavastatin calcium, pralatrexate, pregabalin, pVAX/L523S-Ad.L523S; Rasagiline mesylate, recombinant human nerve growth factor, regadenoson, rF-PSA, rimonabant, rizatriptan, rofecoxib, rosuvastatin calcium, rV-B7.1, rV-PSA; Sipuleucel-T, sirolimus-eluting stent, solifenacin succinate, sorafenib, sunitinib malate; Talactoferrin alfa, Taxus, tegaserod maleate, teriparatide, tipifarnib; Valdecoxib, vandetanib, vatalanib succinate; WT1-peptide vaccine; Xaliproden hydrochloride.
2	17235418	This issue focuses on the following selection of drugs: 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, 9-aminocamptothecin; AdPEDF.11, AE-37, albumin interferon alfa, alicaforsen sodium, alvocidib hydrochloride, AMG-706, arginine butyrate, avanafil, axitinib, azimilide hydrochloride; BAY-579352, belagenpumatucel-L, beta-lapachone, BHT-3009, BIBW-2992, bremelanotide, BX-471; Casopitant mesylate, cediranib, certolizumab pegol, CH-1504, ChimeriVax-West Nile, clofazimine, CpG-7909, curcumin, Cypher; Dapoxetine hydrochloride, darusentan, diflomotecan, D-methionine, dnaJP1, D-serine, DTPw-HB Hib-MenAC, DTPw-HepB-Hib; E-7010, ecogramostim, edodekin alfa, EGFRvlll peptide vaccine, elcometrine, elcometrine/ethinylestradiol, elsilimomab, enrasentan, ertumaxomab, etalocib sodium, exisulind; Fenretinide, fesoterodine, fingolimod hydrochloride, fontolizumab; Gefitinib, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, ghrelin (human), GV-1001; HTU-PA, human papillomavirus vaccine; Indacaterol, indiplon, interleukin-21, intranasal insulin, irinotecan hydrochloride/floxuridine, ISIS-301012, ispinesib mesylate, ixabepilone; K562/GM-CSF; Lapatinib, L-BLP-25, linezolid, liposome encapsulated paclitaxel, LY-2124275; MC-1, MC-1/lisinopril, MDX-066, melanoma vaccine, MMR-V, multivalent (ACYW) meningitis vaccine; Nilotinib, nobori, nociceptin; Oblimersen sodium, orbofiban acetate, ospemifene; Paliperidone, panitumumab, PEG-filgrastim, PEGylated interferon alfacon-1, perflubutane, pertuzumab, phenserine tartrate, phVEGF-A165, pleconaril, prasugrel, prednisolone sodium metasulfobenzoate; R-411, recombinant malaria vaccine, rhGM-CSF, roflumilast, romidepsin, ruboxistaurin mesilate hydrate; Sirolimus-eluting stent, SR-4554, St.
3	17805439	101M, 12B75; ABT-869, Agomelatine, Alvocidib hydrochloride, Amb a 1 ISS-1018, AMG-386, Andolast, AP-23573, Arsenic trioxide, ATI-7505; BAY-68-4986, Berberine chloride, BNP-1350, BrachySil, Brostallicin hydrochloride; Caldaret hydrate, Cancer vaccine, Cediranib, CHAMPION everolimus-eluting coronary stent, CP-751871; D-4F, Degarelix acetate, Dofequidar fumarate; Ecogramostim, Enzastaurin hydrochloride, Etaracizumab, Everolimus; Fluticasone furoate; Glucarpidase; Hochuekki-to, Human papillomavirus vaccine; Icatibant acetate, INO-1001, Interleukin-21, Irofulven, ISIS-301012, Ixabepilone; KRN-951; Lacosamide; Mecasermin, Mecasermin rinfabate, Mepolizumab, Mesna disulfide, m-NO-ASA; Nematode anticoagulant protein c2, Nilotinib, Nolatrexed dihydrochloride; O6-Benzylguanine; Pemetrexed disodium, Perifosine, Pertuzumab, Plitidepsin, Prasterone, PRO-2000/5, PX-12, Pyridoxal phosphate; Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin, Retapamulin, Rinfabate, Rubitecan; Seliciclib, SR-271425, STA-4783; T- 2000, Telatinib, Temsirolimus, Terameprocol, Teverelix, Ticagrelor, Tipelukast, Tirapazamine; Uracil; Valspodar, Vatalanib succinate, Velimogene aliplasmid, Vitespen, Volociximab; XL-184.
4	18299268	Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a newly described, typical, four-helix cytokine showing significant homology with IL-2, IL-4 and IL-15.
5	18299268	Prevalence and level of IL-21, total IgG and subclass (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) titers were determined in plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
6	18299268	Plasma IL-21 levels correlated with IgG1 and IgG3 levels.
7	18299268	Additionally, plasma IL-21 levels correlated with hemoglobin levels in younger children and with parasite density.
8	18299268	Here we describe the relationship between IL-21 and antibodies for erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 (EBA-175) peptide 4, a malaria vaccine candidate in Gabonese children with acute falciparum malaria.
9	18299268	Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a newly described, typical, four-helix cytokine showing significant homology with IL-2, IL-4 and IL-15.
10	18299268	Prevalence and level of IL-21, total IgG and subclass (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) titers were determined in plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
11	18299268	Plasma IL-21 levels correlated with IgG1 and IgG3 levels.
12	18299268	Additionally, plasma IL-21 levels correlated with hemoglobin levels in younger children and with parasite density.
13	18299268	Here we describe the relationship between IL-21 and antibodies for erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 (EBA-175) peptide 4, a malaria vaccine candidate in Gabonese children with acute falciparum malaria.
14	18299268	Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a newly described, typical, four-helix cytokine showing significant homology with IL-2, IL-4 and IL-15.
15	18299268	Prevalence and level of IL-21, total IgG and subclass (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) titers were determined in plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
16	18299268	Plasma IL-21 levels correlated with IgG1 and IgG3 levels.
17	18299268	Additionally, plasma IL-21 levels correlated with hemoglobin levels in younger children and with parasite density.
18	18299268	Here we describe the relationship between IL-21 and antibodies for erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 (EBA-175) peptide 4, a malaria vaccine candidate in Gabonese children with acute falciparum malaria.
19	18299268	Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a newly described, typical, four-helix cytokine showing significant homology with IL-2, IL-4 and IL-15.
20	18299268	Prevalence and level of IL-21, total IgG and subclass (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) titers were determined in plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
21	18299268	Plasma IL-21 levels correlated with IgG1 and IgG3 levels.
22	18299268	Additionally, plasma IL-21 levels correlated with hemoglobin levels in younger children and with parasite density.
23	18299268	Here we describe the relationship between IL-21 and antibodies for erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 (EBA-175) peptide 4, a malaria vaccine candidate in Gabonese children with acute falciparum malaria.
24	18299268	Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a newly described, typical, four-helix cytokine showing significant homology with IL-2, IL-4 and IL-15.
25	18299268	Prevalence and level of IL-21, total IgG and subclass (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) titers were determined in plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
26	18299268	Plasma IL-21 levels correlated with IgG1 and IgG3 levels.
27	18299268	Additionally, plasma IL-21 levels correlated with hemoglobin levels in younger children and with parasite density.
28	18299268	Here we describe the relationship between IL-21 and antibodies for erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 (EBA-175) peptide 4, a malaria vaccine candidate in Gabonese children with acute falciparum malaria.
29	18300037	In this paper, we addressed the immune adjuvant effects of interleukin(IL)-21 on DNA vaccine constructs expressing mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) Ag85A and compared immune responses induced in mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A and IL-21 with mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A alone or Bacillus Galmette-Guérin(BCG.).
30	18300037	In this experiment, the gene of IL-21 was firstly amplified from plasmid pcDNA3.1-mIL21 by PCR and cloned into the plasmid pRSC, forming recombinant plasmid pRSC-IL21.
31	18300037	It was identified by the analysis of endonuclease digestion, DNA sequencing, the IL-21 and Ag85A expression in SP2/0 cells.
32	18300037	The results showed that the DNA vaccine constructs pRSC-IL21-Ag85A was successfully constructed since the Ag85A and IL-21 was correctly expressed in SP2/0 cells respectively, and it elicited stronger immune responses in Balb/c mice than that of mice immunized with pRSC-Ag85A and the efficiency was as BCG did.
33	18300037	We concluded that the IL-21 was a promising immune adjunctive modality to enhance immunigenicity of DNA vaccine containing Ag85A and the study provided the possibility of further development of immune accessory effect of IL-21 on DNA vaccine against TB.
34	18300037	In this paper, we addressed the immune adjuvant effects of interleukin(IL)-21 on DNA vaccine constructs expressing mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) Ag85A and compared immune responses induced in mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A and IL-21 with mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A alone or Bacillus Galmette-Guérin(BCG.).
35	18300037	In this experiment, the gene of IL-21 was firstly amplified from plasmid pcDNA3.1-mIL21 by PCR and cloned into the plasmid pRSC, forming recombinant plasmid pRSC-IL21.
36	18300037	It was identified by the analysis of endonuclease digestion, DNA sequencing, the IL-21 and Ag85A expression in SP2/0 cells.
37	18300037	The results showed that the DNA vaccine constructs pRSC-IL21-Ag85A was successfully constructed since the Ag85A and IL-21 was correctly expressed in SP2/0 cells respectively, and it elicited stronger immune responses in Balb/c mice than that of mice immunized with pRSC-Ag85A and the efficiency was as BCG did.
38	18300037	We concluded that the IL-21 was a promising immune adjunctive modality to enhance immunigenicity of DNA vaccine containing Ag85A and the study provided the possibility of further development of immune accessory effect of IL-21 on DNA vaccine against TB.
39	18300037	In this paper, we addressed the immune adjuvant effects of interleukin(IL)-21 on DNA vaccine constructs expressing mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) Ag85A and compared immune responses induced in mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A and IL-21 with mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A alone or Bacillus Galmette-Guérin(BCG.).
40	18300037	In this experiment, the gene of IL-21 was firstly amplified from plasmid pcDNA3.1-mIL21 by PCR and cloned into the plasmid pRSC, forming recombinant plasmid pRSC-IL21.
41	18300037	It was identified by the analysis of endonuclease digestion, DNA sequencing, the IL-21 and Ag85A expression in SP2/0 cells.
42	18300037	The results showed that the DNA vaccine constructs pRSC-IL21-Ag85A was successfully constructed since the Ag85A and IL-21 was correctly expressed in SP2/0 cells respectively, and it elicited stronger immune responses in Balb/c mice than that of mice immunized with pRSC-Ag85A and the efficiency was as BCG did.
43	18300037	We concluded that the IL-21 was a promising immune adjunctive modality to enhance immunigenicity of DNA vaccine containing Ag85A and the study provided the possibility of further development of immune accessory effect of IL-21 on DNA vaccine against TB.
44	18300037	In this paper, we addressed the immune adjuvant effects of interleukin(IL)-21 on DNA vaccine constructs expressing mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) Ag85A and compared immune responses induced in mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A and IL-21 with mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A alone or Bacillus Galmette-Guérin(BCG.).
45	18300037	In this experiment, the gene of IL-21 was firstly amplified from plasmid pcDNA3.1-mIL21 by PCR and cloned into the plasmid pRSC, forming recombinant plasmid pRSC-IL21.
46	18300037	It was identified by the analysis of endonuclease digestion, DNA sequencing, the IL-21 and Ag85A expression in SP2/0 cells.
47	18300037	The results showed that the DNA vaccine constructs pRSC-IL21-Ag85A was successfully constructed since the Ag85A and IL-21 was correctly expressed in SP2/0 cells respectively, and it elicited stronger immune responses in Balb/c mice than that of mice immunized with pRSC-Ag85A and the efficiency was as BCG did.
48	18300037	We concluded that the IL-21 was a promising immune adjunctive modality to enhance immunigenicity of DNA vaccine containing Ag85A and the study provided the possibility of further development of immune accessory effect of IL-21 on DNA vaccine against TB.
49	18300037	In this paper, we addressed the immune adjuvant effects of interleukin(IL)-21 on DNA vaccine constructs expressing mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) Ag85A and compared immune responses induced in mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A and IL-21 with mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A alone or Bacillus Galmette-Guérin(BCG.).
50	18300037	In this experiment, the gene of IL-21 was firstly amplified from plasmid pcDNA3.1-mIL21 by PCR and cloned into the plasmid pRSC, forming recombinant plasmid pRSC-IL21.
51	18300037	It was identified by the analysis of endonuclease digestion, DNA sequencing, the IL-21 and Ag85A expression in SP2/0 cells.
52	18300037	The results showed that the DNA vaccine constructs pRSC-IL21-Ag85A was successfully constructed since the Ag85A and IL-21 was correctly expressed in SP2/0 cells respectively, and it elicited stronger immune responses in Balb/c mice than that of mice immunized with pRSC-Ag85A and the efficiency was as BCG did.
53	18300037	We concluded that the IL-21 was a promising immune adjunctive modality to enhance immunigenicity of DNA vaccine containing Ag85A and the study provided the possibility of further development of immune accessory effect of IL-21 on DNA vaccine against TB.
54	18324400	Immunotherapy of neuroblastoma by an Interleukin-21-secreting cell vaccine involves survivin as antigen.
55	18497970	In this study, we constructed two coexpression vectors pGL3-CD80-OVA-linker-beta2m and pGL3-IL21-OVA-linker-beta2m, in order to explore the cooperative action of CD80 or interleukin-21 (IL21) with the epitope fusion gene in anti-tumor immunity.
56	18497970	IL21 played a more cooperative role with the OVA-linker-beta2m than CD80 in this study.
57	18497970	In this study, we constructed two coexpression vectors pGL3-CD80-OVA-linker-beta2m and pGL3-IL21-OVA-linker-beta2m, in order to explore the cooperative action of CD80 or interleukin-21 (IL21) with the epitope fusion gene in anti-tumor immunity.
58	18497970	IL21 played a more cooperative role with the OVA-linker-beta2m than CD80 in this study.
59	19038785	Specifically, 12 immune biomolecules (including gamma interferon [IFN-gamma], interleukin-21 [IL-21], IL-27, IL-17f, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11) were differentially regulated, relative to the levels for naïve controls, in the lungs of vaccinated mice at this time point.
60	19038785	Although the vaccine-related immune responses evoked in mice immunized with the DNA vaccine were relatively limited at 10 days postinfection, upregulation of IFN-gamma RNA synthesis as well as increased expression levels of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 chemokines were detected.
61	19458207	Among the consistently upregulated cytokines detected in the immune cocultures are gamma interferon, growth differentiation factor 15, interleukin-21 (IL-21), IL-27, and tumor necrosis factor alpha.
62	21159862	Interleukin-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells are preferentially seen in elite controllers.
63	21159862	A hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis is the rapid loss of CD4 T cells leading to generalized immune dysfunction, including an exhausted CD8 T cell phenotype.
64	21159862	Mouse models of chronic viral infection demonstrate that interleukin-21 (IL-21), produced primarily by CD4 T cells, is required for the generation and maintenance of functionally competent CD8 T cells and viral containment.
65	21159862	We reasoned that preserved IL-21 production during HIV-1 infection would be associated with enhanced CD8 T cell function, allowing improved viral control.
66	21159862	Here we analyzed the ability of CD4 and CD8 T cells to produce several cytokines in addition to IL-21 ex vivo following stimulation with overlapping HIV-1 peptides.
67	21159862	Both CD4 and CD8 T cells were able to produce IL-21 in response to HIV-1 infection, with the latter cell type more closely associated with viral control.
68	21159862	Furthermore, IL-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD4 T cells (compared to those producing other cytokines) were the best indicator of functional CD8 T cells.
69	21159862	Our results demonstrate that HIV-1-specific IL-21-producing CD8 T cells are induced following primary infection and enriched in elite controllers, suggesting a critical role for these cells in the maintenance of viremia control.
70	21159862	Interleukin-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells are preferentially seen in elite controllers.
71	21159862	A hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis is the rapid loss of CD4 T cells leading to generalized immune dysfunction, including an exhausted CD8 T cell phenotype.
72	21159862	Mouse models of chronic viral infection demonstrate that interleukin-21 (IL-21), produced primarily by CD4 T cells, is required for the generation and maintenance of functionally competent CD8 T cells and viral containment.
73	21159862	We reasoned that preserved IL-21 production during HIV-1 infection would be associated with enhanced CD8 T cell function, allowing improved viral control.
74	21159862	Here we analyzed the ability of CD4 and CD8 T cells to produce several cytokines in addition to IL-21 ex vivo following stimulation with overlapping HIV-1 peptides.
75	21159862	Both CD4 and CD8 T cells were able to produce IL-21 in response to HIV-1 infection, with the latter cell type more closely associated with viral control.
76	21159862	Furthermore, IL-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD4 T cells (compared to those producing other cytokines) were the best indicator of functional CD8 T cells.
77	21159862	Our results demonstrate that HIV-1-specific IL-21-producing CD8 T cells are induced following primary infection and enriched in elite controllers, suggesting a critical role for these cells in the maintenance of viremia control.
78	21159862	Interleukin-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells are preferentially seen in elite controllers.
79	21159862	A hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis is the rapid loss of CD4 T cells leading to generalized immune dysfunction, including an exhausted CD8 T cell phenotype.
80	21159862	Mouse models of chronic viral infection demonstrate that interleukin-21 (IL-21), produced primarily by CD4 T cells, is required for the generation and maintenance of functionally competent CD8 T cells and viral containment.
81	21159862	We reasoned that preserved IL-21 production during HIV-1 infection would be associated with enhanced CD8 T cell function, allowing improved viral control.
82	21159862	Here we analyzed the ability of CD4 and CD8 T cells to produce several cytokines in addition to IL-21 ex vivo following stimulation with overlapping HIV-1 peptides.
83	21159862	Both CD4 and CD8 T cells were able to produce IL-21 in response to HIV-1 infection, with the latter cell type more closely associated with viral control.
84	21159862	Furthermore, IL-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD4 T cells (compared to those producing other cytokines) were the best indicator of functional CD8 T cells.
85	21159862	Our results demonstrate that HIV-1-specific IL-21-producing CD8 T cells are induced following primary infection and enriched in elite controllers, suggesting a critical role for these cells in the maintenance of viremia control.
86	21159862	Interleukin-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells are preferentially seen in elite controllers.
87	21159862	A hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis is the rapid loss of CD4 T cells leading to generalized immune dysfunction, including an exhausted CD8 T cell phenotype.
88	21159862	Mouse models of chronic viral infection demonstrate that interleukin-21 (IL-21), produced primarily by CD4 T cells, is required for the generation and maintenance of functionally competent CD8 T cells and viral containment.
89	21159862	We reasoned that preserved IL-21 production during HIV-1 infection would be associated with enhanced CD8 T cell function, allowing improved viral control.
90	21159862	Here we analyzed the ability of CD4 and CD8 T cells to produce several cytokines in addition to IL-21 ex vivo following stimulation with overlapping HIV-1 peptides.
91	21159862	Both CD4 and CD8 T cells were able to produce IL-21 in response to HIV-1 infection, with the latter cell type more closely associated with viral control.
92	21159862	Furthermore, IL-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD4 T cells (compared to those producing other cytokines) were the best indicator of functional CD8 T cells.
93	21159862	Our results demonstrate that HIV-1-specific IL-21-producing CD8 T cells are induced following primary infection and enriched in elite controllers, suggesting a critical role for these cells in the maintenance of viremia control.
94	21159862	Interleukin-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells are preferentially seen in elite controllers.
95	21159862	A hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis is the rapid loss of CD4 T cells leading to generalized immune dysfunction, including an exhausted CD8 T cell phenotype.
96	21159862	Mouse models of chronic viral infection demonstrate that interleukin-21 (IL-21), produced primarily by CD4 T cells, is required for the generation and maintenance of functionally competent CD8 T cells and viral containment.
97	21159862	We reasoned that preserved IL-21 production during HIV-1 infection would be associated with enhanced CD8 T cell function, allowing improved viral control.
98	21159862	Here we analyzed the ability of CD4 and CD8 T cells to produce several cytokines in addition to IL-21 ex vivo following stimulation with overlapping HIV-1 peptides.
99	21159862	Both CD4 and CD8 T cells were able to produce IL-21 in response to HIV-1 infection, with the latter cell type more closely associated with viral control.
100	21159862	Furthermore, IL-21-producing HIV-1-specific CD4 T cells (compared to those producing other cytokines) were the best indicator of functional CD8 T cells.
101	21159862	Our results demonstrate that HIV-1-specific IL-21-producing CD8 T cells are induced following primary infection and enriched in elite controllers, suggesting a critical role for these cells in the maintenance of viremia control.
102	21204603	Immunization with DNA vaccine expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 gD and IL-21 protects against mouse herpes keratitis.
103	21204603	In this study, we developed a DNA vaccine expressing HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) and mouse interleukin-21(IL-21) and intramuscularly inoculated mice 3 times at 2-week intervals with a total of 300 ?
104	21204603	Immunization with DNA vaccine expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 gD and IL-21 protects against mouse herpes keratitis.
105	21204603	In this study, we developed a DNA vaccine expressing HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) and mouse interleukin-21(IL-21) and intramuscularly inoculated mice 3 times at 2-week intervals with a total of 300 ?
106	21423809	IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation.
107	21423809	Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells.
108	21423809	Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo.
109	21423809	C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV).
110	21423809	The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression.
111	21423809	IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines).
112	21423809	In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21.
113	21423809	Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development.
114	21423809	Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression.
115	21423809	TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression.
116	21423809	Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation.
117	21423809	IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation.
118	21423809	Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells.
119	21423809	Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo.
120	21423809	C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV).
121	21423809	The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression.
122	21423809	IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines).
123	21423809	In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21.
124	21423809	Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development.
125	21423809	Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression.
126	21423809	TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression.
127	21423809	Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation.
128	21423809	IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation.
129	21423809	Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells.
130	21423809	Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo.
131	21423809	C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV).
132	21423809	The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression.
133	21423809	IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines).
134	21423809	In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21.
135	21423809	Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development.
136	21423809	Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression.
137	21423809	TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression.
138	21423809	Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation.
139	21423809	IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation.
140	21423809	Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells.
141	21423809	Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo.
142	21423809	C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV).
143	21423809	The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression.
144	21423809	IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines).
145	21423809	In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21.
146	21423809	Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development.
147	21423809	Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression.
148	21423809	TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression.
149	21423809	Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation.
150	21423809	IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation.
151	21423809	Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells.
152	21423809	Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo.
153	21423809	C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV).
154	21423809	The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression.
155	21423809	IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines).
156	21423809	In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21.
157	21423809	Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development.
158	21423809	Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression.
159	21423809	TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression.
160	21423809	Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation.
161	21423809	IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation.
162	21423809	Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells.
163	21423809	Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo.
164	21423809	C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV).
165	21423809	The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression.
166	21423809	IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines).
167	21423809	In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21.
168	21423809	Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development.
169	21423809	Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression.
170	21423809	TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression.
171	21423809	Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation.
172	21423809	IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation.
173	21423809	Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells.
174	21423809	Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo.
175	21423809	C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV).
176	21423809	The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression.
177	21423809	IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines).
178	21423809	In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21.
179	21423809	Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development.
180	21423809	Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression.
181	21423809	TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression.
182	21423809	Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation.
183	21423809	IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation.
184	21423809	Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells.
185	21423809	Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo.
186	21423809	C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV).
187	21423809	The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression.
188	21423809	IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines).
189	21423809	In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21.
190	21423809	Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development.
191	21423809	Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression.
192	21423809	TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression.
193	21423809	Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation.
194	21423809	IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation.
195	21423809	Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells.
196	21423809	Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo.
197	21423809	C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV).
198	21423809	The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression.
199	21423809	IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines).
200	21423809	In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21.
201	21423809	Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development.
202	21423809	Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression.
203	21423809	TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression.
204	21423809	Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation.
205	21423809	IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation.
206	21423809	Cytokines are important modulators of lymphocytes, and both interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-6 have proposed roles in T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and directly act on B cells.
207	21423809	Here we investigated the absence of IL-6 alone, IL-21 alone, or the combined lack of IL-6 and IL-21 on Tfh differentiation and the development of B cell immunity in vivo.
208	21423809	C57BL/6 or IL-21(-/-) mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-6 throughout the course of an acute viral infection (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV).
209	21423809	The combined absence of IL-6 and IL-21 resulted in reduced Tfh differentiation and reduced Bcl6 protein expression.
210	21423809	IL-6 and IL-21 collaborate in the acute T-dependent antiviral antibody response (90% loss of circulating antiviral IgG in the absence of both cytokines).
211	21423809	In contrast, we observed reduced germinal center formation only in the absence of IL-21.
212	21423809	Absence of IL-6 had no impact on germinal centers, and combined absence of both IL-21 and IL-6 revealed no synergistic effect on germinal center B cell development.
213	21423809	Studying CD4 T cells in vitro, we found that high IL-21 production was not associated with high Bcl6 or CXCR5 expression.
214	21423809	TCR stimulation of purified naïve CD4 T cells in the presence of IL-6 also did not result in Tfh differentiation, as determined by Bcl6 or CXCR5 protein expression.
215	21423809	Cumulatively, our data indicates that optimal Tfh formation requires IL-21 and IL-6, and that cytokines alone are insufficient to drive Tfh differentiation.
216	22406425	The goal of this study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of a cationic nanoparticle-based DNA vaccine expressing antigen 85A (Ag85A) and 6-kDa early secretory antigen target (ESAT-6) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) against M. tuberculosis infection.
217	22486304	Interleukin-21 inhibits humoral response to an HIV DNA vaccine by enhancing Bcl-6 and Pax-5 expression.
218	22486304	Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a T-cell-derived cytokine that modulates T-cell, B-cell, and natural killer cell responses.
219	22486304	In our study, we investigated if a DNA construct expressing IL-21 (designated as pVAX-IL-21) as a molecule adjuvant could enhance antigen-specific immune responses to an HIV DNA vaccine (pGX-EnvC).
220	22486304	The plasma cell inhibitory transcription factors B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl-6) and Pax-5 were increased in B cells from mice that had been immunized by HIV DNA vaccine plus pVAX-IL-21, suggesting that the expressed IL-21 may inhibit the differentiation from B cells to plasma cells.
221	22486304	These results indicate that IL-21 could enhance CD8⁺ T-cell immunity, but inhibit humoral responses during HIV DNA vaccination.
222	22486304	Interleukin-21 inhibits humoral response to an HIV DNA vaccine by enhancing Bcl-6 and Pax-5 expression.
223	22486304	Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a T-cell-derived cytokine that modulates T-cell, B-cell, and natural killer cell responses.
224	22486304	In our study, we investigated if a DNA construct expressing IL-21 (designated as pVAX-IL-21) as a molecule adjuvant could enhance antigen-specific immune responses to an HIV DNA vaccine (pGX-EnvC).
225	22486304	The plasma cell inhibitory transcription factors B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl-6) and Pax-5 were increased in B cells from mice that had been immunized by HIV DNA vaccine plus pVAX-IL-21, suggesting that the expressed IL-21 may inhibit the differentiation from B cells to plasma cells.
226	22486304	These results indicate that IL-21 could enhance CD8⁺ T-cell immunity, but inhibit humoral responses during HIV DNA vaccination.
227	22486304	Interleukin-21 inhibits humoral response to an HIV DNA vaccine by enhancing Bcl-6 and Pax-5 expression.
228	22486304	Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a T-cell-derived cytokine that modulates T-cell, B-cell, and natural killer cell responses.
229	22486304	In our study, we investigated if a DNA construct expressing IL-21 (designated as pVAX-IL-21) as a molecule adjuvant could enhance antigen-specific immune responses to an HIV DNA vaccine (pGX-EnvC).
230	22486304	The plasma cell inhibitory transcription factors B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl-6) and Pax-5 were increased in B cells from mice that had been immunized by HIV DNA vaccine plus pVAX-IL-21, suggesting that the expressed IL-21 may inhibit the differentiation from B cells to plasma cells.
231	22486304	These results indicate that IL-21 could enhance CD8⁺ T-cell immunity, but inhibit humoral responses during HIV DNA vaccination.
232	22486304	Interleukin-21 inhibits humoral response to an HIV DNA vaccine by enhancing Bcl-6 and Pax-5 expression.
233	22486304	Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a T-cell-derived cytokine that modulates T-cell, B-cell, and natural killer cell responses.
234	22486304	In our study, we investigated if a DNA construct expressing IL-21 (designated as pVAX-IL-21) as a molecule adjuvant could enhance antigen-specific immune responses to an HIV DNA vaccine (pGX-EnvC).
235	22486304	The plasma cell inhibitory transcription factors B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl-6) and Pax-5 were increased in B cells from mice that had been immunized by HIV DNA vaccine plus pVAX-IL-21, suggesting that the expressed IL-21 may inhibit the differentiation from B cells to plasma cells.
236	22486304	These results indicate that IL-21 could enhance CD8⁺ T-cell immunity, but inhibit humoral responses during HIV DNA vaccination.
237	22486304	Interleukin-21 inhibits humoral response to an HIV DNA vaccine by enhancing Bcl-6 and Pax-5 expression.
238	22486304	Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a T-cell-derived cytokine that modulates T-cell, B-cell, and natural killer cell responses.
239	22486304	In our study, we investigated if a DNA construct expressing IL-21 (designated as pVAX-IL-21) as a molecule adjuvant could enhance antigen-specific immune responses to an HIV DNA vaccine (pGX-EnvC).
240	22486304	The plasma cell inhibitory transcription factors B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl-6) and Pax-5 were increased in B cells from mice that had been immunized by HIV DNA vaccine plus pVAX-IL-21, suggesting that the expressed IL-21 may inhibit the differentiation from B cells to plasma cells.
241	22486304	These results indicate that IL-21 could enhance CD8⁺ T-cell immunity, but inhibit humoral responses during HIV DNA vaccination.
242	23467775	Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a cytokine whose actions are closely related to B cell differentiation into plasma cells as well as to CD8(+) cytolytic T cell effector and memory generation, influencing the T lymphocyte response to different viruses.
243	23467775	We observed in a pediatric patient with XLP-1 that IL-21 was expressed in nearly all peripheral blood CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.
244	23467775	However, IL-21 could not be found in the lymph nodes, suggesting massive mobilization of activated cells toward the infection's target organs, where IL-21-producing cells were detected, resulting in large areas of tissue damage.
245	23467775	Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a cytokine whose actions are closely related to B cell differentiation into plasma cells as well as to CD8(+) cytolytic T cell effector and memory generation, influencing the T lymphocyte response to different viruses.
246	23467775	We observed in a pediatric patient with XLP-1 that IL-21 was expressed in nearly all peripheral blood CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.
247	23467775	However, IL-21 could not be found in the lymph nodes, suggesting massive mobilization of activated cells toward the infection's target organs, where IL-21-producing cells were detected, resulting in large areas of tissue damage.
248	23467775	Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a cytokine whose actions are closely related to B cell differentiation into plasma cells as well as to CD8(+) cytolytic T cell effector and memory generation, influencing the T lymphocyte response to different viruses.
249	23467775	We observed in a pediatric patient with XLP-1 that IL-21 was expressed in nearly all peripheral blood CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.
250	23467775	However, IL-21 could not be found in the lymph nodes, suggesting massive mobilization of activated cells toward the infection's target organs, where IL-21-producing cells were detected, resulting in large areas of tissue damage.
251	23475201	In fact, we show that engagement of PD-1 on TFH cells leads to a reduction in cell proliferation, activation, inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS) expression and interleukin-21 (IL-21) cytokine secretion.
252	23475201	We further show that at least part of this defect involves IL-21, as addition of this cytokine rescues antibody responses and plasma cell generation in vitro.
253	23475201	In fact, we show that engagement of PD-1 on TFH cells leads to a reduction in cell proliferation, activation, inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS) expression and interleukin-21 (IL-21) cytokine secretion.
254	23475201	We further show that at least part of this defect involves IL-21, as addition of this cytokine rescues antibody responses and plasma cell generation in vitro.
255	23637417	In this study, we have examined the role of the cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) in regulating humoral immunity during acute viral infections.
256	23637417	Using IL-21 receptor-deficient (IL-21R(-/-)) mice, we found that virus-specific CD4 T cells were generated after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and that these CD4 T cells differentiated into T follicular helper (TFH)-like cells in the absence of IL-21 signaling.
257	23637417	Using chimeric mice containing wild-type or IL-21R(-/-) CD4 T cells and B cells, we showed that both B and CD4 T cells need IL-21 signaling for generating long-term humoral immunity.
258	23637417	Taken together, our results highlight the importance of IL-21 in humoral immunity to viruses.
259	23637417	In this study, we have examined the role of the cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) in regulating humoral immunity during acute viral infections.
260	23637417	Using IL-21 receptor-deficient (IL-21R(-/-)) mice, we found that virus-specific CD4 T cells were generated after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and that these CD4 T cells differentiated into T follicular helper (TFH)-like cells in the absence of IL-21 signaling.
261	23637417	Using chimeric mice containing wild-type or IL-21R(-/-) CD4 T cells and B cells, we showed that both B and CD4 T cells need IL-21 signaling for generating long-term humoral immunity.
262	23637417	Taken together, our results highlight the importance of IL-21 in humoral immunity to viruses.
263	23637417	In this study, we have examined the role of the cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) in regulating humoral immunity during acute viral infections.
264	23637417	Using IL-21 receptor-deficient (IL-21R(-/-)) mice, we found that virus-specific CD4 T cells were generated after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and that these CD4 T cells differentiated into T follicular helper (TFH)-like cells in the absence of IL-21 signaling.
265	23637417	Using chimeric mice containing wild-type or IL-21R(-/-) CD4 T cells and B cells, we showed that both B and CD4 T cells need IL-21 signaling for generating long-term humoral immunity.
266	23637417	Taken together, our results highlight the importance of IL-21 in humoral immunity to viruses.
267	23637417	In this study, we have examined the role of the cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) in regulating humoral immunity during acute viral infections.
268	23637417	Using IL-21 receptor-deficient (IL-21R(-/-)) mice, we found that virus-specific CD4 T cells were generated after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and that these CD4 T cells differentiated into T follicular helper (TFH)-like cells in the absence of IL-21 signaling.
269	23637417	Using chimeric mice containing wild-type or IL-21R(-/-) CD4 T cells and B cells, we showed that both B and CD4 T cells need IL-21 signaling for generating long-term humoral immunity.
270	23637417	Taken together, our results highlight the importance of IL-21 in humoral immunity to viruses.
271	23940329	Human circulating influenza-CD4+ ICOS1+IL-21+ T cells expand after vaccination, exert helper function, and predict antibody responses.
272	23940329	In lymph nodes and tonsils, T-follicular helper cells have been identified as the T cells subset specialized in helping B lymphocytes, with interleukin-21 (IL-21) and inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS1) playing a central role for this function.
273	23940329	We followed the expansion of antigen-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells upon influenza vaccination in adults.
274	23940329	We show that, after an overnight in vitro stimulation, influenza-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells can be measured in human blood, accumulate in the CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) population, and increase in frequency after vaccination.
275	23940329	The expansion of influenza-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells associates with and predicts the rise of functionally active antibodies to avian H5N1.
276	23940329	We also show that blood-derived CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) CD4(+) T cells exert helper function in vitro and support the differentiation of influenza specific B cells in an ICOS1- and IL-21-dependent manner.
277	23940329	We propose that the expansion of antigen-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells in blood is an early marker of vaccine immunogenicity and an important immune parameter for the evaluation of novel vaccination strategies.
278	23940329	Human circulating influenza-CD4+ ICOS1+IL-21+ T cells expand after vaccination, exert helper function, and predict antibody responses.
279	23940329	In lymph nodes and tonsils, T-follicular helper cells have been identified as the T cells subset specialized in helping B lymphocytes, with interleukin-21 (IL-21) and inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS1) playing a central role for this function.
280	23940329	We followed the expansion of antigen-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells upon influenza vaccination in adults.
281	23940329	We show that, after an overnight in vitro stimulation, influenza-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells can be measured in human blood, accumulate in the CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) population, and increase in frequency after vaccination.
282	23940329	The expansion of influenza-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells associates with and predicts the rise of functionally active antibodies to avian H5N1.
283	23940329	We also show that blood-derived CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) CD4(+) T cells exert helper function in vitro and support the differentiation of influenza specific B cells in an ICOS1- and IL-21-dependent manner.
284	23940329	We propose that the expansion of antigen-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells in blood is an early marker of vaccine immunogenicity and an important immune parameter for the evaluation of novel vaccination strategies.
285	23940329	Human circulating influenza-CD4+ ICOS1+IL-21+ T cells expand after vaccination, exert helper function, and predict antibody responses.
286	23940329	In lymph nodes and tonsils, T-follicular helper cells have been identified as the T cells subset specialized in helping B lymphocytes, with interleukin-21 (IL-21) and inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS1) playing a central role for this function.
287	23940329	We followed the expansion of antigen-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells upon influenza vaccination in adults.
288	23940329	We show that, after an overnight in vitro stimulation, influenza-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells can be measured in human blood, accumulate in the CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) population, and increase in frequency after vaccination.
289	23940329	The expansion of influenza-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells associates with and predicts the rise of functionally active antibodies to avian H5N1.
290	23940329	We also show that blood-derived CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) CD4(+) T cells exert helper function in vitro and support the differentiation of influenza specific B cells in an ICOS1- and IL-21-dependent manner.
291	23940329	We propose that the expansion of antigen-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells in blood is an early marker of vaccine immunogenicity and an important immune parameter for the evaluation of novel vaccination strategies.
292	23940329	Human circulating influenza-CD4+ ICOS1+IL-21+ T cells expand after vaccination, exert helper function, and predict antibody responses.
293	23940329	In lymph nodes and tonsils, T-follicular helper cells have been identified as the T cells subset specialized in helping B lymphocytes, with interleukin-21 (IL-21) and inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS1) playing a central role for this function.
294	23940329	We followed the expansion of antigen-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells upon influenza vaccination in adults.
295	23940329	We show that, after an overnight in vitro stimulation, influenza-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells can be measured in human blood, accumulate in the CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) population, and increase in frequency after vaccination.
296	23940329	The expansion of influenza-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells associates with and predicts the rise of functionally active antibodies to avian H5N1.
297	23940329	We also show that blood-derived CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) CD4(+) T cells exert helper function in vitro and support the differentiation of influenza specific B cells in an ICOS1- and IL-21-dependent manner.
298	23940329	We propose that the expansion of antigen-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells in blood is an early marker of vaccine immunogenicity and an important immune parameter for the evaluation of novel vaccination strategies.
299	23940329	Human circulating influenza-CD4+ ICOS1+IL-21+ T cells expand after vaccination, exert helper function, and predict antibody responses.
300	23940329	In lymph nodes and tonsils, T-follicular helper cells have been identified as the T cells subset specialized in helping B lymphocytes, with interleukin-21 (IL-21) and inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS1) playing a central role for this function.
301	23940329	We followed the expansion of antigen-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells upon influenza vaccination in adults.
302	23940329	We show that, after an overnight in vitro stimulation, influenza-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells can be measured in human blood, accumulate in the CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) population, and increase in frequency after vaccination.
303	23940329	The expansion of influenza-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells associates with and predicts the rise of functionally active antibodies to avian H5N1.
304	23940329	We also show that blood-derived CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) CD4(+) T cells exert helper function in vitro and support the differentiation of influenza specific B cells in an ICOS1- and IL-21-dependent manner.
305	23940329	We propose that the expansion of antigen-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells in blood is an early marker of vaccine immunogenicity and an important immune parameter for the evaluation of novel vaccination strategies.
306	23940329	Human circulating influenza-CD4+ ICOS1+IL-21+ T cells expand after vaccination, exert helper function, and predict antibody responses.
307	23940329	In lymph nodes and tonsils, T-follicular helper cells have been identified as the T cells subset specialized in helping B lymphocytes, with interleukin-21 (IL-21) and inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS1) playing a central role for this function.
308	23940329	We followed the expansion of antigen-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells upon influenza vaccination in adults.
309	23940329	We show that, after an overnight in vitro stimulation, influenza-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells can be measured in human blood, accumulate in the CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) population, and increase in frequency after vaccination.
310	23940329	The expansion of influenza-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells associates with and predicts the rise of functionally active antibodies to avian H5N1.
311	23940329	We also show that blood-derived CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) CD4(+) T cells exert helper function in vitro and support the differentiation of influenza specific B cells in an ICOS1- and IL-21-dependent manner.
312	23940329	We propose that the expansion of antigen-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells in blood is an early marker of vaccine immunogenicity and an important immune parameter for the evaluation of novel vaccination strategies.
313	23940329	Human circulating influenza-CD4+ ICOS1+IL-21+ T cells expand after vaccination, exert helper function, and predict antibody responses.
314	23940329	In lymph nodes and tonsils, T-follicular helper cells have been identified as the T cells subset specialized in helping B lymphocytes, with interleukin-21 (IL-21) and inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS1) playing a central role for this function.
315	23940329	We followed the expansion of antigen-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells upon influenza vaccination in adults.
316	23940329	We show that, after an overnight in vitro stimulation, influenza-specific IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells can be measured in human blood, accumulate in the CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) population, and increase in frequency after vaccination.
317	23940329	The expansion of influenza-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells associates with and predicts the rise of functionally active antibodies to avian H5N1.
318	23940329	We also show that blood-derived CXCR5(-)ICOS1(+) CD4(+) T cells exert helper function in vitro and support the differentiation of influenza specific B cells in an ICOS1- and IL-21-dependent manner.
319	23940329	We propose that the expansion of antigen-specific ICOS1(+)IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells in blood is an early marker of vaccine immunogenicity and an important immune parameter for the evaluation of novel vaccination strategies.
320	24242760	Interleukin (IL)-21 is a member of the γ chain-receptor cytokine family along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15.
321	24242760	The effects of IL-21 are pleiotropic, owing to the broad cellular distribution of the IL-21 receptor.
322	24242760	IL-21 is secreted by activated CD4 T cells and natural killer T cells.
323	24242760	Our research focus has been on the role of IL-21 and more recently of Tfh in immunopathogenesis of HIV infection.
324	24242760	This review focuses on first the influence of IL-21 in regulation of T cell, B cell, and NK cell responses and its immunotherapeutic potential in viral infections and as a vaccine adjuvant.
325	24242760	Interleukin (IL)-21 is a member of the γ chain-receptor cytokine family along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15.
326	24242760	The effects of IL-21 are pleiotropic, owing to the broad cellular distribution of the IL-21 receptor.
327	24242760	IL-21 is secreted by activated CD4 T cells and natural killer T cells.
328	24242760	Our research focus has been on the role of IL-21 and more recently of Tfh in immunopathogenesis of HIV infection.
329	24242760	This review focuses on first the influence of IL-21 in regulation of T cell, B cell, and NK cell responses and its immunotherapeutic potential in viral infections and as a vaccine adjuvant.
330	24242760	Interleukin (IL)-21 is a member of the γ chain-receptor cytokine family along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15.
331	24242760	The effects of IL-21 are pleiotropic, owing to the broad cellular distribution of the IL-21 receptor.
332	24242760	IL-21 is secreted by activated CD4 T cells and natural killer T cells.
333	24242760	Our research focus has been on the role of IL-21 and more recently of Tfh in immunopathogenesis of HIV infection.
334	24242760	This review focuses on first the influence of IL-21 in regulation of T cell, B cell, and NK cell responses and its immunotherapeutic potential in viral infections and as a vaccine adjuvant.
335	24242760	Interleukin (IL)-21 is a member of the γ chain-receptor cytokine family along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15.
336	24242760	The effects of IL-21 are pleiotropic, owing to the broad cellular distribution of the IL-21 receptor.
337	24242760	IL-21 is secreted by activated CD4 T cells and natural killer T cells.
338	24242760	Our research focus has been on the role of IL-21 and more recently of Tfh in immunopathogenesis of HIV infection.
339	24242760	This review focuses on first the influence of IL-21 in regulation of T cell, B cell, and NK cell responses and its immunotherapeutic potential in viral infections and as a vaccine adjuvant.
340	24690150	Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 in enhancing DNA vaccine efficacy against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice.
341	24690150	The synergistic protective efficacy of murine interleukin 21 (mIL-21) and mIL-15 administrated with DNA vaccine against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice was investigated using T. gondii MIC8 (TgMIC8) as a model.
342	24690150	We cloned mIL-21 and mIL-15 from splenic tissues of Kunming mice, and constructed eukaryotic plasmid pVAX/mIL-15, pVAX/mIL-21, and pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15, respectively.
343	24690150	Mice receiving pVAX/TgMIC8 alone developed a strong humoral responses and Th1 type cellular immune responses, and showed an increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared with all the controls.
344	24690150	Adding pVAX/mIL-21 to pVAX/TgMIC8 compared to pVAX/TgMIC8 resulted in only a slight increase in humoral and cellular immune responses, and this immune response was lower than that induced by the pVAX/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8.
345	24690150	Co-administration of pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8 elicited the strongest humoral and cellular immune responses among all the groups, leading to significantly increased survival time against acute infection and the significant reduction of tissue cysts, compared to all the controls.
346	24690150	Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 can facilitate specific humoral as well as cellular immune responses elicited by DNA vaccine against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in mice.
347	24690150	Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 in enhancing DNA vaccine efficacy against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice.
348	24690150	The synergistic protective efficacy of murine interleukin 21 (mIL-21) and mIL-15 administrated with DNA vaccine against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice was investigated using T. gondii MIC8 (TgMIC8) as a model.
349	24690150	We cloned mIL-21 and mIL-15 from splenic tissues of Kunming mice, and constructed eukaryotic plasmid pVAX/mIL-15, pVAX/mIL-21, and pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15, respectively.
350	24690150	Mice receiving pVAX/TgMIC8 alone developed a strong humoral responses and Th1 type cellular immune responses, and showed an increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared with all the controls.
351	24690150	Adding pVAX/mIL-21 to pVAX/TgMIC8 compared to pVAX/TgMIC8 resulted in only a slight increase in humoral and cellular immune responses, and this immune response was lower than that induced by the pVAX/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8.
352	24690150	Co-administration of pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8 elicited the strongest humoral and cellular immune responses among all the groups, leading to significantly increased survival time against acute infection and the significant reduction of tissue cysts, compared to all the controls.
353	24690150	Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 can facilitate specific humoral as well as cellular immune responses elicited by DNA vaccine against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in mice.
354	24690150	Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 in enhancing DNA vaccine efficacy against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice.
355	24690150	The synergistic protective efficacy of murine interleukin 21 (mIL-21) and mIL-15 administrated with DNA vaccine against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice was investigated using T. gondii MIC8 (TgMIC8) as a model.
356	24690150	We cloned mIL-21 and mIL-15 from splenic tissues of Kunming mice, and constructed eukaryotic plasmid pVAX/mIL-15, pVAX/mIL-21, and pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15, respectively.
357	24690150	Mice receiving pVAX/TgMIC8 alone developed a strong humoral responses and Th1 type cellular immune responses, and showed an increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared with all the controls.
358	24690150	Adding pVAX/mIL-21 to pVAX/TgMIC8 compared to pVAX/TgMIC8 resulted in only a slight increase in humoral and cellular immune responses, and this immune response was lower than that induced by the pVAX/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8.
359	24690150	Co-administration of pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8 elicited the strongest humoral and cellular immune responses among all the groups, leading to significantly increased survival time against acute infection and the significant reduction of tissue cysts, compared to all the controls.
360	24690150	Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 can facilitate specific humoral as well as cellular immune responses elicited by DNA vaccine against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in mice.
361	24690150	Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 in enhancing DNA vaccine efficacy against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice.
362	24690150	The synergistic protective efficacy of murine interleukin 21 (mIL-21) and mIL-15 administrated with DNA vaccine against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice was investigated using T. gondii MIC8 (TgMIC8) as a model.
363	24690150	We cloned mIL-21 and mIL-15 from splenic tissues of Kunming mice, and constructed eukaryotic plasmid pVAX/mIL-15, pVAX/mIL-21, and pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15, respectively.
364	24690150	Mice receiving pVAX/TgMIC8 alone developed a strong humoral responses and Th1 type cellular immune responses, and showed an increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared with all the controls.
365	24690150	Adding pVAX/mIL-21 to pVAX/TgMIC8 compared to pVAX/TgMIC8 resulted in only a slight increase in humoral and cellular immune responses, and this immune response was lower than that induced by the pVAX/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8.
366	24690150	Co-administration of pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8 elicited the strongest humoral and cellular immune responses among all the groups, leading to significantly increased survival time against acute infection and the significant reduction of tissue cysts, compared to all the controls.
367	24690150	Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 can facilitate specific humoral as well as cellular immune responses elicited by DNA vaccine against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in mice.
368	24690150	Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 in enhancing DNA vaccine efficacy against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice.
369	24690150	The synergistic protective efficacy of murine interleukin 21 (mIL-21) and mIL-15 administrated with DNA vaccine against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice was investigated using T. gondii MIC8 (TgMIC8) as a model.
370	24690150	We cloned mIL-21 and mIL-15 from splenic tissues of Kunming mice, and constructed eukaryotic plasmid pVAX/mIL-15, pVAX/mIL-21, and pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15, respectively.
371	24690150	Mice receiving pVAX/TgMIC8 alone developed a strong humoral responses and Th1 type cellular immune responses, and showed an increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared with all the controls.
372	24690150	Adding pVAX/mIL-21 to pVAX/TgMIC8 compared to pVAX/TgMIC8 resulted in only a slight increase in humoral and cellular immune responses, and this immune response was lower than that induced by the pVAX/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8.
373	24690150	Co-administration of pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8 elicited the strongest humoral and cellular immune responses among all the groups, leading to significantly increased survival time against acute infection and the significant reduction of tissue cysts, compared to all the controls.
374	24690150	Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 can facilitate specific humoral as well as cellular immune responses elicited by DNA vaccine against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in mice.
375	24690150	Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 in enhancing DNA vaccine efficacy against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice.
376	24690150	The synergistic protective efficacy of murine interleukin 21 (mIL-21) and mIL-15 administrated with DNA vaccine against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice was investigated using T. gondii MIC8 (TgMIC8) as a model.
377	24690150	We cloned mIL-21 and mIL-15 from splenic tissues of Kunming mice, and constructed eukaryotic plasmid pVAX/mIL-15, pVAX/mIL-21, and pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15, respectively.
378	24690150	Mice receiving pVAX/TgMIC8 alone developed a strong humoral responses and Th1 type cellular immune responses, and showed an increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared with all the controls.
379	24690150	Adding pVAX/mIL-21 to pVAX/TgMIC8 compared to pVAX/TgMIC8 resulted in only a slight increase in humoral and cellular immune responses, and this immune response was lower than that induced by the pVAX/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8.
380	24690150	Co-administration of pVAX/mIL-21/mIL-15 combined with pVAX/TgMIC8 elicited the strongest humoral and cellular immune responses among all the groups, leading to significantly increased survival time against acute infection and the significant reduction of tissue cysts, compared to all the controls.
381	24690150	Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 can facilitate specific humoral as well as cellular immune responses elicited by DNA vaccine against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in mice.
382	25211639	A fusion DNA vaccine encoding middle version of HBV envelope protein fused to interleukin-21 did not enhance HBV-specific immune response in mice.
383	25211639	Thus, we aimed to investigate the ability of IL-21 in the regulation of middle version of HBV envelop protein (MS) DNA vaccine.
384	25211639	Fusion plasmid encoding IL-21 linked with MS was constructed.
385	25211639	Normal and HBV transgenic mice were immunized by plasmid. pcDNA-IL-21/S2S induced a comparable level of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response with pcDNA-S2S.
386	25211639	Furthermore, the level of circulating HBsAg was decreased by induction of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response to both pcDNA-IL-21/S2S and pcDNA-S2S vaccination in HBV transgenic mice.
387	25211639	But IL-21 did not strengthen immune response induced by HBV DNA immunization.
388	25211639	However, IL-21 does not improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of MS DNA vaccination, and thus may not be used as a therapeutic marker for chronic hepatitis B.
389	25211639	A fusion DNA vaccine encoding middle version of HBV envelope protein fused to interleukin-21 did not enhance HBV-specific immune response in mice.
390	25211639	Thus, we aimed to investigate the ability of IL-21 in the regulation of middle version of HBV envelop protein (MS) DNA vaccine.
391	25211639	Fusion plasmid encoding IL-21 linked with MS was constructed.
392	25211639	Normal and HBV transgenic mice were immunized by plasmid. pcDNA-IL-21/S2S induced a comparable level of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response with pcDNA-S2S.
393	25211639	Furthermore, the level of circulating HBsAg was decreased by induction of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response to both pcDNA-IL-21/S2S and pcDNA-S2S vaccination in HBV transgenic mice.
394	25211639	But IL-21 did not strengthen immune response induced by HBV DNA immunization.
395	25211639	However, IL-21 does not improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of MS DNA vaccination, and thus may not be used as a therapeutic marker for chronic hepatitis B.
396	25211639	A fusion DNA vaccine encoding middle version of HBV envelope protein fused to interleukin-21 did not enhance HBV-specific immune response in mice.
397	25211639	Thus, we aimed to investigate the ability of IL-21 in the regulation of middle version of HBV envelop protein (MS) DNA vaccine.
398	25211639	Fusion plasmid encoding IL-21 linked with MS was constructed.
399	25211639	Normal and HBV transgenic mice were immunized by plasmid. pcDNA-IL-21/S2S induced a comparable level of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response with pcDNA-S2S.
400	25211639	Furthermore, the level of circulating HBsAg was decreased by induction of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response to both pcDNA-IL-21/S2S and pcDNA-S2S vaccination in HBV transgenic mice.
401	25211639	But IL-21 did not strengthen immune response induced by HBV DNA immunization.
402	25211639	However, IL-21 does not improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of MS DNA vaccination, and thus may not be used as a therapeutic marker for chronic hepatitis B.
403	25211639	A fusion DNA vaccine encoding middle version of HBV envelope protein fused to interleukin-21 did not enhance HBV-specific immune response in mice.
404	25211639	Thus, we aimed to investigate the ability of IL-21 in the regulation of middle version of HBV envelop protein (MS) DNA vaccine.
405	25211639	Fusion plasmid encoding IL-21 linked with MS was constructed.
406	25211639	Normal and HBV transgenic mice were immunized by plasmid. pcDNA-IL-21/S2S induced a comparable level of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response with pcDNA-S2S.
407	25211639	Furthermore, the level of circulating HBsAg was decreased by induction of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response to both pcDNA-IL-21/S2S and pcDNA-S2S vaccination in HBV transgenic mice.
408	25211639	But IL-21 did not strengthen immune response induced by HBV DNA immunization.
409	25211639	However, IL-21 does not improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of MS DNA vaccination, and thus may not be used as a therapeutic marker for chronic hepatitis B.
410	25211639	A fusion DNA vaccine encoding middle version of HBV envelope protein fused to interleukin-21 did not enhance HBV-specific immune response in mice.
411	25211639	Thus, we aimed to investigate the ability of IL-21 in the regulation of middle version of HBV envelop protein (MS) DNA vaccine.
412	25211639	Fusion plasmid encoding IL-21 linked with MS was constructed.
413	25211639	Normal and HBV transgenic mice were immunized by plasmid. pcDNA-IL-21/S2S induced a comparable level of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response with pcDNA-S2S.
414	25211639	Furthermore, the level of circulating HBsAg was decreased by induction of anti-HBs antibody and HBsAg-specific CD8+ T-cell response to both pcDNA-IL-21/S2S and pcDNA-S2S vaccination in HBV transgenic mice.
415	25211639	But IL-21 did not strengthen immune response induced by HBV DNA immunization.
416	25211639	However, IL-21 does not improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of MS DNA vaccination, and thus may not be used as a therapeutic marker for chronic hepatitis B.
417	25763578	Disruption of IL-21 signaling affects T cell-B cell interactions and abrogates protective humoral immunity to malaria.
418	25763578	However, a role for IL-21 in antibody-mediated protection against pathogens has not been demonstrated.
419	25763578	Here we show that IL-21 is produced by T follicular helper cells and co-expressed with IFN-γ during an erythrocytic-stage malaria infection of Plasmodium chabaudi in mice.
420	25763578	Mice deficient either in IL-21 or the IL-21 receptor fail to resolve the chronic phase of P. chabaudi infection and P. yoelii infection resulting in sustained high parasitemias, and are not immune to re-infection.
421	25763578	Mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, with T cells carrying a targeted disruption of the Il21 gene, or B cells with a targeted disruption of the Il21r gene, demonstrate that IL-21 from T cells signaling through the IL-21 receptor on B cells is necessary to control chronic P. chabaudi infection.
422	25763578	Our data uncover a mechanism by which CD4+ T cells and B cells control parasitemia during chronic erythrocytic-stage malaria through a single gene, Il21, and demonstrate the importance of this cytokine in the control of pathogens by humoral immune responses.
423	25763578	Disruption of IL-21 signaling affects T cell-B cell interactions and abrogates protective humoral immunity to malaria.
424	25763578	However, a role for IL-21 in antibody-mediated protection against pathogens has not been demonstrated.
425	25763578	Here we show that IL-21 is produced by T follicular helper cells and co-expressed with IFN-γ during an erythrocytic-stage malaria infection of Plasmodium chabaudi in mice.
426	25763578	Mice deficient either in IL-21 or the IL-21 receptor fail to resolve the chronic phase of P. chabaudi infection and P. yoelii infection resulting in sustained high parasitemias, and are not immune to re-infection.
427	25763578	Mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, with T cells carrying a targeted disruption of the Il21 gene, or B cells with a targeted disruption of the Il21r gene, demonstrate that IL-21 from T cells signaling through the IL-21 receptor on B cells is necessary to control chronic P. chabaudi infection.
428	25763578	Our data uncover a mechanism by which CD4+ T cells and B cells control parasitemia during chronic erythrocytic-stage malaria through a single gene, Il21, and demonstrate the importance of this cytokine in the control of pathogens by humoral immune responses.
429	25763578	Disruption of IL-21 signaling affects T cell-B cell interactions and abrogates protective humoral immunity to malaria.
430	25763578	However, a role for IL-21 in antibody-mediated protection against pathogens has not been demonstrated.
431	25763578	Here we show that IL-21 is produced by T follicular helper cells and co-expressed with IFN-γ during an erythrocytic-stage malaria infection of Plasmodium chabaudi in mice.
432	25763578	Mice deficient either in IL-21 or the IL-21 receptor fail to resolve the chronic phase of P. chabaudi infection and P. yoelii infection resulting in sustained high parasitemias, and are not immune to re-infection.
433	25763578	Mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, with T cells carrying a targeted disruption of the Il21 gene, or B cells with a targeted disruption of the Il21r gene, demonstrate that IL-21 from T cells signaling through the IL-21 receptor on B cells is necessary to control chronic P. chabaudi infection.
434	25763578	Our data uncover a mechanism by which CD4+ T cells and B cells control parasitemia during chronic erythrocytic-stage malaria through a single gene, Il21, and demonstrate the importance of this cytokine in the control of pathogens by humoral immune responses.
435	25763578	Disruption of IL-21 signaling affects T cell-B cell interactions and abrogates protective humoral immunity to malaria.
436	25763578	However, a role for IL-21 in antibody-mediated protection against pathogens has not been demonstrated.
437	25763578	Here we show that IL-21 is produced by T follicular helper cells and co-expressed with IFN-γ during an erythrocytic-stage malaria infection of Plasmodium chabaudi in mice.
438	25763578	Mice deficient either in IL-21 or the IL-21 receptor fail to resolve the chronic phase of P. chabaudi infection and P. yoelii infection resulting in sustained high parasitemias, and are not immune to re-infection.
439	25763578	Mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, with T cells carrying a targeted disruption of the Il21 gene, or B cells with a targeted disruption of the Il21r gene, demonstrate that IL-21 from T cells signaling through the IL-21 receptor on B cells is necessary to control chronic P. chabaudi infection.
440	25763578	Our data uncover a mechanism by which CD4+ T cells and B cells control parasitemia during chronic erythrocytic-stage malaria through a single gene, Il21, and demonstrate the importance of this cytokine in the control of pathogens by humoral immune responses.
441	25763578	Disruption of IL-21 signaling affects T cell-B cell interactions and abrogates protective humoral immunity to malaria.
442	25763578	However, a role for IL-21 in antibody-mediated protection against pathogens has not been demonstrated.
443	25763578	Here we show that IL-21 is produced by T follicular helper cells and co-expressed with IFN-γ during an erythrocytic-stage malaria infection of Plasmodium chabaudi in mice.
444	25763578	Mice deficient either in IL-21 or the IL-21 receptor fail to resolve the chronic phase of P. chabaudi infection and P. yoelii infection resulting in sustained high parasitemias, and are not immune to re-infection.
445	25763578	Mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, with T cells carrying a targeted disruption of the Il21 gene, or B cells with a targeted disruption of the Il21r gene, demonstrate that IL-21 from T cells signaling through the IL-21 receptor on B cells is necessary to control chronic P. chabaudi infection.
446	25763578	Our data uncover a mechanism by which CD4+ T cells and B cells control parasitemia during chronic erythrocytic-stage malaria through a single gene, Il21, and demonstrate the importance of this cytokine in the control of pathogens by humoral immune responses.
447	25763578	Disruption of IL-21 signaling affects T cell-B cell interactions and abrogates protective humoral immunity to malaria.
448	25763578	However, a role for IL-21 in antibody-mediated protection against pathogens has not been demonstrated.
449	25763578	Here we show that IL-21 is produced by T follicular helper cells and co-expressed with IFN-γ during an erythrocytic-stage malaria infection of Plasmodium chabaudi in mice.
450	25763578	Mice deficient either in IL-21 or the IL-21 receptor fail to resolve the chronic phase of P. chabaudi infection and P. yoelii infection resulting in sustained high parasitemias, and are not immune to re-infection.
451	25763578	Mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, with T cells carrying a targeted disruption of the Il21 gene, or B cells with a targeted disruption of the Il21r gene, demonstrate that IL-21 from T cells signaling through the IL-21 receptor on B cells is necessary to control chronic P. chabaudi infection.
452	25763578	Our data uncover a mechanism by which CD4+ T cells and B cells control parasitemia during chronic erythrocytic-stage malaria through a single gene, Il21, and demonstrate the importance of this cytokine in the control of pathogens by humoral immune responses.
453	25875847	Interleukin 21 (IL-21), one of the secreted factors produced by TFH cells, plays an important role in both the maintenance of the germinal center response as well as in the generation of long-lived plasma cells.
454	25875847	Using IL-21R deficient mice, we show that IL-21 signaling is required for efficient establishment of MHV68 infection.
455	25875847	In the absence of IL-21 signaling, fewer infected splenocytes are able to gain access to either the germinal center B cell population or the plasma cell population--the latter being a major site of MHV68 reactivation.
456	25875847	Taken together, these data indicate that IL-21 signaling plays multiple roles during establishment of MHV68 infection, and identify IL-21 as a critical TFH cell-derived factor for efficient establishment of gammaherpesvirus B cell latency.
457	25875847	Interleukin 21 (IL-21), one of the secreted factors produced by TFH cells, plays an important role in both the maintenance of the germinal center response as well as in the generation of long-lived plasma cells.
458	25875847	Using IL-21R deficient mice, we show that IL-21 signaling is required for efficient establishment of MHV68 infection.
459	25875847	In the absence of IL-21 signaling, fewer infected splenocytes are able to gain access to either the germinal center B cell population or the plasma cell population--the latter being a major site of MHV68 reactivation.
460	25875847	Taken together, these data indicate that IL-21 signaling plays multiple roles during establishment of MHV68 infection, and identify IL-21 as a critical TFH cell-derived factor for efficient establishment of gammaherpesvirus B cell latency.
461	25875847	Interleukin 21 (IL-21), one of the secreted factors produced by TFH cells, plays an important role in both the maintenance of the germinal center response as well as in the generation of long-lived plasma cells.
462	25875847	Using IL-21R deficient mice, we show that IL-21 signaling is required for efficient establishment of MHV68 infection.
463	25875847	In the absence of IL-21 signaling, fewer infected splenocytes are able to gain access to either the germinal center B cell population or the plasma cell population--the latter being a major site of MHV68 reactivation.
464	25875847	Taken together, these data indicate that IL-21 signaling plays multiple roles during establishment of MHV68 infection, and identify IL-21 as a critical TFH cell-derived factor for efficient establishment of gammaherpesvirus B cell latency.
465	25875847	Interleukin 21 (IL-21), one of the secreted factors produced by TFH cells, plays an important role in both the maintenance of the germinal center response as well as in the generation of long-lived plasma cells.
466	25875847	Using IL-21R deficient mice, we show that IL-21 signaling is required for efficient establishment of MHV68 infection.
467	25875847	In the absence of IL-21 signaling, fewer infected splenocytes are able to gain access to either the germinal center B cell population or the plasma cell population--the latter being a major site of MHV68 reactivation.
468	25875847	Taken together, these data indicate that IL-21 signaling plays multiple roles during establishment of MHV68 infection, and identify IL-21 as a critical TFH cell-derived factor for efficient establishment of gammaherpesvirus B cell latency.
469	25895132	Our study aimed at optimizing the antitumor effects of the B16F10/glycosylphosphatidylinositol-interleukin 21 (B16F10/GPI-IL-21) tumor vaccine on melanoma bearing mice by combining the TGF-β1 knockdown and the administration of miR200c agomir.
470	25895132	The later combination showed that, when compared with the mice in the control group that received no vaccination, vaccinated mice significantly increased NK and CTL activities, enhanced levels of IFN-γ, and reduced expression of TGF-β1, N-cadherin, Vimentin, Gli1/2, P-Smad2/3 and others involved in promoting expression of EMT-related molecules in tumor areas, and inhibited the melanoma metastasis in lungs and lymph nodes.
471	25956014	New genes defects causing immunodeficiency include phophoglucomutase 3 (PGM3), cytidine 5' triphosphate synthase 1 (CTPS1), nuclear factor κB-inducing kinase (NIK), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 10 (BCL10), phosphoinositide-3 kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1), IL21, and Jagunal homolog 1 (JAGN1).
472	25956014	The role of IL-12 and IL-15 in the enhancement of natural killer cell activity was reported.