Ignet

Gene Information

Gene symbol: RAF1

Gene name: v-raf-1 murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1

HGNC ID: 9829

Synonyms: Raf-1, c-Raf, CRAF

Related Genes

#	Gene Symbol	Number of hits
1	CD4	1 hits
2	CD8A	1 hits
3	CFLAR	1 hits
4	CSF2	1 hits
5	EIF3E	1 hits
6	ERVWE1	1 hits
7	FLT3	1 hits
8	HABP2	1 hits
9	HLA-A	1 hits
10	IL2	1 hits
11	IL8	1 hits
12	IVNS1ABP	1 hits
13	KRAS	1 hits
14	MAPK1	1 hits
15	MAPK14	1 hits
16	MAPK3	1 hits
17	MAPK8	1 hits
18	NFKB1	1 hits
19	NTRK1	1 hits
20	PRKAR2A	1 hits
21	PTBP1	1 hits
22	PTGS2	1 hits
23	PTPN11	1 hits
24	RTN1	1 hits
25	SOS1	1 hits
26	SP2	1 hits
27	STAT2	1 hits
28	TNF	1 hits
29	UBR4	1 hits
30	VEGFA	1 hits

Related Sentences

#	PMID	Sentence
1	1312269	Comparisons of the sequences of the flavivirus polymerase and helicase-like proteins (NS5 and NS3, respectively) with those from other viruses yielded a classification of the flaviviruses indicating that the primary division of the flaviviruses was between those transmitted by mosquitoes and those transmitted by ticks.
2	3470774	The capsid protein is unchanged, while proteins NS1, NS3, and NS5 contain 0.5% amino acid substitutions, and proteins ns4a and ns4b average 0.8% substitutions.
3	3470774	The large number of changes in ns2a and ns2b, which are largely conservative in nature, may result from lowered selective pressure against alteration in this region; among flaviviruses, these polypeptides are much less highly conserved than NS1, NS3, and NS5.
4	3470774	The capsid protein is unchanged, while proteins NS1, NS3, and NS5 contain 0.5% amino acid substitutions, and proteins ns4a and ns4b average 0.8% substitutions.
5	3470774	The large number of changes in ns2a and ns2b, which are largely conservative in nature, may result from lowered selective pressure against alteration in this region; among flaviviruses, these polypeptides are much less highly conserved than NS1, NS3, and NS5.
6	7844535	All samples were amplified by semi-nested RT-PCR and the nucleotide sequence determined for four regions within the E1, E2/NS1, NS4 and NS5 genes.
7	9794426	We used the DNA-based immunization approach in BALB/c mice to determine whether the HCV nonstructural proteins NS3, NS4, and NS5 will induce Ab responses, CD4+ Th cell proliferation, and cytokine release in response to stimulation by recombinant proteins as well as generate CD8+ CTL activity both in vitro and in vivo.
8	9794426	Indeed, a tumor model was established following inoculation of syngenic SP2/0 cells stably transfected with NS5.
9	9794426	We used the DNA-based immunization approach in BALB/c mice to determine whether the HCV nonstructural proteins NS3, NS4, and NS5 will induce Ab responses, CD4+ Th cell proliferation, and cytokine release in response to stimulation by recombinant proteins as well as generate CD8+ CTL activity both in vitro and in vivo.
10	9794426	Indeed, a tumor model was established following inoculation of syngenic SP2/0 cells stably transfected with NS5.
11	10195625	Enhanced cellular immunity to hepatitis C virus nonstructural proteins by codelivery of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor gene in intramuscular DNA immunization.
12	10195625	In this report, we have constructed a plasmid, pTV-NS345, that encodes the HCV NS3, NS4 and NS5 proteins (NS345) and a bicistronic plasmid, PTV-NS345/GMCSF, in which the HCV NS345 polyprotein and GMCSF are translated independently.
13	10498664	Overlapping 20-mer peptides covering the entire core and NS4 antigens and a panel of peptides representing highly conserved regions of core, NS3, NS4, and NS5 were used.
14	10498664	By direct peripheral blood T-cell stimulation and by fine-specificity analysis of HCV-specific T-cell lines and clones, highly immunogenic T-cell epitopes were identified within core, NS3, and NS4.
15	10559329	Several inbred and outbred mouse strains immunized with a plasmid (pE) encoding the JEV envelope protein elicited a high level of protection against a lethal JEV challenge similar to that achieved by the inactivated vaccine, whereas all the other genes tested, including those encoding the capsid protein and the nonstructural proteins NS1-2A, NS3, and NS5, were ineffective.
16	10608749	Additionally, CTLs derived from mice immunized with either NS3 or NS5 specifically lysed target cells sensitized to either the genotype 1a or 1b gene products.
17	10614142	HCV Core, NS3 and NS4 proteins are the most immunogenic antigens for B cells and HLA class II-restricted CD4+ T cells.
18	10614142	For its part, liver-infiltrating CD8+ CTL recognize epitopes within the Core, E1, E2/NS1 and NS2 proteins in a HLA class I restricted manner.
19	10614142	CTL responses to HCV Core, NS3, NS4 and NS5 have been detected in peripheral blood of patients chronically infected with HCV.
20	10689144	Studies of the early stages of T-cell activation reveal that T cells from aged mice show multiple abnormalities within the first few minutes after stimulation, including decline in the activation of the Raf-1/MEK/ERK kinases and in JNK protein kinase.
21	10689144	Zap-70 kinase associated with the CD3zeta chain shows a 2-fold increase with age in resting CD4 T cells, despite a three-fold decline with age in the levels of tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3zeta; nonetheless, there is no effect of aging on Zap-70 kinase function in activated T cells as measured by in vitro kinase methods.
22	11602731	Substitutions were also present in regions encoding the NS1, NS2A, NS4A, and NS5 proteins and in the 3' untranslated region (UTR).
23	12438584	The 37 defined epitopes were predominantly distributed among the HCV proteins core, NS3, NS4, and NS5.
24	12555546	Due to the hypervariable character of hepatitis C virus (HCV), 5 conserved T and/or B cell epitopes from core, envelope, NS3 and NS5 protein of HCV were chosen to form a 270 bp multi-epitopes antigen gene.
25	12721805	Temperature sensitive mutations in the genes encoding the NS1, NS2A, NS3, and NS5 nonstructural proteins of dengue virus type 4 restrict replication in the brains of mice.
26	12922097	Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were induced by plasmids encoding capsid (C) or nonstructural proteins, NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3 or NS5.
27	12958248	Here, we describe microsphere immunoassays that detect antibodies to nonstructural proteins 3 and 5 (NS3 and NS5).
28	14696328	These results yeilded a consensus composition of NS1, NS2A, NS3, NS4A, and NS5 strongly associated with the dsRNA template.
29	14696328	Assembly of the RC during translation in cis and the relationships, particularly those of NS1 and NS5 among the components, were deduced from an extensive set of complementation experiments in trans involving mutations/deletions in all the nonstructural proteins and use of KUN or alphahavirus replicons as helpers.
30	15027699	They are defined the genotype concepts, subtype and quasispecies, and their implications in different such aspects as: 1) pathogenicity (in the severity of the infectious process, in the extrahepatic manifestations and in the appearance of the hepatocarcinoma); 2) in the biggest or smaller sensibility in the diagnostic techniques; 3) in the resistance to the treatment with interferon (well through the road NS3 or NS5, so much through the changes in PKR or the mutations in ISDR), and 4) in the epidemiology (changes of geographical variability, use of that variability like epidemic marker and obtaining difficulty of vaccines).
31	15890119	Eleven strains isolated from hospitalized patients from 1994 to 1999 in Saudi Arabia were sequenced in the envelope, NS3, and NS5 genes.
32	16103156	Dengue virus nonstructural protein NS5 induces interleukin-8 transcription and secretion.
33	16103156	DEN2V infection of HepG2 and primary dendritic cells induced the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8), RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta, whereas only IL-8 and RANTES were induced following dengue virus infection of HEK293 cells.
34	16103156	Transfection of a plasmid expressing NS5 or a dengue virus replicon induced IL-8 gene expression and secretion.
35	16103156	Reporter assays showed that IL-8 induction by NS5 was principally through CAAT/enhancer binding protein, whereas DEN2V infection also induced NF-kappaB.
36	16103156	These results indicate a role for the dengue virus NS5 protein in the induction of IL-8 by DEN2V infection.
37	16103156	Dengue virus nonstructural protein NS5 induces interleukin-8 transcription and secretion.
38	16103156	DEN2V infection of HepG2 and primary dendritic cells induced the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8), RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta, whereas only IL-8 and RANTES were induced following dengue virus infection of HEK293 cells.
39	16103156	Transfection of a plasmid expressing NS5 or a dengue virus replicon induced IL-8 gene expression and secretion.
40	16103156	Reporter assays showed that IL-8 induction by NS5 was principally through CAAT/enhancer binding protein, whereas DEN2V infection also induced NF-kappaB.
41	16103156	These results indicate a role for the dengue virus NS5 protein in the induction of IL-8 by DEN2V infection.
42	16103156	Dengue virus nonstructural protein NS5 induces interleukin-8 transcription and secretion.
43	16103156	DEN2V infection of HepG2 and primary dendritic cells induced the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8), RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta, whereas only IL-8 and RANTES were induced following dengue virus infection of HEK293 cells.
44	16103156	Transfection of a plasmid expressing NS5 or a dengue virus replicon induced IL-8 gene expression and secretion.
45	16103156	Reporter assays showed that IL-8 induction by NS5 was principally through CAAT/enhancer binding protein, whereas DEN2V infection also induced NF-kappaB.
46	16103156	These results indicate a role for the dengue virus NS5 protein in the induction of IL-8 by DEN2V infection.
47	16103156	Dengue virus nonstructural protein NS5 induces interleukin-8 transcription and secretion.
48	16103156	DEN2V infection of HepG2 and primary dendritic cells induced the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8), RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta, whereas only IL-8 and RANTES were induced following dengue virus infection of HEK293 cells.
49	16103156	Transfection of a plasmid expressing NS5 or a dengue virus replicon induced IL-8 gene expression and secretion.
50	16103156	Reporter assays showed that IL-8 induction by NS5 was principally through CAAT/enhancer binding protein, whereas DEN2V infection also induced NF-kappaB.
51	16103156	These results indicate a role for the dengue virus NS5 protein in the induction of IL-8 by DEN2V infection.
52	16148104	Of 22 subjects who spontaneously controlled HCV viremia, all recognized at least one of a group of six epitopes situated within the nonstructural (NS) proteins NS3, NS4, and NS5, each of which was detected by >30% of subjects, but most subjects recognized additional, more heterogeneous specificities.
53	16153533	The hyaluronan-binding protease upregulates ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways in fibroblasts and stimulates cell proliferation and migration.
54	16153533	The hyaluronan-binding protease (HABP) is a serine protease in human plasma which is structurally related to plasminogen activators, coagulation factor XII and hepathocyte growth factor activator.
55	16153533	It can in vitro activate the coagulation factor FVII, kininogen and plasminogen activators.
56	16153533	Treatment of lung fibroblasts with HABP lead to a rapid activation of signalling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway with c-Raf, MEK and ERK1/2.
57	16153533	Additionally the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and of several translation-related proteins was found.
58	16153533	Stimulation of signalling and proliferation by HABP involved the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR-1).
59	16153533	HABP-stimulated proliferation of lung fibroblasts MRC-5 was accompanied by a significant intracellular increase in basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), the major ligand of FGFR-1; bFGF could however not be identified in the supernatant of HABP-treated cells.
60	16317673	There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between peak viral loads and envelope glycoprotein 2 (E2)-specific antibody responses at the time of challenge.
61	16317673	Interestingly, one vaccinee that had sterilizing immunity against slightly heterologous virus generated the highest level of E2-specific total and neutralizing antibody responses as well as strong NS3/NS5-specific T-cell proliferative responses.
62	16415020	The E5-104 mutant possessed five amino acid substitutions in the structural protein E and one change in each of the nonstructural proteins NS3 and NS5.
63	16847121	The addition of adjuvants or a delivery system to the HCV polyprotein enhanced serum antibody and T-cell proliferative responses, as well as IFN-gamma responses, by CD4+ T cells.
64	16847121	The antibody responses were mainly against the NS3 and NS5 components of the polyprotein and relatively poor responses were elicited against NS4 and the core components.
65	17240490	Adoptive transfer of NS3/4A mRNA-transfected DCs resulted in migration to regional lymph nodes, strong cellular immune responses and protection from challenge with vaccinia virus expressing NS3/NS4/NS5 in mice.
66	17455808	The structure and function of particular viral structural (core, E1, E2) and nonstructural (NS2, NS3, NS4, NS5) proteins and noncoding regions known to date are described.
67	18158729	Monocyte-derived DCs from healthy donors were infected with the recombinant adenovirus (Ad) harboring HCV NS3 (AdNS3), NS4 (NS4A and NS4B; AdNS4), NS5 (NS5A and NS5B; AdNS5), NS3/NS4 (AdNS3/NS4), and NS4/NS5 (AdNS4/NS5) genes, and then used to stimulate autologous lymphocytes in vitro.
68	18158729	Antigen-specific cellular immune responses were detected by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and Granzyme B (GrB) enzyme-linked immunospot assays (ELISPOT).
69	18158729	DCs transduced with NS3/NS4 or NS4/NS5 had similar ability to elicit specific immune responses to HCV.
70	19091993	Splenocytes derived from Fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor 3 (Flt3) ligand-pretreated BALB/c mice were incubated with magnetic beads coated with HCV NS5, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and/or anti-CD40; purified; and used for immunization.
71	19091993	Cellular immunity was measured using cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and T-cell proliferation assays, intracellular cytokine staining, and a syngeneic tumor challenge using NS5-expressing SP2/0 myeloma cells in vivo.
72	19091993	Splenocytes isolated from animals vaccinated with DCs containing beads coated with NS5, LPS, and anti-CD40 secreted elevated levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon in the presence of NS5.
73	19091993	The numbers of CD4(+), IL-2-producing cells were increased >5-fold in the group immunized with DCs containing beads coated with NS5, LPS, and anti-CD40, paralleled by an enhanced splenocyte proliferative response.
74	19091993	Splenocytes derived from Fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor 3 (Flt3) ligand-pretreated BALB/c mice were incubated with magnetic beads coated with HCV NS5, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and/or anti-CD40; purified; and used for immunization.
75	19091993	Cellular immunity was measured using cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and T-cell proliferation assays, intracellular cytokine staining, and a syngeneic tumor challenge using NS5-expressing SP2/0 myeloma cells in vivo.
76	19091993	Splenocytes isolated from animals vaccinated with DCs containing beads coated with NS5, LPS, and anti-CD40 secreted elevated levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon in the presence of NS5.
77	19091993	The numbers of CD4(+), IL-2-producing cells were increased >5-fold in the group immunized with DCs containing beads coated with NS5, LPS, and anti-CD40, paralleled by an enhanced splenocyte proliferative response.
78	19091993	Splenocytes derived from Fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor 3 (Flt3) ligand-pretreated BALB/c mice were incubated with magnetic beads coated with HCV NS5, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and/or anti-CD40; purified; and used for immunization.
79	19091993	Cellular immunity was measured using cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and T-cell proliferation assays, intracellular cytokine staining, and a syngeneic tumor challenge using NS5-expressing SP2/0 myeloma cells in vivo.
80	19091993	Splenocytes isolated from animals vaccinated with DCs containing beads coated with NS5, LPS, and anti-CD40 secreted elevated levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon in the presence of NS5.
81	19091993	The numbers of CD4(+), IL-2-producing cells were increased >5-fold in the group immunized with DCs containing beads coated with NS5, LPS, and anti-CD40, paralleled by an enhanced splenocyte proliferative response.
82	19091993	Splenocytes derived from Fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor 3 (Flt3) ligand-pretreated BALB/c mice were incubated with magnetic beads coated with HCV NS5, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and/or anti-CD40; purified; and used for immunization.
83	19091993	Cellular immunity was measured using cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and T-cell proliferation assays, intracellular cytokine staining, and a syngeneic tumor challenge using NS5-expressing SP2/0 myeloma cells in vivo.
84	19091993	Splenocytes isolated from animals vaccinated with DCs containing beads coated with NS5, LPS, and anti-CD40 secreted elevated levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon in the presence of NS5.
85	19091993	The numbers of CD4(+), IL-2-producing cells were increased >5-fold in the group immunized with DCs containing beads coated with NS5, LPS, and anti-CD40, paralleled by an enhanced splenocyte proliferative response.
86	19140872	Our results demonstrates that Mycobacterium bovis BCG (M. bovis BCG) downregulates tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced COX-2 gene expression in alveolar epithelial cells by inhibiting the phosphorylations of Raf-1 and p38 kinases.
87	19140872	Further, M. bovis BCG-mediated inhibition of COX-2 or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase could be reversed by Calyculin A, a selective inhibitor of Ser/Thr phosphatases.
88	19140872	Moreover, M. bovis BCG inhibited the TNF-alpha-triggered NF-kappaB activation following IkappaB degradation.
89	19751699	In an attempt to increase the antigenicity of linear peptide sequences, chimeric multiple antigenic peptides (MAPs) containing epitopes from E2, NS4, and NS5 GBV-C proteins have been synthesized.
90	19923460	GBV-C infection and expression of the GBV-C nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) and the DV NS5 protein in CD4(+) T cells inhibit HIV replication in vitro.
91	19923460	To determine whether the inhibitory effect on HIV replication is conserved among other flaviviruses and to characterize mechanism(s) of HIV inhibition, the NS5 proteins of GBV-C, DV, hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, and yellow fever virus (YFV; vaccine strain 17D) were expressed in CD4(+) T cells.
92	19923460	In contrast, mumps virus was not inhibited by the expression of flavivirus NS5 protein or by YFV infection, and mumps infection did not alter CD4 mRNA or protein levels.
93	19923460	In summary, CD4 gene expression is decreased by all human flavivirus NS5 proteins studied.
94	19923460	GBV-C infection and expression of the GBV-C nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) and the DV NS5 protein in CD4(+) T cells inhibit HIV replication in vitro.
95	19923460	To determine whether the inhibitory effect on HIV replication is conserved among other flaviviruses and to characterize mechanism(s) of HIV inhibition, the NS5 proteins of GBV-C, DV, hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, and yellow fever virus (YFV; vaccine strain 17D) were expressed in CD4(+) T cells.
96	19923460	In contrast, mumps virus was not inhibited by the expression of flavivirus NS5 protein or by YFV infection, and mumps infection did not alter CD4 mRNA or protein levels.
97	19923460	In summary, CD4 gene expression is decreased by all human flavivirus NS5 proteins studied.
98	19923460	GBV-C infection and expression of the GBV-C nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) and the DV NS5 protein in CD4(+) T cells inhibit HIV replication in vitro.
99	19923460	To determine whether the inhibitory effect on HIV replication is conserved among other flaviviruses and to characterize mechanism(s) of HIV inhibition, the NS5 proteins of GBV-C, DV, hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, and yellow fever virus (YFV; vaccine strain 17D) were expressed in CD4(+) T cells.
100	19923460	In contrast, mumps virus was not inhibited by the expression of flavivirus NS5 protein or by YFV infection, and mumps infection did not alter CD4 mRNA or protein levels.
101	19923460	In summary, CD4 gene expression is decreased by all human flavivirus NS5 proteins studied.
102	19923460	GBV-C infection and expression of the GBV-C nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) and the DV NS5 protein in CD4(+) T cells inhibit HIV replication in vitro.
103	19923460	To determine whether the inhibitory effect on HIV replication is conserved among other flaviviruses and to characterize mechanism(s) of HIV inhibition, the NS5 proteins of GBV-C, DV, hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, and yellow fever virus (YFV; vaccine strain 17D) were expressed in CD4(+) T cells.
104	19923460	In contrast, mumps virus was not inhibited by the expression of flavivirus NS5 protein or by YFV infection, and mumps infection did not alter CD4 mRNA or protein levels.
105	19923460	In summary, CD4 gene expression is decreased by all human flavivirus NS5 proteins studied.
106	20427624	Generation and characterization of chimeric antibodies against NS3, NS4, NS5, and core antigens of hepatitis C virus.
107	20427624	Mouse-human chimeric antibodies (cAbs) against hepatitis C virus (HCV) core, NS3 (nonstructural), NS4, and NS5 antigens were developed as quality control (QC) reagents to replace the use of human sera/plasma for Abbott HCV immunoassays.
108	20427624	Mouse heavy-chain (V(H)) and light-chain (V(L)) variable regions of anti-HCV core, NS3, NS4, and NS5 antigens were PCR amplified from hybridoma lines and then cloned with human IgG1 heavy-chain (C(H)) and light-chain (C(L)) constant regions, respectively.
109	20427624	Generation and characterization of chimeric antibodies against NS3, NS4, NS5, and core antigens of hepatitis C virus.
110	20427624	Mouse-human chimeric antibodies (cAbs) against hepatitis C virus (HCV) core, NS3 (nonstructural), NS4, and NS5 antigens were developed as quality control (QC) reagents to replace the use of human sera/plasma for Abbott HCV immunoassays.
111	20427624	Mouse heavy-chain (V(H)) and light-chain (V(L)) variable regions of anti-HCV core, NS3, NS4, and NS5 antigens were PCR amplified from hybridoma lines and then cloned with human IgG1 heavy-chain (C(H)) and light-chain (C(L)) constant regions, respectively.
112	20427624	Generation and characterization of chimeric antibodies against NS3, NS4, NS5, and core antigens of hepatitis C virus.
113	20427624	Mouse-human chimeric antibodies (cAbs) against hepatitis C virus (HCV) core, NS3 (nonstructural), NS4, and NS5 antigens were developed as quality control (QC) reagents to replace the use of human sera/plasma for Abbott HCV immunoassays.
114	20427624	Mouse heavy-chain (V(H)) and light-chain (V(L)) variable regions of anti-HCV core, NS3, NS4, and NS5 antigens were PCR amplified from hybridoma lines and then cloned with human IgG1 heavy-chain (C(H)) and light-chain (C(L)) constant regions, respectively.
115	20607226	We found that the ER luminal E protein was the most immunogenic viral protein followed closely by the cytoplasmic NS3 and NS5 proteins.
116	21142950	Introduction of attenuating mutations into the TBEV envelope protein gene, as well as the DEN4 NS5 protein gene and 3' noncoding region in the chimeric genome, results in decreased neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness in mice, and restricted replication in mouse brain.
117	21346054	By using the recombinant HCV antigens NS3, NS4, NS5, and Combined, we describe a new bead-based multiplex test capable of detecting HCV infection in human serum samples.
118	21346054	When assayed in the singleplex format, the NS3, NS4, and NS5 antigens presented lower sensitivity values (50.5%, 51.6%, and 55.9%, respectively) than did the Combined antigen, which presented a sensitivity of 93.5%.
119	21346054	By using the recombinant HCV antigens NS3, NS4, NS5, and Combined, we describe a new bead-based multiplex test capable of detecting HCV infection in human serum samples.
120	21346054	When assayed in the singleplex format, the NS3, NS4, and NS5 antigens presented lower sensitivity values (50.5%, 51.6%, and 55.9%, respectively) than did the Combined antigen, which presented a sensitivity of 93.5%.
121	21881300	Moreover, PLGA microcapsules of siRNAs against VEGF, cFLIP, Raf-1, and Int6 have also been developed to treat various cancers and arteriosclerosis obliterans.
122	21881300	To develop therapeutic nucleotides, a particle design is created using functional peptides, such as cell penetrating peptides (CPP), nuclear localizing signals (NLS), tight junction reversible openers (AT1002), bombesin, and dynein light chain-associated sequences. siRNA use should lead to a paradigm shift in drug discovery against various diseases.
123	21881953	Dengue virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes target NS1, NS3 and NS5 in infected Indian rhesus macaques.
124	21881953	DENV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes targeted nonstructural (NS) 1, NS3 and NS5 proteins after resolution of peak viremia.
125	21881953	DENV-specific CD4+ cells expressed interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) along with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1β).
126	21881953	In comparison, DENV-specific CD8+ cells expressed IFN-γ in addition to MIP-1β and TNF-α and were positive for the degranulation marker CD107a.
127	21881953	Interestingly, a fraction of the DENV-specific CD4+ cells also stained for CD107a, suggesting that they might be cytotoxic.
128	21881953	Dengue virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes target NS1, NS3 and NS5 in infected Indian rhesus macaques.
129	21881953	DENV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes targeted nonstructural (NS) 1, NS3 and NS5 proteins after resolution of peak viremia.
130	21881953	DENV-specific CD4+ cells expressed interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) along with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1β).
131	21881953	In comparison, DENV-specific CD8+ cells expressed IFN-γ in addition to MIP-1β and TNF-α and were positive for the degranulation marker CD107a.
132	21881953	Interestingly, a fraction of the DENV-specific CD4+ cells also stained for CD107a, suggesting that they might be cytotoxic.
133	21918184	However, the majority of responses were derived from the highly conserved nonstructural proteins NS3 and NS5.
134	22573867	H-2-deficient mice transgenic for either A2, A24, B7, DR2, DR3, or DR4 HLA alleles were immunized with overlapping peptides of the WNV proteome, and peptide-specific T-cell activation was measured by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays.
135	22573867	Notably, only 51 were WNV specific, and the remaining 86, chiefly of E, NS3, and NS5, shared an identity of nine or more consecutive amino acids with sequences of 64 other flaviviruses, including several major human pathogens.
136	23555265	Only proteolytically-processed NS5 can efficiently mediate STAT2 degradation, though both unprocessed and processed NS5 bind STAT2.
137	23555265	Our results also demonstrate that DENV NS5 bridges STAT2 and UBR4.
138	23555265	Our data underscore the importance of NS5-mediated STAT2 degradation in DENV replication and identify UBR4 as a host protein that is specifically exploited by DENV to inhibit IFN-I signaling via STAT2 degradation.
139	23555265	Only proteolytically-processed NS5 can efficiently mediate STAT2 degradation, though both unprocessed and processed NS5 bind STAT2.
140	23555265	Our results also demonstrate that DENV NS5 bridges STAT2 and UBR4.
141	23555265	Our data underscore the importance of NS5-mediated STAT2 degradation in DENV replication and identify UBR4 as a host protein that is specifically exploited by DENV to inhibit IFN-I signaling via STAT2 degradation.
142	23555265	Only proteolytically-processed NS5 can efficiently mediate STAT2 degradation, though both unprocessed and processed NS5 bind STAT2.
143	23555265	Our results also demonstrate that DENV NS5 bridges STAT2 and UBR4.
144	23555265	Our data underscore the importance of NS5-mediated STAT2 degradation in DENV replication and identify UBR4 as a host protein that is specifically exploited by DENV to inhibit IFN-I signaling via STAT2 degradation.
145	23871775	Consistent with previously reported CFAV strains, E, NS3 and NS5 regions comprised 1,290, 1,761 and 2,664 nucleotides, respectively.
146	23871775	When amino acid sequences from representative strains of six insect-specific and seven mosquito-borne flaviviruses were compared, average identities of 14.9%, 31.8% and 44.3% were calculated for E, NS3 and NS5 regions, respectively.
147	23871775	Consistent with previously reported CFAV strains, E, NS3 and NS5 regions comprised 1,290, 1,761 and 2,664 nucleotides, respectively.
148	23871775	When amino acid sequences from representative strains of six insect-specific and seven mosquito-borne flaviviruses were compared, average identities of 14.9%, 31.8% and 44.3% were calculated for E, NS3 and NS5 regions, respectively.
149	24074601	First, we observed by confocal microscopy that four small transmembrane proteins (TP) (NS2A, NS2B, NS4A, and NS4B) were located to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whereas the largest NSPs, NS1, NS3, and NS5 were not.
150	24074601	By the criteria of these techniques, NS5 interacted only with NS3, and NS1 was not shown to be in close proximity with other NSPs.
151	24074601	NS2B protein seems to play a key role in bringing the TPs together on the ER membrane and in bridging the TPs with non-membrane-associated proteins (NS3 and NS5).
152	24074601	First, we observed by confocal microscopy that four small transmembrane proteins (TP) (NS2A, NS2B, NS4A, and NS4B) were located to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whereas the largest NSPs, NS1, NS3, and NS5 were not.
153	24074601	By the criteria of these techniques, NS5 interacted only with NS3, and NS1 was not shown to be in close proximity with other NSPs.
154	24074601	NS2B protein seems to play a key role in bringing the TPs together on the ER membrane and in bridging the TPs with non-membrane-associated proteins (NS3 and NS5).
155	24074601	First, we observed by confocal microscopy that four small transmembrane proteins (TP) (NS2A, NS2B, NS4A, and NS4B) were located to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whereas the largest NSPs, NS1, NS3, and NS5 were not.
156	24074601	By the criteria of these techniques, NS5 interacted only with NS3, and NS1 was not shown to be in close proximity with other NSPs.
157	24074601	NS2B protein seems to play a key role in bringing the TPs together on the ER membrane and in bridging the TPs with non-membrane-associated proteins (NS3 and NS5).
158	24778924	This review describes strategies that DENV uses to evade the type I interferon response and focuses on how data gained from the study of DENV NS5-mediated STAT2 degradation may be used to create immunocompetent DENV mouse models and design anti-DENV therapeutics.
159	24872514	Fourteen amino acid substitutions were observed in the capsid, prM, envelope, NS1, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5 proteins of the fully attenuated strain of Du/CH/LSD/110128, which might be responsible for the observed changes in replication and pathogenicity.
160	24926294	In addition, the vaccine induced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells producing IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α, and targeting the DENV-2 NS1, NS3, and NS5 proteins.
161	24926294	Moreover, vaccine-specific T cells were cross-reactive with the non-structural NS3 and NS5 proteins of DENV-4.
162	24926294	In addition, the vaccine induced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells producing IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α, and targeting the DENV-2 NS1, NS3, and NS5 proteins.
163	24926294	Moreover, vaccine-specific T cells were cross-reactive with the non-structural NS3 and NS5 proteins of DENV-4.
164	25488659	Previous studies have shown that NS5 residue Lys-330 is required for interaction between NS3 and NS5.
165	25488659	Small angle x-ray scattering study on NS3(172-618) helicase and covalently linked NS3(172-618)-NS5(320-341) reveals a rigid and compact formation of the latter, indicating that peptide NS5(320-341) engages in specific and discrete interaction with NS3.
166	25488659	NS3 and NS5 are highly conserved among the four serotypes, and the protein sequence around the pinpointed amino acids from the NS3 and NS5 regions are also conserved.
167	25488659	Previous studies have shown that NS5 residue Lys-330 is required for interaction between NS3 and NS5.
168	25488659	Small angle x-ray scattering study on NS3(172-618) helicase and covalently linked NS3(172-618)-NS5(320-341) reveals a rigid and compact formation of the latter, indicating that peptide NS5(320-341) engages in specific and discrete interaction with NS3.
169	25488659	NS3 and NS5 are highly conserved among the four serotypes, and the protein sequence around the pinpointed amino acids from the NS3 and NS5 regions are also conserved.
170	25488659	Previous studies have shown that NS5 residue Lys-330 is required for interaction between NS3 and NS5.
171	25488659	Small angle x-ray scattering study on NS3(172-618) helicase and covalently linked NS3(172-618)-NS5(320-341) reveals a rigid and compact formation of the latter, indicating that peptide NS5(320-341) engages in specific and discrete interaction with NS3.
172	25488659	NS3 and NS5 are highly conserved among the four serotypes, and the protein sequence around the pinpointed amino acids from the NS3 and NS5 regions are also conserved.
173	25545659	Using RNA-protein binding assay we show that PTB competitively inhibits association of JEV 3NCR(-) RNA with viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5 protein), an event required for the synthesis of the plus-sense genomic RNA. cAMP is known to promote the Protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated PTB phosphorylation.
174	25943203	Using peptide arrays and intracellular cytokine staining, we demonstrated that TDV elicits CD8(+) T cells targeting the nonstructural NS1, NS3, and NS5 proteins of TDV-2.
175	25943203	The cells were characterized by the production of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and to a lesser extent interleukin-2.
176	26381649	Inferring Protective CD8+ T-Cell Epitopes for NS5 Protein of Four Serotypes of Dengue Virus Chinese Isolates Based on HLA-A, -B and -C Allelic Distribution: Implications for Epitope-Based Universal Vaccine Design.
177	26381649	The most highly conserved flavivirus protein, NS5, is an indispensable target of CD8+ T-cells, making it an ideal vaccine design target.
178	26381649	Using the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB), CD8+ T-cell epitopes of the dengue virus (DENV) NS5 protein were predicted by genotypic frequency of the HLA-A,-B, and-C alleles in Chinese population.
179	26381649	Inferring Protective CD8+ T-Cell Epitopes for NS5 Protein of Four Serotypes of Dengue Virus Chinese Isolates Based on HLA-A, -B and -C Allelic Distribution: Implications for Epitope-Based Universal Vaccine Design.
180	26381649	The most highly conserved flavivirus protein, NS5, is an indispensable target of CD8+ T-cells, making it an ideal vaccine design target.
181	26381649	Using the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB), CD8+ T-cell epitopes of the dengue virus (DENV) NS5 protein were predicted by genotypic frequency of the HLA-A,-B, and-C alleles in Chinese population.
182	26381649	Inferring Protective CD8+ T-Cell Epitopes for NS5 Protein of Four Serotypes of Dengue Virus Chinese Isolates Based on HLA-A, -B and -C Allelic Distribution: Implications for Epitope-Based Universal Vaccine Design.
183	26381649	The most highly conserved flavivirus protein, NS5, is an indispensable target of CD8+ T-cells, making it an ideal vaccine design target.
184	26381649	Using the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB), CD8+ T-cell epitopes of the dengue virus (DENV) NS5 protein were predicted by genotypic frequency of the HLA-A,-B, and-C alleles in Chinese population.