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Gene Information
Gene symbol: TGFA
Gene name: transforming growth factor, alpha
HGNC ID: 11765
Related Genes
Related Sentences
| # | PMID | Sentence |
| 1 | 8260705 | Transduction of human melanoma cell lines with the human interleukin-7 gene using retroviral-mediated gene transfer: comparison of immunologic properties with interleukin-2. |
| 2 | 8260705 | Two human melanoma cell lines were transduced with the human interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-2 genes using retroviral-mediated gene transfer. |
| 3 | 8260705 | Neither of the IL-2-transduced melanoma cell lines grew in athymic mice, whereas one IL-7-transduced melanoma line showed retarded in vivo growth. |
| 4 | 8260705 | This is consistent with animal studies suggesting a predominantly T-cell response to IL-7-transduced tumors and a more nonspecific response to IL-2-transduced tumors. |
| 5 | 8260705 | Both IL-7- and IL-2-transduced melanoma cell lines could induce cytotoxic lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte-tumor cultures. |
| 6 | 8260705 | In one cell line, IL-7 transduction resulted in a marked inhibition of the immunosuppressive peptide transforming growth factor (TGF)beta 1. |
| 7 | 8260705 | The results allow a comparison of immunobiologic properties of IL-7- and IL-2-transduced human melanoma cell lines in consideration of their use in genetically engineered tumor vaccines. |
| 8 | 9806041 | Regulation of interleukin-12 by interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma in human monocytes infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. |
| 9 | 9806041 | Regulation of interleukin (IL)-12 production by coexpression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in human monocytes infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra was analyzed. |
| 10 | 9806041 | Also, since IL-12 induces interferon (IFN)-gamma, the effect of IFN-gamma on IL-12 expression was examined. |
| 11 | 9806041 | IL-12 p70 protein paralleled IL-12 p40 protein expression. |
| 12 | 9806041 | TNF-alpha protein expression occurred earlier than IL-12 p40 protein but was not required for IL-12 induction. |
| 13 | 9806041 | Addition or neutralization of TGF-beta did not significantly alter IL-12 induction. |
| 14 | 9806041 | In contrast, recombinant IL-10 reduced IL-12 and neutralization of IL-10 minimally enhanced IL-12. |
| 15 | 9806041 | A pronounced increase in IL-12 followed IFN-gamma pretreatment, which selectively up-regulated IL-12 p35 mRNA. |
| 16 | 9927516 | IL-12 p70 production by stimulated human monocytes was inhibited by CT in a dose-dependent manner. |
| 17 | 9927516 | CT also inhibited the production of IL-12 p70 by monocyte-derived dendritic cells, as well as the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, but not IL-10, IL-6, or transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, by stimulated monocytes. |
| 18 | 9927516 | The effects of CT were not due to autocrine production of IL-10, TGF-beta1, or prostaglandin E2. |
| 19 | 9927516 | CT inhibited the production of IFN-gamma by anti-CD3-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell, due in part to suppression of IL-12 production, but also to the inhibition of expression of the beta1 and beta2 chains of the IL-12 receptor on T cells. |
| 20 | 9927516 | In vivo, mice given CT before systemic challenge with lipopolysaccharide had markedly reduced serum levels of IL-12 p40 and interferon gamma. |
| 21 | 10068264 | Strategies to overcome this include up-regulation of MHC and introduction of cell adhesion molecules into tumor cells, suppression of transforming growth factor and interleukin 10 production by tumor cells, and blockade of the fas ligand-fas interaction between tumor cells and attacking lymphocytes. |
| 22 | 10950804 | Reduced interleukin-12 and transforming growth factor-beta1 in severe childhood malaria: relationship of cytokine balance with disease severity. |
| 23 | 10950804 | IL-12 and TGF-beta1 were significantly lower, whereas tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-10 were significantly higher in children with severe malaria. |
| 24 | 10950804 | The ratios of TGF-beta1/IL-12 and IL-10/IL-12 were significantly higher in the severe, compared with the mild, malaria group. |
| 25 | 10950804 | In contrast, ratios of TGF-beta1/TNF-alpha and IL-10/TNF-alpha were significantly lower in the severe malaria group. |
| 26 | 10950804 | These results suggest that the inflammatory cascade in severe malaria is characterized by suppression of the protective effects of TGF-beta1 and IL-12, and that overproduction of TNF-alpha may promote deleterious effects, such as severe anemia. |
| 27 | 11602637 | In vivo priming of CD4 T cells that produce interleukin (IL)-2 but not IL-4 or interferon (IFN)-gamma, and can subsequently differentiate into IL-4- or IFN-gamma-secreting cells. |
| 28 | 11602637 | The differentiation of antigen-stimulated naive CD4 T cells into T helper (Th)1 or Th2 effector cells can be prevented in vitro by transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and anti-interferon (IFN)-gamma. |
| 29 | 11602637 | These cells proliferate and synthesize interleukin (IL)-2 but not IFN-gamma or IL-4, and can differentiate into either Th1 or Th2 cells. |
| 30 | 11602637 | We have now used two-color Elispots to reveal substantial numbers of primed cells producing IL-2 but not IL-4 or IFN-gamma during the Th1- or Th2-biased immune responses induced by soluble proteins or with adjuvants. |
| 31 | 11602637 | These cells were CD4(+)CD44(high) and were present during immediate and long-term immune responses of normal mice. |
| 32 | 11602637 | Many in vivo-primed cells were uncommitted, secreting IL-2 but not IL-4 or IFN-gamma at the first cloning step, but secreting either IL-4 or IFN-gamma after differentiation in the appropriate conditions. |
| 33 | 11696194 | A reduction of SEA-driven lymphoproliferation and of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 production, together with an increase in transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 production, were observed in splenic cells from CTB-Sm-p40-treated SEA-sensitized mice, as well as in liver leukocytes from CTB-Sm-p40-treated schistosome-infected mice. |
| 34 | 11772233 | Features of the pathophysiology of von Hippel Lindau protein are described, with attention to potential novel therapies targeting HIF-1alpha, VEGF, TGF-beta1 and TGF-alpha pathways. |
| 35 | 11772233 | Most basic are cytokine therapies incorporating new IL-2 and IFN-alpha schedules. |
| 36 | 12704173 | The induction of IgA was well correlated with an increased production of transforming growth factor beta1. |
| 37 | 12927083 | Association of INOS, TRAIL, TGF-beta2, TGF-beta3, and IgL genes with response to Salmonella enteritidis in poultry. |
| 38 | 12927083 | The candidate genes were: inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), transforming growth factor beta2 (TGF-beta2), transforming growth factor beta3 (TGF-beta3), and immunoglobulin G light chain (IgL). |
| 39 | 12927083 | This is the first reported study on the association of SNP in INOS, TRAIL, TGF-beta2, TGF-beta3, and IgL with the chicken response to SE. |
| 40 | 14608018 | Immunohistochemical expression of p53, fibroblast growth factor-b, and transforming growth factor-alpha in feline vaccine-associated sarcomas. |
| 41 | 14608018 | Fifty feline sarcomas associated with vaccine-site injection were evaluated to determine the immunohistochemical expression of p53 protein, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-b), and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha). |
| 42 | 14608018 | Overexpression of p53 protein was observed in the nuclei of tumor cells in 28 (56%) sarcomas; FGF-b expression was found in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in 40 (80%) feline sarcomas, but the staining was more intense in the spindle-shaped cells of FS than in polygonal or round cells of MFH. |
| 43 | 14608018 | Heterogeneous immunolabeling for p53, FGF-b, and TGF-alpha was present in neoplastic, multinucleated giant cells. |
| 44 | 14608018 | In addition, sarcomas negative for p53 protein expressed FGF-b more frequently than did p53-positive tumors (P = 0.04). |
| 45 | 14608018 | The frequency of FGF-b immunostaining was significantly higher in sarcomas with intense expression of TGF-alpha (P = 0.05). |
| 46 | 14608018 | Immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein, FGF-b, and TGF-alpha suggests that these growth-regulating proteins may play different roles in the development of sarcomas associated with vaccine sites. |
| 47 | 14608018 | Immunohistochemical expression of p53, fibroblast growth factor-b, and transforming growth factor-alpha in feline vaccine-associated sarcomas. |
| 48 | 14608018 | Fifty feline sarcomas associated with vaccine-site injection were evaluated to determine the immunohistochemical expression of p53 protein, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-b), and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha). |
| 49 | 14608018 | Overexpression of p53 protein was observed in the nuclei of tumor cells in 28 (56%) sarcomas; FGF-b expression was found in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in 40 (80%) feline sarcomas, but the staining was more intense in the spindle-shaped cells of FS than in polygonal or round cells of MFH. |
| 50 | 14608018 | Heterogeneous immunolabeling for p53, FGF-b, and TGF-alpha was present in neoplastic, multinucleated giant cells. |
| 51 | 14608018 | In addition, sarcomas negative for p53 protein expressed FGF-b more frequently than did p53-positive tumors (P = 0.04). |
| 52 | 14608018 | The frequency of FGF-b immunostaining was significantly higher in sarcomas with intense expression of TGF-alpha (P = 0.05). |
| 53 | 14608018 | Immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein, FGF-b, and TGF-alpha suggests that these growth-regulating proteins may play different roles in the development of sarcomas associated with vaccine sites. |
| 54 | 14608018 | Immunohistochemical expression of p53, fibroblast growth factor-b, and transforming growth factor-alpha in feline vaccine-associated sarcomas. |
| 55 | 14608018 | Fifty feline sarcomas associated with vaccine-site injection were evaluated to determine the immunohistochemical expression of p53 protein, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-b), and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha). |
| 56 | 14608018 | Overexpression of p53 protein was observed in the nuclei of tumor cells in 28 (56%) sarcomas; FGF-b expression was found in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in 40 (80%) feline sarcomas, but the staining was more intense in the spindle-shaped cells of FS than in polygonal or round cells of MFH. |
| 57 | 14608018 | Heterogeneous immunolabeling for p53, FGF-b, and TGF-alpha was present in neoplastic, multinucleated giant cells. |
| 58 | 14608018 | In addition, sarcomas negative for p53 protein expressed FGF-b more frequently than did p53-positive tumors (P = 0.04). |
| 59 | 14608018 | The frequency of FGF-b immunostaining was significantly higher in sarcomas with intense expression of TGF-alpha (P = 0.05). |
| 60 | 14608018 | Immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein, FGF-b, and TGF-alpha suggests that these growth-regulating proteins may play different roles in the development of sarcomas associated with vaccine sites. |
| 61 | 14608018 | Immunohistochemical expression of p53, fibroblast growth factor-b, and transforming growth factor-alpha in feline vaccine-associated sarcomas. |
| 62 | 14608018 | Fifty feline sarcomas associated with vaccine-site injection were evaluated to determine the immunohistochemical expression of p53 protein, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-b), and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha). |
| 63 | 14608018 | Overexpression of p53 protein was observed in the nuclei of tumor cells in 28 (56%) sarcomas; FGF-b expression was found in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in 40 (80%) feline sarcomas, but the staining was more intense in the spindle-shaped cells of FS than in polygonal or round cells of MFH. |
| 64 | 14608018 | Heterogeneous immunolabeling for p53, FGF-b, and TGF-alpha was present in neoplastic, multinucleated giant cells. |
| 65 | 14608018 | In addition, sarcomas negative for p53 protein expressed FGF-b more frequently than did p53-positive tumors (P = 0.04). |
| 66 | 14608018 | The frequency of FGF-b immunostaining was significantly higher in sarcomas with intense expression of TGF-alpha (P = 0.05). |
| 67 | 14608018 | Immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein, FGF-b, and TGF-alpha suggests that these growth-regulating proteins may play different roles in the development of sarcomas associated with vaccine sites. |
| 68 | 14608018 | Immunohistochemical expression of p53, fibroblast growth factor-b, and transforming growth factor-alpha in feline vaccine-associated sarcomas. |
| 69 | 14608018 | Fifty feline sarcomas associated with vaccine-site injection were evaluated to determine the immunohistochemical expression of p53 protein, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-b), and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha). |
| 70 | 14608018 | Overexpression of p53 protein was observed in the nuclei of tumor cells in 28 (56%) sarcomas; FGF-b expression was found in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in 40 (80%) feline sarcomas, but the staining was more intense in the spindle-shaped cells of FS than in polygonal or round cells of MFH. |
| 71 | 14608018 | Heterogeneous immunolabeling for p53, FGF-b, and TGF-alpha was present in neoplastic, multinucleated giant cells. |
| 72 | 14608018 | In addition, sarcomas negative for p53 protein expressed FGF-b more frequently than did p53-positive tumors (P = 0.04). |
| 73 | 14608018 | The frequency of FGF-b immunostaining was significantly higher in sarcomas with intense expression of TGF-alpha (P = 0.05). |
| 74 | 14608018 | Immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein, FGF-b, and TGF-alpha suggests that these growth-regulating proteins may play different roles in the development of sarcomas associated with vaccine sites. |
| 75 | 14629622 | However, an increase in the levels of mRNAs coding for B7-1, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II was detected in the lungs after FHA administration. |
| 76 | 14632664 | RNA samples from stimulated and unstimulated chicken thymocytes were assayed for messenger RNA encoding the cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-2, interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), IFN-beta, IFN-gamma and transforming growth factor-beta4 (TGF-beta4), and also components of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), beta2-microglobulin (beta2M) and the MHC class I alpha-chain (MHC IA). |
| 77 | 14632664 | Mitogen stimulation of embryonic day 18 and day 1 post-hatch thymocytes induced up-regulation of IFN-gamma, IL-1beta and TGF-beta transcripts, and down-regulation of IFN-alpha, IFN-beta and IL-2 transcripts, with a higher induction of IFN-gamma, IL-1beta and TGF-beta transcripts in more immature T-cell-receptor-negative (TCR-) than TCR+ (TCR1+, TCR2+, or TCR3+) subsets. |
| 78 | 14632664 | Thymocytes from embryonic day 14 chicks responded to mitogen with a short burst of unsustained proliferation, and transcriptional down-regulation of the cytokines IL-2, IL-1beta, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta and IFN-gamma. |
| 79 | 14632664 | Transcripts encoding TGF-beta and type I interferons (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) were constitutively expressed at high levels in very early thymocytes at embryonic day 14. |
| 80 | 14657224 | Transforming growth factor-beta production and myeloid cells are an effector mechanism through which CD1d-restricted T cells block cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated tumor immunosurveillance: abrogation prevents tumor recurrence. |
| 81 | 14657224 | Our previous work demonstrated that cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated tumor immunosurveillance of the 15-12RM tumor could be suppressed by a CD1d-restricted lymphocyte, most likely a natural killer (NK) T cell, which produces interleukin (IL)-13. |
| 82 | 14657224 | T cell-reconstituted recombination activating gene (RAG)2 knockout (KO) and RAG2/IL-4 receptor alpha double KO mice showed that inhibition of immunosurveillance requires IL-13 responsiveness by a non-T non-B cell. |
| 83 | 14657224 | Such nonlymphoid splenocytes from tumor-bearing mice produced more transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, a potent inhibitor of CTL, ex vivo than such cells from naive mice, and this TGF-beta production was dependent on the presence in vivo of both IL-13 and CD1d-restricted T cells. |
| 84 | 14657224 | Further, blocking TGF-beta or depleting Gr-1+ cells in vivo prevented the tumor recurrence, implying that TGF-beta made by a CD11b+ Gr-1+ myeloid cell, in an IL-13 and CD1d-restricted T cell-dependent mechanism, is necessary for down-regulation of tumor immunosurveillance. |
| 85 | 14657224 | Identification of this stepwise regulation of immunosurveillance, involving CD1-restricted T cells, IL-13, myeloid cells, and TGF-beta, explains previous observations on myeloid suppressor cells or TGF-beta and provides insights for targeted approaches for cancer immunotherapy, including synergistic blockade of TGF-beta and IL-13. |
| 86 | 15064826 | Resistance in visceral leishmaniasis involves both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and IL-12, the latter in a mechanism independent of IFN-gamma and linked to transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta production. |
| 87 | 15064826 | Susceptibility involves IL-10 but not IL-4, and B cells. |
| 88 | 15064826 | In immune animals, upon re-infection, the elements involved in resistance are different, i.e., CD8+ T cells and IL-2. |
| 89 | 15064826 | Interactions of the co-stimulatory molecule family B7-CTLA-4 leading to increased level of TGF-beta as well as apoptosis of CD4+ T cells and inhibition of macrophage apoptosis by Leishmania infection are other components participating in immunosuppression. |
| 90 | 15270841 | However, DNA vaccination encoding microbial or reporter antigens is known to induce specific long-lasting CD4 Th1 and strong cytolytic CD8 T cell responses. |
| 91 | 15270841 | Simultaneously, DNA immunization induced GAD-specific CD4 T cells secreting interleukin (IL)-4 (P < 0.05) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta (P = 0.03). |
| 92 | 15270841 | Furthermore, vaccination produced high amounts of Th2 cytokine-related IgG1 (P < 3.10(-3)) and TGF-beta-related IgG2b to GAD (P = 0.015). |
| 93 | 15270841 | Surprisingly, diabetes onset was correlated positively with Th2-related GAD-specific IgG1 (P < 10(-4)) and TGF-beta-related IgG2b (P < 3.10(-3)). |
| 94 | 15797470 | We generated a mammalian expression system for recombinant cytokines using the equine IgG1 heavy chain constant region as a tag for detection and purification of the expressed cytokine, demonstrated here using equine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL4) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). |
| 95 | 15797470 | The purification of the fusion protein by protein G affinity columns, the enterokinase digestion of the cytokine from the IgG1 heavy chain region after or during purification, and the biological activity of the cytokine within the fusion protein or after its isolation was demonstrated in detail for equine IFN-gamma/IgG1 by up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression on horse lymphocytes. |
| 96 | 15797470 | Biological activity could also be confirmed for the IL-2 and IL-4/IgG1 fusion proteins. |
| 97 | 15797470 | To test the crossreactivity and specificity of anti-human TGF-beta1, and anti-bovine and anti-canine IFN-gamma antibodies to respective horse cytokines, the four cytokine/IgG1 fusion proteins were successfully used in ELISA, flow cytometry and/or Western blotting. |
| 98 | 15897626 | Interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-10, IL-12p40, granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and iNOS mRNA expression were detected significantly and reproducibly when these primer sets were used. |
| 99 | 16041035 | Infection of 1-week-old chickens induced early expression of a macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) family chemokine in the spleen and liver, followed by increased expression of gamma interferon accompanied by increased numbers of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and the formation of granuloma-like follicular lesions. |
| 100 | 16041035 | However, significant expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta4 was detected in the gut early in infection. |
| 101 | 16108563 | In particular, covaccination with EtMIC2 plus interleukin (IL)-8, IL-16, transforming growth factor-beta4, or lymphotactin significantly decreased oocyst shedding and improved weight gains beyond those achieved by EtMIC2 alone. |
| 102 | 16294321 | We compared the levels of expression of a number of molecules involved in tumor metastasis, which included transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs): MT1-MMP, MMP-2, MMP-9, their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs): TIMP-1/TIMP-2, and pro-angiogenic factors CD31, VEGF-R2, and iNOS between primary and metastatic tumors by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. |
| 103 | 16294321 | In the metastatic tumors, levels of MT1-MMP, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were significantly elevated (P < 0.001), while levels of TIMP-1/TIMP-2 and E-cadherin were decreased (P < 0.001) compared to control or primary tumors. |
| 104 | 16294321 | Levels of CD31, VEGF-R2, and iNOS were also significantly elevated in the metastatic lesions (P < 0.001). |
| 105 | 16328386 | Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) is a potent ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). |
| 106 | 16328386 | EGFR is frequently over-expressed in epithelial tumors and endogenous ligands, mostly TGFalpha, are frequently co-expressed with EGFR, potentially resulting in autocrine stimulation of tumor cell growth. |
| 107 | 16328386 | Therefore, different therapeutic approaches aim for the inactivation of TGFalpha/EGF/EGFR signaling system, but no approach is based on TGFalpha as a target. |
| 108 | 16328386 | The principal goal of this work was to assess the potential of an active specific immunotherapy approach to block the TGFalpha/EGFR autocrine loop. |
| 109 | 16328386 | They inhibited the binding of (125)I-TGFalpha to the EGFR, EGFR-autophosphorylation, and downstream activation of MAP kinases as well as proliferation of two EGFR-expressing human carcinoma cell lines. |
| 110 | 16328386 | Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) is a potent ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). |
| 111 | 16328386 | EGFR is frequently over-expressed in epithelial tumors and endogenous ligands, mostly TGFalpha, are frequently co-expressed with EGFR, potentially resulting in autocrine stimulation of tumor cell growth. |
| 112 | 16328386 | Therefore, different therapeutic approaches aim for the inactivation of TGFalpha/EGF/EGFR signaling system, but no approach is based on TGFalpha as a target. |
| 113 | 16328386 | The principal goal of this work was to assess the potential of an active specific immunotherapy approach to block the TGFalpha/EGFR autocrine loop. |
| 114 | 16328386 | They inhibited the binding of (125)I-TGFalpha to the EGFR, EGFR-autophosphorylation, and downstream activation of MAP kinases as well as proliferation of two EGFR-expressing human carcinoma cell lines. |
| 115 | 16328386 | Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) is a potent ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). |
| 116 | 16328386 | EGFR is frequently over-expressed in epithelial tumors and endogenous ligands, mostly TGFalpha, are frequently co-expressed with EGFR, potentially resulting in autocrine stimulation of tumor cell growth. |
| 117 | 16328386 | Therefore, different therapeutic approaches aim for the inactivation of TGFalpha/EGF/EGFR signaling system, but no approach is based on TGFalpha as a target. |
| 118 | 16328386 | The principal goal of this work was to assess the potential of an active specific immunotherapy approach to block the TGFalpha/EGFR autocrine loop. |
| 119 | 16328386 | They inhibited the binding of (125)I-TGFalpha to the EGFR, EGFR-autophosphorylation, and downstream activation of MAP kinases as well as proliferation of two EGFR-expressing human carcinoma cell lines. |
| 120 | 16328386 | Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) is a potent ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). |
| 121 | 16328386 | EGFR is frequently over-expressed in epithelial tumors and endogenous ligands, mostly TGFalpha, are frequently co-expressed with EGFR, potentially resulting in autocrine stimulation of tumor cell growth. |
| 122 | 16328386 | Therefore, different therapeutic approaches aim for the inactivation of TGFalpha/EGF/EGFR signaling system, but no approach is based on TGFalpha as a target. |
| 123 | 16328386 | The principal goal of this work was to assess the potential of an active specific immunotherapy approach to block the TGFalpha/EGFR autocrine loop. |
| 124 | 16328386 | They inhibited the binding of (125)I-TGFalpha to the EGFR, EGFR-autophosphorylation, and downstream activation of MAP kinases as well as proliferation of two EGFR-expressing human carcinoma cell lines. |
| 125 | 16409190 | Whereas a central paradigm for successful immunotherapy has been to reorient the pattern of allergen-specific T-cell responses in atopic patients from a T helper (Th)2 to Th1 profile, there is currently a growing interest in eliciting regulatory T cells, capable of downregulating both Th1 and Th2 responses through the production of interleukin (IL)-10 and/or transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. |
| 126 | 16409190 | During SLIT, the allergen is captured within the oral mucosa by Langerhans-like dendritic cells expressing high-affinity IgE receptors, producing IL-10 and TGF-beta, and upregulating indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO), suggesting that such cells are prone to induce tolerance. |
| 127 | 16480334 | The splenic CD4-8- DC subset that secretes transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta stimulates CD4+ regulatory T type 1 (Tr1) cell responses, and this leads to antitumor immune tolerance. |
| 128 | 16480334 | Our data showed that isolated CD4-8- DCs cultured for an additional 18 hours in medium containing 15-20 ng/mL granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) became more mature compared to the freshly isolated CD4-8- DCs. |
| 129 | 16552043 | In response to nematode and malarial antigens, spleen cells from immunized nematode-infected mice produced significantly lower levels of gamma interferon but more interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-13, and IL-10 in vitro than spleen cells from immunized nematode-free mice produced. |
| 130 | 16552043 | Furthermore, H. polygyrus infection also induced a strong transforming growth factor beta1 response in vivo and in vitro. |
| 131 | 16790365 | However, in this study, we demonstrate protection against disease by covaccination with a mutant B7-1 molecule (B7-1wa) that binds the negative T cell regulator CTLA-4 (CD152), but not CD28. |
| 132 | 16790365 | In vitro, the T cells of covaccinated mice had negative responses to both insulin and GAD65, and this was restored by adding blocking antibodies to transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1), suggesting a role for this cytokine. |
| 133 | 16790365 | Furthermore, vaccinated mice had increased numbers of T cells with Tr-associated markers, such as CTLA-4, Foxp3, and membrane-bound TGF-beta1. |
| 134 | 16826191 | We performed a phase I clinical trial in grade IV astrocytoma to assess the safety of a whole-cell vaccine comprising autologous tumor cells genetically modified by a transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2) antisense vector. |
| 135 | 16987066 | Our data indicate that 80% of the tumors expressed low levels of CD4 mRNA, with all of them expressing higher CD8 mRNA levels. |
| 136 | 16987066 | Most tumors expressed interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 mRNAs and, most importantly, all of them expressed transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and interferon gamma mRNA. |
| 137 | 16987066 | None of the tumors studied expressed IL-12, IL-6, or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA. |
| 138 | 17299718 | Immunosuppression during active tuberculosis is characterized by decreased interferon- gamma production and CD25 expression with elevated forkhead box P3, transforming growth factor- beta , and interleukin-4 mRNA levels. |
| 139 | 17299718 | All 3 groups displayed BCG-induced increases in effector and regulatory T cell phenotypes as defined by CD4(+)CD25(lo) and CD4(+)CD25(hi) T cells, respectively. |
| 140 | 17299718 | In case patients with active disease, BCG stimulation induced the lowest increase of CD25, CD4(+)CD25(hi), CTLA-4, and interferon- gamma . |
| 141 | 17299718 | However, these case patients expressed the highest mRNA levels of forkhead box P3, transforming growth factor (TGF)- beta , and interleukin (IL)-4 and a lower T-bet : GATA-3 ratio. |
| 142 | 17299718 | There were no significant differences in IL-4 delta 2, IL-10, or TGF- beta receptor-II mRNA expression between groups. |
| 143 | 17786327 | Benefits of gene transduction of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in cancer vaccine using genetically modified dendritic cells. |
| 144 | 17786327 | Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a key cytokine for the generation and stimulation of dendritic cells (DCs), and it may also play a pivotal role in promoting the survival of DCs. |
| 145 | 17786327 | In this study, the feasibility of creating a cancer vaccine using DCs adenovirally transduced with the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene and the GM-CSF gene was examined. |
| 146 | 17786327 | Co-transduction of the GM-CSF gene into DCs inhibited apoptosis of these DCs themselves via up-regulation of Bcl-x(L) expression, leading to the extension of the lifespan of these DCs. |
| 147 | 17786327 | Furthermore, the transduction of the GM-CSF gene into DCs also suppressed the incidence of apoptosis of DCs induced by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta-1). |
| 148 | 17786327 | Immunotherapy using these genetically modified DCs may therefore be useful with several advantages as follows: i) adenoviral toxicity to DCs can be reduced; ii) the lifespan of vaccinated DCs can be prolonged; and iii) GM-CSF may protect DCs from apoptosis induced by tumor-derived TGFbeta-1 in the regional lymph nodes. |
| 149 | 18032570 | Real-time PCR analysis of the acquired RNA clearly demonstrated that primary tubercles from BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs were overwhelmed with mRNA from the anti-inflammatory cytokine, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, with some IFN-gamma and IL-12p40 mRNA. |
| 150 | 18032570 | The cytokine mRNA profile of secondary lesions from unimmunized animals was strikingly similar to the profile of primary lesions from BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs (i.e., a predominance of TGF-beta mRNA with some IL-12p40 and IFN-gamma mRNA), indicating that the lung lobes from which these lesions were retrieved had been naturally "vaccinated" by the time the bloodborne bacilli returned to the lung at 3 to 4 weeks after infection. |
| 151 | 18032570 | Furthermore, cytokine mRNA analysis of splenic granulomas from nonvaccinated and vaccinated animals showed close resemblance to primary granulomas recovered from the lungs of the same animal, that is, high levels of TNF-alpha mRNA in unimmunized animals, and mostly TGF-beta mRNA in BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs. |
| 152 | 18040852 | The splenocytes from protected mice and morphine low concentration-treated infected-PM, elaborated significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced levels of interleukin-12, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and nitrite in the culture medium; a high dose/concentration suppressed their elaboration. |
| 153 | 18040852 | Curiously, only morphine high dose/concentration-treated infected mice splenocytes and infected PM, produced significantly (p < 0.05) increased quantity of transforming growth factor-beta1. |
| 154 | 18419605 | Immunosuppression induced by immature dendritic cells is mediated by TGF-beta/IL-10 double-positive CD4+ regulatory T cells. |
| 155 | 18419605 | In this study, we investigated the in vitro T cell stimulatory capacity of iDC and mature DC (mDC) and found that both DC types induced a significant increase in the number of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and interleukin (IL)-10 double-positive CD4(+) T cells within 1 week of autologous DC/T cell co-cultures. |
| 156 | 18419605 | In iDC/T cell cultures, where antigen-specific T cell priming was significantly reduced as compared to mDC/T cell cultures, we demonstrated that the tolerogenic effect of iDC was mediated by soluble TGF-beta and IL-10 secreted by CD4(+)CD25(-)FOXP3(-) T cells. |
| 157 | 18419605 | In addition, the suppressive capacity of CD4(+) T cells conditioned by iDC was transferable to already primed antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell cultures. |
| 158 | 18419605 | In contrast, addition of CD4(+) T cells conditioned by mDC to primed antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells resulted in enhanced CD8(+) T cell responses, notwithstanding the presence of TGF-beta(+)/IL-10(+) T cells in the transferred fraction. |
| 159 | 18419605 | We show that iDC-conditioned CD4(+) T cells are globally immunosuppressive, while mDC induce globally immunostimulatory CD4(+) T cells. |
| 160 | 18419605 | Furthermore, TGF-beta(+)/IL-10(+) T cells are expanded by DC independent of their maturation status, but their suppressive function is dependent on immaturity of DC. |
| 161 | 18522647 | Role of IL-17, transforming growth factor-beta, and IL-6 in the development of arthritis and production of anti-outer surface protein A borreliacidal antibodies in Borrelia-vaccinated and -challenged mice. |
| 162 | 18522647 | Here, we show in Borrelia-vaccinated and -challenged mice that two cytokines known to induce the production of IL-17, IL-6 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, are also involved in the development of arthritis. |
| 163 | 18522647 | These findings demonstrate a role for the combined effects of IL-17, IL-6, and TGF-beta in the adaptive immune events leading to the development of Borrelia-induced arthritis. |
| 164 | 19246985 | Generated antibodies following non-emulsive formulation immunization recognized membrane EGFR; avoid EGF and TGFalpha coupling to EGFR leading to a marked abrogation of EGFR phosphorylation levels. |
| 165 | 20308420 | In particular, there seems to be effects on cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression levels in both lymphocytes and heterophils, especially expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and IL-18 and chemokines C-C motif, ligand 1 inflammatory (CCLi1); C-C motif, ligand 2 inflammatory (CCLi2); C-C motif, ligand 5 (CCL5); C-C motif, ligand 16 (CCL16); C-X-C motif ligand 1 inflammatory (CXCLi1); and C-X-C motif ligand 2 inflammatory (CXCLi2), which are initially upregulated and are potentially involved in modulating the adaptive immune response. |
| 166 | 20308420 | Messenger RNA expression levels of transforming growth factor-beta4 (TGF-beta4) are also upregulated in cortisosterone-treated birds. |
| 167 | 20518349 | Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands (EGF and TGFalpha) are over-expressed in a variety of tumors. |
| 168 | 20518349 | Immunization EGF-carrier protein inhibits tumor growth through abrogating binding of EGF to EGFR. |
| 169 | 20518349 | Here, a chimeric protein of EGF and TGFalpha (E5T) was genetically fused to Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), a bacterial superantigenic protein which promotes humoral B cell response through enhancement of Ag-specific CD4 T cells activity. |
| 170 | 20518349 | Immunization of E5T-mSEA fusion protein in mice induced production of high titers antibodies, which recognize both EGF and TGFalpha. |
| 171 | 20518349 | Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands (EGF and TGFalpha) are over-expressed in a variety of tumors. |
| 172 | 20518349 | Immunization EGF-carrier protein inhibits tumor growth through abrogating binding of EGF to EGFR. |
| 173 | 20518349 | Here, a chimeric protein of EGF and TGFalpha (E5T) was genetically fused to Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), a bacterial superantigenic protein which promotes humoral B cell response through enhancement of Ag-specific CD4 T cells activity. |
| 174 | 20518349 | Immunization of E5T-mSEA fusion protein in mice induced production of high titers antibodies, which recognize both EGF and TGFalpha. |
| 175 | 20518349 | Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands (EGF and TGFalpha) are over-expressed in a variety of tumors. |
| 176 | 20518349 | Immunization EGF-carrier protein inhibits tumor growth through abrogating binding of EGF to EGFR. |
| 177 | 20518349 | Here, a chimeric protein of EGF and TGFalpha (E5T) was genetically fused to Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), a bacterial superantigenic protein which promotes humoral B cell response through enhancement of Ag-specific CD4 T cells activity. |
| 178 | 20518349 | Immunization of E5T-mSEA fusion protein in mice induced production of high titers antibodies, which recognize both EGF and TGFalpha. |
| 179 | 20668142 | In cecal tonsil cells, substantial differences were found among strains in the capacity to induce IL-12p40, IL-10, IL-18, transforming growth factor beta4 (TGF-beta4), and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). |
| 180 | 20838432 | MIG and the regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1 correlate with malaria vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy. |
| 181 | 20838432 | The RTS,S/AS02A vaccine offers significant partial efficacy against malaria.mRNA expression of five key cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), monokine induced by gamma (MIG), interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured by real-time RT-PCR before and after vaccination with RTS,S/AS02A and Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara encoding the circumsporozoite protein (MVA-CS) in healthy malaria-naïve adult volunteers. |
| 182 | 20944556 | Our data show that EtxB translocates across the nasal epithelium, modulating the expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β(1) (TGF-β(1)). |
| 183 | 20944556 | The modulated microenvironment drives an increase in Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)-positive T cells, predominantly in the CD4(+)CD25(-) subset. |
| 184 | 20944556 | Adoptive transfer experiments showed that enhanced Foxp3 expression was particularly evident in recently activated T cells by concomitant unrelated antigen challenge, and was both TGF-β(1) and IL-10 dependent. |
| 185 | 21389873 | In this study, we investigated the effects of murine Trop2 (mTrop2) VLP immunization in a pancreatic cancer syngeneic murine model. |
| 186 | 21389873 | VLPs incorporating mTrop2 were used to immunize C57BL/6 tumor-bearing mice. |
| 187 | 21389873 | Immunization with mTrop2 VLPs led to a significant reduction in tumor growth accompanied by a broad activation and tumor infiltration of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as well as natural killer and natural killer T cells. |
| 188 | 21389873 | Importantly, VLP immunization decreased the population of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells inside the tumor tissue resulting in decreased levels of immunosuppressive cytokines like interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β while promoting the activation of immature macrophages and dendritic cells. |
| 189 | 21389873 | Our results demonstrate that mTrop2 VLP immunization can activate broad antitumor immune responses and affect key players in the tumor microenvironment overcoming a major barrier, which has limited the efficacy of cancer vaccines. |
| 190 | 21677672 | Increased (6 exon) interleukin-7 production after M. tuberculosis infection and soluble interleukin-7 receptor expression in lung tissue. |
| 191 | 21677672 | Interleukin-7 (IL-7) and the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) have been shown to be alternatively spliced in infectious diseases. |
| 192 | 21677672 | We tested IL-7 and IL-7R splicing in a tuberculosis (TB)-vaccine/Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-challenge model in non-human primates (NHPs). |
| 193 | 21677672 | We demonstrated increased IL-7 (6 exon) and IL-17 protein production in lung tissue along with concomitant decreased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) from NHPs (vaccinated with a recombinant BCG (rBCG)) who showed increased survival after Mtb challenge. |
| 194 | 21677672 | IL-7 increased IL-17 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) gene and protein expression in PBMCs. |
| 195 | 21739671 | Mechanisms that regulate the retention of tissue-resident memory T cells include transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated induction of the E-cadherin receptor CD103 and downregulation of the chemokine receptor CCR7. |
| 196 | 22087328 | Functional transforming growth factor-β receptor type II expression by CD4+ T cells in Peyer's patches is essential for oral tolerance induction. |
| 197 | 22106408 | Active immunization against the proregions of GDF9 or BMP15 alters ovulation rate and litter size in mice. |
| 198 | 22106408 | The transforming growth factor β (TGFB) superfamily proteins bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), are essential for mammalian fertility. |
| 199 | 22106408 | Recent in vitro evidence suggests that the proregions of mouse BMP15 and GDF9 interact with their mature proteins after secretion. |
| 200 | 22106408 | Mice were immunized with either N- or C-terminus proregion peptides of BMP15 or GDF9, or a full-length GDF9 proregion protein, each conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). |
| 201 | 22106408 | Antibody titers in sera increased throughout the study period, with no cross-reactivity observed between BMP15 and GDF9 sera and antigens. |
| 202 | 22106408 | These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the proregions of BMP15 and GDF9, after secretion by the oocyte, have physiologically important roles in regulating ovulation rate and litter size in mice. |
| 203 | 22114877 | Evaluation of the immune response induced by DNA vaccines expressing MIF and MCD-1 genes of Trichinella spiralis in BALB/c mice. |
| 204 | 22114877 | Plasmids expressing macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) of Trichinella spiralis (TsMIF), multi-cystatin-like domain protein (MCD-1) of T. spiralis (TsMCD-1), or co-expressing TsMIF and TsMCD-1 were constructed with a pVAX1 vector. |
| 205 | 22114877 | Specific antibody levels (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgM, IgA, IgE) against the recombinant protein TsMIF-TsMCD-1, serum cytokines (interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and IL-17) and CD4+/CD8+ T cells were monitored. |
| 206 | 22114877 | Vaccination with pVAX1-Tsmif induced moderate serum IFN-γ and increases of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but no specific immunoglobulin antibody response. |
| 207 | 22114877 | Importantly, co-expression of TsMIF and TsMCD-1 in DNA immunization produced more serum IFN-γ and markedly enhanced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells than the single DNA vaccine of the two genes. |
| 208 | 22169598 | In in vitro glioma cells, there was a positive correlation between the protein levels of TLR9 and both matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 (p<0.05), but no relationship between TLR9 levels and levels of interleukin-6, transforming growth factor-β2 or signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 (p>0.05). |
| 209 | 22573738 | We demonstrated that direct exposure of porcine APCs to L. jensenii in the absence of inflammatory signals increased expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor β in CD172a(+) APCs and caused them to display tolerogenic properties. |
| 210 | 22573738 | In addition, pretreatment of CD172a(+) APCs with L. jensenii resulted in differential modulation of the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in response to TLR4 activation. |
| 211 | 22573738 | The immunomodulatory effect of strain TL2937 was not related to a downregulation of TLR4 but was related to an upregulation of the expression of three negative regulators of TLRs: single immunoglobulin IL-1-related receptor (SIGIRR), A20, and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase M (IRAK-M). |
| 212 | 22573738 | Our results also indicated that TLR2 has an important role in the anti-inflammatory activity of L. jensenii TL2937, since anti-TLR2 antibodies blocked the upregulation of SIGIRR and IRAK-M in CD172a(+) APCs and the production of IL-10 in response to TLR4 activation. |
| 213 | 22894960 | The CD3(+), CD127(+), CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)Foxp3(+) cells were increased significantly post vaccination. |
| 214 | 22894960 | The plasma level of the transforming growth factor (TGF-β), but not interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, was also found to increase significantly after vaccination. |
| 215 | 23291105 | In addition, the expression levels of immune-related genes such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), major histocompatibility complexes I and II (MHC I and II), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were determined in spleen and gills. |
| 216 | 23377669 | A major challenge associated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is effective prevention and/or attenuation of symptoms associated with acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) that can result from a failure of either host and/or donor CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (Tr) and CD8(+)CD28 suppressor T (Ts) cells to dampen immunopathogenic responses mediated by alloreactive donor CD4(+)CD28(+) Th1 (Th1) and CD8(+)CD28(-) Tc1 (Tc1) cell-mediated inflammatory processes. |
| 217 | 23377669 | In addition, immunized mice presented with significantly diminished Th1-cytokines interferon-γ and interleukin-2 response and a moderately upregulated Th2-cytokine interleukin-10 and Th3-cytokine transforming growth factor-β response. |
| 218 | 23408524 | Flow cytometric analysis showed that the increase in IFN-γ correlated with proliferation and activation (increased expression of CD25) of CD4, CD8, and γδT cells, but this response was significantly higher in ΔleuD-vaccinated animals at some time points after challenge. |
| 219 | 23408524 | However, significantly higher levels of IFN-γ (at weeks 26 and 30), interleukin-2 (IL-2; week 18), IL-1b (weeks 14 and 22), IL-17 (weeks 18 and 22), and IL-23 (week 18) and a significantly lower level of IL-10 (weeks 14 and 18) and transforming growth factor β (week 18) were detected in the ΔleuD-vaccinated group. |
| 220 | 23486418 | In addition, children with active TB had significantly elevated levels of C-reactive protein, α-2 macroglobulin, and haptoglobin, as well as hemoxygenase 1. |
| 221 | 23486418 | Markers of innate immune activation (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein [LBP]) were significantly lower in ETB than in PTB children. |
| 222 | 23486418 | Although there were no significant differences between the two groups in their levels of cytokines (type 1 [gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), and IL-12], type 2 [IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33], and most type 17 [IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1β, and IL-6] and type 1 interferons [IFN-α and IFN-β]) or most of the cytokines associated with immune modulation (IL-10 and IL-20), pediatric TB was associated with elevated plasma transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), IL-21, and IL-23 levels. |
| 223 | 23492186 | AMs were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from either mice or humans, and cocultured with enriched naive CD4(+)FoxP3(-) T cells. |
| 224 | 23492186 | We show here for the first time that AMs and AM-conditioned media (AM-CM) from mice and humans induced FoxP3 expression in naive CD4(+) T cells in vitro, an outcome that was reversed in part either by inhibiting retinoic acid (RA) binding to its receptor (RAR), or by blocking transforming growth factor (TGF)-β₁ signaling. |
| 225 | 23492186 | A nasal administration of the RAR antagonist reduced the frequencies of CD4(+)FoxP3(+) T cells in the lungs of mice after aerosol challenge with Bordetella pertussis. |
| 226 | 23608444 | In addition, a number of negative factors in the tumor microenvironment dampen antitumor immune responses, including cytokines (like transforming growth factor-β or interleukin-10), suppressive cells (regulatory T cells and myelosuppressive dendritic cells), defective antigen presentation by tumor cells (human leukocyte antigen or T antigen expression loss, antigen processing machinery defects), amino acid catabolizing enzymes (indoleamine-2-3 dioxygenase, arginase), and immune inhibitory pathways (like cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4/cluster of differentiation 28, programmed death 1/programmed death 1 ligand 1). |
| 227 | 23717436 | Treatment of whole tumor cells with ethanol resulted in blockade of immune-suppressive soluble factors such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and IL-10 without decreased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and the MUC1 tumor-associated antigen. |
| 228 | 23717436 | Moreover, the ethanol-treated tumor cells expressed "eat-me" signals such as calreticulin (CRT) on the cell surface and released immunostimulatory factors such as heat shock protein (HSP)90α and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). |
| 229 | 23761659 | Clinical disease upregulates expression of CD40 and CD40 ligand on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. |
| 230 | 23761659 | CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) have costimulatory effects as part of a complex series of events in host immunity. |
| 231 | 23761659 | In this study, the expression of CD40 and CD40L on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from cattle with Johne's disease were measured on freshly isolated PBMCs and on cells cultured for 8, 24, and 72 h in the presence or absence of live Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and exogenous gamma interferon, interleukin 10, and transforming growth factor β. |
| 232 | 23761659 | Results demonstrated greater CD40 and CD40L expression on fresh PBMCs obtained from animals in the clinical stage of disease (symptomatic) than those from healthy control animals or cows in the subclinical stage of disease (asymptomatic). |
| 233 | 23761659 | A similar expression profile with greater magnitude was noted for cultured PBMCs, with increased CD40 expression after 8 and 24 h of culture and increased CD40L expression between 24 and 72 h on PBMCs obtained from clinically infected animals. |
| 234 | 23761659 | No effects of exogenous cytokines on CD40 or CD40L expression were observed. |
| 235 | 23934022 | Regulatory T cell (Treg) frequencies, plasma transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase (IDO) activity levels were also determined at the same time points. |
| 236 | 24322620 | Various risk factors for hepatic injury include concomitant hepatic diseases, age, gender, alcoholism, nutrition and genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 enzymes have also been emphasized. |
| 237 | 24322620 | The present review enumerates various in vivo animal models and in vitro methods of hepatic injury using diverse toxicants, their probable metabolic pathways, and numerous biochemical changes viz. serum biomarkers enzymes, liver function, oxidative stress associated events like free radicals formation, lipid peroxidation, enzyme antioxidants and participation of cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand), and other biomolecules (Fas and C-jun N-terminal kinase) are also discussed. |
| 238 | 24626168 | This review article will examine the potential of treating autoimmune diseases without having previous knowledge of the auto-Ag using an innocuous antigen to stimulate Treg cells via the production of transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-10. |
| 239 | 24632732 | In a PP cell culture system, b240 promoted the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor, but not IL-4, IL-5, B-cell activating factors, IFN-α, IFN-β, and transforming growth factor-β1. |
| 240 | 24632732 | The enhanced IgA production by b240 was attenuated by neutralizing IL-6, a potent IgA-enhancing cytokine. b240 stimulated DCs to produce an elevated amount of IL-6 in a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-, but not TLR4- or TLR9-dependent manner. |
| 241 | 24632732 | Finally, we demonstrated that TLR2-mediated IL-6 production from PP DCs in response to b240 activated B cells to produce a large amount of IgA in a DC-B cell co-culture system. |
| 242 | 24807054 | Interleukin 1 (IL-1)- and IL-23-mediated expansion of filarial antigen-specific Th17 and Th22 cells in filarial lymphedema. |
| 243 | 24807054 | This antigen-driven expansion of Th17 and Th22 cells was dependent on interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-23, and, to lesser extent, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), as blockade of any of these cytokines resulted in significantly diminished frequencies of Th17 and Th22 cells. |
| 244 | 24942245 | Human kidney proximal tubular epithelial (HK2) cells were exposed for 24 h to thimerosal (0-2 µM), and assessed for cell viability, apoptosis, and cell proliferation; expression of proteins Bax, nuclear factor-κB subunits, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1); mitochondrial health (JC-1, MitoTracker Red CMXRos); and fibronectin levels (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). |
| 245 | 25253667 | Interleukin-10- and transforming growth factor β-independent regulation of CD8⁺ T cells expressing type 1 and type 2 cytokines in human lymphatic filariasis. |
| 246 | 25253667 | INF individuals exhibited significant decreases in the frequencies of CD8⁺ T cells expressing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and interleukin-22 (IL-22) at baseline and/or in response to filarial antigens, compared with CP and EN individuals. |
| 247 | 25253667 | In contrast, the same individuals exhibited significant increases in the frequencies of CD8⁺ T cells expressing IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-21, compared with CP and/or EN individuals. |
| 248 | 25253667 | Finally, the regulation of these responses appears to be independent of IL-10 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), since blockade of IL-10 or TGF-β signaling did not significantly alter the frequencies of type 1 or type 2 cytokine-expressing CD8⁺ T cells. |
| 249 | 25253667 | Interleukin-10- and transforming growth factor β-independent regulation of CD8⁺ T cells expressing type 1 and type 2 cytokines in human lymphatic filariasis. |
| 250 | 25253667 | INF individuals exhibited significant decreases in the frequencies of CD8⁺ T cells expressing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and interleukin-22 (IL-22) at baseline and/or in response to filarial antigens, compared with CP and EN individuals. |
| 251 | 25253667 | In contrast, the same individuals exhibited significant increases in the frequencies of CD8⁺ T cells expressing IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-21, compared with CP and/or EN individuals. |
| 252 | 25253667 | Finally, the regulation of these responses appears to be independent of IL-10 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), since blockade of IL-10 or TGF-β signaling did not significantly alter the frequencies of type 1 or type 2 cytokine-expressing CD8⁺ T cells. |
| 253 | 25483888 | The infiltration of immune suppressor cell types, including regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, in the TME was effectively decreased through reduction of stromal cell-derived factor-1, prostaglandin E2 , and transforming growth factor-β. |
| 254 | 25604387 | These protective effects might be ascribed to downregulation of Th17 cells and interleukin (IL)-17A production, upregulation of Treg and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)(+)CD4(+)T cells, and IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β1 production, and inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. |
| 255 | 25637348 | In this study, we demonstrate that, 4 years after clearance, regulation of HCV-specific immunity in blood by regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the immunosuppressive cytokines interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor β is still ongoing. |
| 256 | 25716231 | The Transforming Growth Factor β1/Interleukin-31 Pathway Is Upregulated in Patients with Hepatitis B Virus-Related Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure and Is Associated with Disease Severity and Survival. |
| 257 | 25716231 | The transforming growth factor β1/interleukin-31 (TGF-β1/IL-31) pathway plays an important role in the process of cell injury and inflammation. |
| 258 | 25716231 | The quantitative serum levels of TGF-β1, IL-9, IL-10, IL-17, IL-22, IL-23, IL-31, IL-33, and IL-35 were analyzed among chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients (n = 17), ACLF patients (n = 18), and normal control (NC) subjects (n = 18). |
| 259 | 25716231 | Serum TGF-β1 levels were strongly positively correlated with IL-31 in all subjects, and both of them were positively correlated with IL-17, IL-22, and IL-33. |
| 260 | 25716231 | In CHB and ACLF patients, serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-31 were both increased significantly compared with those in NC subjects and positively correlated with total bilirubin (TBil) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. |
| 261 | 25716231 | The Transforming Growth Factor β1/Interleukin-31 Pathway Is Upregulated in Patients with Hepatitis B Virus-Related Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure and Is Associated with Disease Severity and Survival. |
| 262 | 25716231 | The transforming growth factor β1/interleukin-31 (TGF-β1/IL-31) pathway plays an important role in the process of cell injury and inflammation. |
| 263 | 25716231 | The quantitative serum levels of TGF-β1, IL-9, IL-10, IL-17, IL-22, IL-23, IL-31, IL-33, and IL-35 were analyzed among chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients (n = 17), ACLF patients (n = 18), and normal control (NC) subjects (n = 18). |
| 264 | 25716231 | Serum TGF-β1 levels were strongly positively correlated with IL-31 in all subjects, and both of them were positively correlated with IL-17, IL-22, and IL-33. |
| 265 | 25716231 | In CHB and ACLF patients, serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-31 were both increased significantly compared with those in NC subjects and positively correlated with total bilirubin (TBil) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. |
| 266 | 25739764 | This, in turn, stimulates (i) enhanced intratumoral infiltration and reduced inhibition of endogenously developed or adoptively transfered tumor-reactive CD8 T cells, (ii) increased proinflammatory cytokines and decreased immunosuppressive molecules, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), (iii) weakened immunosuppression by regulatory T cells, and (iv) improved lung tumor regression and long-term survival in mice. |
| 267 | 25753156 | The siRNA cocktail targeting interleukin 10 receptor and transforming growth factor-β receptor on dendritic cells potentiates tumour antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell immunity. |
| 268 | 25753156 | The potency of DCs, however, is readily attenuated immediately after their administration in patients as tumours and various immune cells, including DCs, produce various immunosuppressive factors such as interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β that hamper the function of DCs. |
| 269 | 25753156 | Among the siRNAs targeting various immunosuppressive molecules, we observed that DCs transfected with siRNA targeting IL-10 receptor alpha (siIL-10RA) initiated the strongest antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell immune responses. |
| 270 | 25753156 | The potency of siIL-10RA was enhanced further by combining it with siRNA targeting TGF-β receptor (siTGF-βR), which was the next best option during the screening of this study, or the previously selected immunoadjuvant siRNA targeting phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) or Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BIM). |
| 271 | 25753156 | Concordantly, the knock-down of both IL-10RA and TGF-βR in DCs induced the strongest anti-tumour effects in the TC-1 P0 tumour model, a cervical cancer model expressing the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 E7 antigen, and even in the immune-resistant TC-1 (P3) tumour model that secretes more IL-10 and TGF-β than the parental tumour cells (TC-1 P0). |
| 272 | 25753156 | The siRNA cocktail targeting interleukin 10 receptor and transforming growth factor-β receptor on dendritic cells potentiates tumour antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell immunity. |
| 273 | 25753156 | The potency of DCs, however, is readily attenuated immediately after their administration in patients as tumours and various immune cells, including DCs, produce various immunosuppressive factors such as interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β that hamper the function of DCs. |
| 274 | 25753156 | Among the siRNAs targeting various immunosuppressive molecules, we observed that DCs transfected with siRNA targeting IL-10 receptor alpha (siIL-10RA) initiated the strongest antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell immune responses. |
| 275 | 25753156 | The potency of siIL-10RA was enhanced further by combining it with siRNA targeting TGF-β receptor (siTGF-βR), which was the next best option during the screening of this study, or the previously selected immunoadjuvant siRNA targeting phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) or Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BIM). |
| 276 | 25753156 | Concordantly, the knock-down of both IL-10RA and TGF-βR in DCs induced the strongest anti-tumour effects in the TC-1 P0 tumour model, a cervical cancer model expressing the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 E7 antigen, and even in the immune-resistant TC-1 (P3) tumour model that secretes more IL-10 and TGF-β than the parental tumour cells (TC-1 P0). |
| 277 | 25763999 | Here, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with anti-CII IgG antibodies, quantified the expression levels of Th1, Th2, and Th3 cytokines, and performed flow cytometric analyses of different T-cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th17, Tc, Ts, Treg, and CD4(+)CD29(+)T cells to systemically evaluate humoral and cellular immune responses to pcDNA-CCOL2A1 vaccine in normal rats. |
| 278 | 25763999 | Furthermore, no significant changes were observed in the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12(IL-23p40), monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, regulated on activation in normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 in vaccinated normal rats relative to that in controls(P > 0.05). |
| 279 | 25763999 | However, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β levels were significantly increased on days 10 and 14, while interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels were significantly decreased on days 28 and 35 after vaccination(P < 0.05). |
| 280 | 25763999 | Similarly, there were no significant differences in the percentages of Tc, Ts, Th1/Th2, and Th17 cells between the 2 groups(P > 0.05), with the exception of Treg cells, which were significantly reduced on days 14 and 21 after vaccination (P < 0.05), and CD4(+)CD29(+)T cells, which were significantly increased on days 7 and 14 after vaccination(P < 0.05).Taken together, these results suggested that pcDNA-CCOL2A1 vaccine did not markedly affect the balance of immune system components in vaccinated normal rats, indicating that this DNA vaccine may have clinical applications in the treatment of RA. |
| 281 | 25924761 | Additionally, vascular chronic Q fever patients had lower serum levels of gamma interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) than did acute Q fever patients. |
| 282 | 25954597 | Thus, we engineered a collection of lentivectors that simultaneously co-expressed an antigen, a PD-L1-silencing shRNA, and various T cell-polarising cytokines, including interferon γ (IFNγ), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) or interleukins (IL12, IL15, IL23, IL17A, IL6, IL10, IL4). |
| 283 | 25954597 | In a syngeneic B16F0 melanoma model and using tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1) as a vaccine antigen, we found that simultaneous delivery of IL12 and a PD-L1-silencing shRNA was the only combination that exhibited therapeutically relevant anti-melanoma activities. |
| 284 | 26253191 | Human respiratory syncytial virus non-structural protein NS1 modifies miR-24 expression via transforming growth factor-β. |
| 285 | 26253191 | NS1 was found to induce Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6), a transcription factor that positively regulates the transforming growth factor (TGF)-b pathway to induce cell cycle arrest. |
| 286 | 26253191 | Confocal microscopy showed co-localization of KLF6 and RSV NS1. |
| 287 | 26253191 | These findings indicated that RSV NS1 interacts with KLF6 and modulates miR-24 expression and TGF-β, which facilitates RSV replication. |
| 288 | 26253191 | Human respiratory syncytial virus non-structural protein NS1 modifies miR-24 expression via transforming growth factor-β. |
| 289 | 26253191 | NS1 was found to induce Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6), a transcription factor that positively regulates the transforming growth factor (TGF)-b pathway to induce cell cycle arrest. |
| 290 | 26253191 | Confocal microscopy showed co-localization of KLF6 and RSV NS1. |
| 291 | 26253191 | These findings indicated that RSV NS1 interacts with KLF6 and modulates miR-24 expression and TGF-β, which facilitates RSV replication. |
| 292 | 26283373 | Here we used two genetic models to show that continuous transforming growth factor-β signaling to antigen-specific T cells is required for the differentiation and maintenance of memory CD8(+) T cells. |
| 293 | 26404189 | In addition, interleukin 4 (IL-4) levels in restimulated splenocytes were significantly less, while interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels, as well as Foxp3 expression, were significantly greater than in the control groups. |