Ignet

Gene Information

Gene symbol: TNFRSF18

Gene name: tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 18

HGNC ID: 11914

Synonyms: AITR, GITR, CD357

Related Genes

#	Gene Symbol	Number of hits
1	CD27	1 hits
2	CD274	1 hits
3	CD4	1 hits
4	CD40	1 hits
5	CD40LG	1 hits
6	CD8A	1 hits
7	CTLA4	1 hits
8	DCT	1 hits
9	FOLR2	1 hits
10	FOXP3	1 hits
11	IL10	1 hits
12	IL2RA	1 hits
13	IL7R	1 hits
14	INS	1 hits
15	ISG20	1 hits
16	ITGAE	1 hits
17	SILV	1 hits
18	SLA	1 hits
19	SNCA	1 hits
20	TGFB1	1 hits
21	TNF	1 hits
22	TNFRSF1A	1 hits
23	TNFRSF1B	1 hits
24	TNFRSF4	1 hits
25	TNFRSF9	1 hits
26	TNFSF18	1 hits
27	TYR	1 hits

Related Sentences

#	PMID	Sentence
1	15735048	CD4(+) Treg cells do not secrete interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor beta cytokines but express CD25, the glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR), and Forkhead Box P3 (Foxp3), and are capable of suppressing the proliferative responses of naive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells to stimulation with mitogenic anti-CD3 antibody.
2	15735048	Importantly, these Treg cells suppress IL-2 secretion by CD4(+) effector T cells specific for either EBNA1 or a melanoma antigen, suggesting that these CD4(+) Treg cells induce immune suppression.
3	16179369	Such tumor-induced regulatory T cells (TMTregs) arose both from precommitted "natural" regulatory T cells and CD4(+)CD25(-)GITR(low) precursors.
4	16439533	Multimeric soluble CD40 ligand and GITR ligand as adjuvants for human immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccines.
5	16439533	CD40 ligand (CD40L), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (TNFSF), is one candidate adjuvant, but it has been difficult to use because it is normally expressed as a trimeric membrane molecule.
6	16439533	Fusion with the body of Acrp30 was used to produce the 2-trimer form, and fusion with the body of surfactant protein D was used to produce the 4-trimer form.
7	16439533	These CD40L-augmented DNA vaccines elicited strong CD8(+) T-cell responses but did not elicit significant CD4(+) T-cell or antibody responses.
8	16439533	To test the applicability of the multimeric fusion protein approach to other TNFSFs, a 4-trimer construct for the ligand of glucocorticoid-induced TNF family-related receptor (GITR) was also prepared.
9	16439533	Multimeric soluble GITR ligand (GITRL) augmented the CD8(+) T-cell, CD4(+) T-cell, and antibody responses to DNA vaccination.
10	16439533	In summary, multimeric CD40L and GITRL are new adjuvants for DNA vaccines.
11	16439533	Multimeric soluble CD40 ligand and GITR ligand as adjuvants for human immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccines.
12	16439533	CD40 ligand (CD40L), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (TNFSF), is one candidate adjuvant, but it has been difficult to use because it is normally expressed as a trimeric membrane molecule.
13	16439533	Fusion with the body of Acrp30 was used to produce the 2-trimer form, and fusion with the body of surfactant protein D was used to produce the 4-trimer form.
14	16439533	These CD40L-augmented DNA vaccines elicited strong CD8(+) T-cell responses but did not elicit significant CD4(+) T-cell or antibody responses.
15	16439533	To test the applicability of the multimeric fusion protein approach to other TNFSFs, a 4-trimer construct for the ligand of glucocorticoid-induced TNF family-related receptor (GITR) was also prepared.
16	16439533	Multimeric soluble GITR ligand (GITRL) augmented the CD8(+) T-cell, CD4(+) T-cell, and antibody responses to DNA vaccination.
17	16439533	In summary, multimeric CD40L and GITRL are new adjuvants for DNA vaccines.
18	16439533	Multimeric soluble CD40 ligand and GITR ligand as adjuvants for human immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccines.
19	16439533	CD40 ligand (CD40L), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (TNFSF), is one candidate adjuvant, but it has been difficult to use because it is normally expressed as a trimeric membrane molecule.
20	16439533	Fusion with the body of Acrp30 was used to produce the 2-trimer form, and fusion with the body of surfactant protein D was used to produce the 4-trimer form.
21	16439533	These CD40L-augmented DNA vaccines elicited strong CD8(+) T-cell responses but did not elicit significant CD4(+) T-cell or antibody responses.
22	16439533	To test the applicability of the multimeric fusion protein approach to other TNFSFs, a 4-trimer construct for the ligand of glucocorticoid-induced TNF family-related receptor (GITR) was also prepared.
23	16439533	Multimeric soluble GITR ligand (GITRL) augmented the CD8(+) T-cell, CD4(+) T-cell, and antibody responses to DNA vaccination.
24	16439533	In summary, multimeric CD40L and GITRL are new adjuvants for DNA vaccines.
25	16585551	Intranasal vaccination with proinsulin DNA induces regulatory CD4+ T cells that prevent experimental autoimmune diabetes.
26	16585551	We found that intranasal vaccination of NOD mice with plasmid DNA encoding mouse proinsulin II-induced CD4+ T(reg) that suppressed diabetes development, both after adoptive cotransfer with "diabetogenic" spleen cells and after transfer into NOD mice given cyclophosphamide to accelerate diabetes onset.
27	16585551	In contrast to prototypic CD4+ CD25+ T(reg), CD4+ T(reg) induced by proinsulin DNA were both CD25+ and CD25- and not defined by markers such as glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR), CD103, or Foxp3.
28	16585551	However, diabetes was prevented when DNA vaccination was performed under the cover of CD40 ligand blockade, known to prevent priming of CTL by mucosal Ag.
29	16651447	We sought to improve on this strategy by combining xenogeneic DNA vaccination with an agonist anti-glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related gene (GITR) monoclonal antibody (mAb), DTA-1, which has been shown previously both to costimulate activated effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and to inhibit the suppressive activity of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells.
30	16651447	We found that ligation of GITR with DTA-1 just before the second, but not the first, of 3 weekly DNA immunizations enhanced primary CD8(+) T-cell responses against the melanoma differentiation antigens gp100 and tyrosinase-related protein 2/dopachrome tautomerase and increased protection from a lethal challenge with B16 melanoma.
31	16651447	Finally, this effect on vaccine-induced CD8(+) T-cell responses was partially independent of CD4(+) T cells (both helper and regulatory), consistent with a direct costimulatory effect on the effector CD8(+) cells themselves.
32	16651447	We sought to improve on this strategy by combining xenogeneic DNA vaccination with an agonist anti-glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related gene (GITR) monoclonal antibody (mAb), DTA-1, which has been shown previously both to costimulate activated effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and to inhibit the suppressive activity of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells.
33	16651447	We found that ligation of GITR with DTA-1 just before the second, but not the first, of 3 weekly DNA immunizations enhanced primary CD8(+) T-cell responses against the melanoma differentiation antigens gp100 and tyrosinase-related protein 2/dopachrome tautomerase and increased protection from a lethal challenge with B16 melanoma.
34	16651447	Finally, this effect on vaccine-induced CD8(+) T-cell responses was partially independent of CD4(+) T cells (both helper and regulatory), consistent with a direct costimulatory effect on the effector CD8(+) cells themselves.
35	16988005	Macaque multimeric soluble CD40 ligand and GITR ligand constructs are immunostimulatory molecules in vitro.
36	16988005	CD40 ligand (CD40L) and GITR ligand (glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein ligand [GITRL]) are tumor necrosis factor superfamily molecules that can be used as vaccine adjuvants.
37	16988005	In a previous human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA vaccine study in mice, we found that plasmids expressing multimeric soluble forms of trimeric CD40L (i.e., many trimers) were stronger activators of CD8(+) T-cell responses than were single-trimer soluble forms or the natural membrane-bound molecule.
38	16988005	With human cells, four-trimer macaque GITRL costimulated CD4(+) T-cell proliferation and abrogated the immunosuppressive effects of CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells on a mixed leukocyte reaction.
39	16988005	Macaque multimeric soluble CD40 ligand and GITR ligand constructs are immunostimulatory molecules in vitro.
40	16988005	CD40 ligand (CD40L) and GITR ligand (glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein ligand [GITRL]) are tumor necrosis factor superfamily molecules that can be used as vaccine adjuvants.
41	16988005	In a previous human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA vaccine study in mice, we found that plasmids expressing multimeric soluble forms of trimeric CD40L (i.e., many trimers) were stronger activators of CD8(+) T-cell responses than were single-trimer soluble forms or the natural membrane-bound molecule.
42	16988005	With human cells, four-trimer macaque GITRL costimulated CD4(+) T-cell proliferation and abrogated the immunosuppressive effects of CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells on a mixed leukocyte reaction.
43	17475646	Functional Foxp3+ CD4+ CD25(Bright+) "natural" regulatory T cells are abundant in rabbit conjunctiva and suppress virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells during ocular herpes infection.
44	17475646	We studied the phenotype and distribution of "naturally" occurring CD4(+) CD25(+) T regulatory cells (CD4(+) CD25(+) nT(reg) cells) resident in rabbit conjunctiva, the main T-cell inductive site of the ocular mucosal immune system, and we investigated their suppressive capacities using herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-specific effector T (T(eff)) cells induced during ocular infection.
45	17475646	The expression of CD4, CD25, CTLA4, GITR, and Foxp3 was examined by reverse transcription-PCR, Western blotting, and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis in CD45(+) pan-leukocytes isolated from conjunctiva, spleen, and peripheral blood monocyte cells (PBMC) of HSV-1-infected and uninfected rabbits.
46	17475646	Normal conjunctiva showed a higher frequency of CD4(+) CD25((Bright+)) T cells than did spleen and PBMC.
47	17475646	These cells expressed high levels of Foxp3, GITR, and CTLA4 molecules.
48	17475646	CD4(+) CD25((Bright+)) T cells were localized continuously along the upper and lower palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, throughout the epithelium and substantia propria.
49	17475646	Conjunctiva-derived CD4(+) CD25((Bright+)) T cells, but not CD4(+) CD25((low)) T cells, efficiently suppressed HSV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T(eff) cells.
50	17475646	The CD4(+) CD25((Bright+)) T-cell-mediated suppression was effective on both peripheral blood and conjunctiva infiltrating T(eff) cells and was cell-cell contact dependent but independent of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor beta.
51	17475646	Interestingly, during an ocular herpes infection, there was a selective increase in the frequency and suppressive capacity of Foxp3(+) CD4(+) CD25((Bright+)) T cells in conjunctiva but not in the spleen or in peripheral blood.
52	17475646	Altogether, these results provide the first evidence that functional Foxp3(+) CD4(+) CD25((Bright+)) T(reg) cells accumulate in the conjunctiva.
53	17475646	It remains to be determined whether conjunctiva CD4(+) CD25(+) nT(reg) cells affect the topical/mucosal delivery of subunit vaccines that stimulate the ocular mucosal immune system.
54	17475646	Functional Foxp3+ CD4+ CD25(Bright+) "natural" regulatory T cells are abundant in rabbit conjunctiva and suppress virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells during ocular herpes infection.
55	17475646	We studied the phenotype and distribution of "naturally" occurring CD4(+) CD25(+) T regulatory cells (CD4(+) CD25(+) nT(reg) cells) resident in rabbit conjunctiva, the main T-cell inductive site of the ocular mucosal immune system, and we investigated their suppressive capacities using herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-specific effector T (T(eff)) cells induced during ocular infection.
56	17475646	The expression of CD4, CD25, CTLA4, GITR, and Foxp3 was examined by reverse transcription-PCR, Western blotting, and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis in CD45(+) pan-leukocytes isolated from conjunctiva, spleen, and peripheral blood monocyte cells (PBMC) of HSV-1-infected and uninfected rabbits.
57	17475646	Normal conjunctiva showed a higher frequency of CD4(+) CD25((Bright+)) T cells than did spleen and PBMC.
58	17475646	These cells expressed high levels of Foxp3, GITR, and CTLA4 molecules.
59	17475646	CD4(+) CD25((Bright+)) T cells were localized continuously along the upper and lower palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, throughout the epithelium and substantia propria.
60	17475646	Conjunctiva-derived CD4(+) CD25((Bright+)) T cells, but not CD4(+) CD25((low)) T cells, efficiently suppressed HSV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T(eff) cells.
61	17475646	The CD4(+) CD25((Bright+)) T-cell-mediated suppression was effective on both peripheral blood and conjunctiva infiltrating T(eff) cells and was cell-cell contact dependent but independent of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor beta.
62	17475646	Interestingly, during an ocular herpes infection, there was a selective increase in the frequency and suppressive capacity of Foxp3(+) CD4(+) CD25((Bright+)) T cells in conjunctiva but not in the spleen or in peripheral blood.
63	17475646	Altogether, these results provide the first evidence that functional Foxp3(+) CD4(+) CD25((Bright+)) T(reg) cells accumulate in the conjunctiva.
64	17475646	It remains to be determined whether conjunctiva CD4(+) CD25(+) nT(reg) cells affect the topical/mucosal delivery of subunit vaccines that stimulate the ocular mucosal immune system.
65	17671218	Treatment with agonistic anti-glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related receptor (GITR) antibody plus AdhHM immunization significantly increased self-reactive CTL responses, and alpha-galactosylceramide (alphaGalCer)-loaded dendritic cells (DC) transduced with AdhHM were shown to break self-tolerance in a tolerogenic murine tumor model.
66	18632650	Regulatory T cell-resistant CD8+ T cells induced by glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling.
67	18632650	We previously found that a Salmonella typhimurium vector engineered to secrete soluble tumor antigen induces CD4(+) T cells resistant to CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) and that glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related gene (GITR) signal is involved in the development of this resistance.
68	18632650	In this study, we address the potential of incorporating GITR ligand (GITRL) as a way to augment the immunogenicity of cancer vaccines.
69	18632650	BALB/c mice were immunized by gene gun with plasmids encoding the mutated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (mERK) with or without plasmids encoding mouse GITRL.
70	18632650	Coadministration with GITRL during primary and secondary immunization enhanced the induction of mERK-specific CD8(+) T cells.
71	18632650	Antibody depletion and minigene analysis suggested that GITRL directly activated CTL epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells independently of CD4(+) T cells.
72	18632650	Immunization with plasmids encoding a CTL epitope and GITRL resulted in strong tumor inhibition in a CD8(+) T cell-dependent manner.
73	18632650	Furthermore, CTL epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells induced by immunization with plasmids encoding CTL epitope coadministered with GITRL were refractory to suppression by CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs compared with CD8(+) T cells induced without GITR signaling.
74	18632650	Regulatory T cell-resistant CD8+ T cells induced by glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling.
75	18632650	We previously found that a Salmonella typhimurium vector engineered to secrete soluble tumor antigen induces CD4(+) T cells resistant to CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) and that glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related gene (GITR) signal is involved in the development of this resistance.
76	18632650	In this study, we address the potential of incorporating GITR ligand (GITRL) as a way to augment the immunogenicity of cancer vaccines.
77	18632650	BALB/c mice were immunized by gene gun with plasmids encoding the mutated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (mERK) with or without plasmids encoding mouse GITRL.
78	18632650	Coadministration with GITRL during primary and secondary immunization enhanced the induction of mERK-specific CD8(+) T cells.
79	18632650	Antibody depletion and minigene analysis suggested that GITRL directly activated CTL epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells independently of CD4(+) T cells.
80	18632650	Immunization with plasmids encoding a CTL epitope and GITRL resulted in strong tumor inhibition in a CD8(+) T cell-dependent manner.
81	18632650	Furthermore, CTL epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells induced by immunization with plasmids encoding CTL epitope coadministered with GITRL were refractory to suppression by CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs compared with CD8(+) T cells induced without GITR signaling.
82	18632650	Regulatory T cell-resistant CD8+ T cells induced by glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling.
83	18632650	We previously found that a Salmonella typhimurium vector engineered to secrete soluble tumor antigen induces CD4(+) T cells resistant to CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) and that glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related gene (GITR) signal is involved in the development of this resistance.
84	18632650	In this study, we address the potential of incorporating GITR ligand (GITRL) as a way to augment the immunogenicity of cancer vaccines.
85	18632650	BALB/c mice were immunized by gene gun with plasmids encoding the mutated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (mERK) with or without plasmids encoding mouse GITRL.
86	18632650	Coadministration with GITRL during primary and secondary immunization enhanced the induction of mERK-specific CD8(+) T cells.
87	18632650	Antibody depletion and minigene analysis suggested that GITRL directly activated CTL epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells independently of CD4(+) T cells.
88	18632650	Immunization with plasmids encoding a CTL epitope and GITRL resulted in strong tumor inhibition in a CD8(+) T cell-dependent manner.
89	18632650	Furthermore, CTL epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells induced by immunization with plasmids encoding CTL epitope coadministered with GITRL were refractory to suppression by CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs compared with CD8(+) T cells induced without GITR signaling.
90	18676860	Importantly, they recognized HLA-DRB1*04-matched fresh leukemic cells expressing the WT1 antigen.
91	18676860	These clones exerted a T helper 2 cytokine profile, had a CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)GITR(+)CD127(-) T(reg) phenotype, and significantly inhibited the proliferative activity of allogeneic T cells independently of cell contact.
92	18676860	Furthermore, priming of T cells with the WT1-126 HLA-A0201-restricted peptide in the presence of T(regs) strongly inhibited the induction of anti-WT1-126 CD8(+) CTL responses as evidenced by both very low cytotoxic activity and IFN-gamma production.
93	18676860	Moreover, these T(reg) clones specifically produced granzyme B and selectively induced apoptosis in WT1-84-pulsed autologous antigen-presenting cells but not in apoptotic-resistant DR4-matched leukemic cells.
94	18676860	Importantly, we have also detected anti-WT1-84 interleukin-5(+)/granzyme B(+)/Foxp3(+) CD4(+) T(regs) in five of eight HLA-DR4(+) acute myeloid leukemia patients.
95	18941113	T-cell modulation was accomplished by targeting both effector and regulatory T-cell populations using systemic administration of monoclonal antibodies against OX40, CTLA4, GITR, and folate receptor 4 (FR4).
96	18941113	When combined with intratumoral CpG, it induced antitumor CD4 and CD8 T-cell immunity, cured large and systemic lymphoma tumors without chemotherapy, and provided long-lasting immunity against tumor rechallenge.
97	19240168	Various monoclonal antibodies (mAb) target immune system molecules to enhance immunity by costimulating T cells (i.e., CD137, OX40, CD40, GITR) or interfering in coinhibitory signals (i.e., CTLA-4, PD-1).
98	19498460	Numerous studies have shown that treatment of mice with an agonistic mAb, clone DTA-1, targeting murine glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) results in enhanced immune responses in tumor-bearing animals.
99	19498460	To illustrate the broad utility of this strategy, we show that DC transfected with mRNA encoding GITR-ligand/Fc fusion protein is also an effective tumor vaccine adjuvant.
100	19498460	Numerous studies have shown that treatment of mice with an agonistic mAb, clone DTA-1, targeting murine glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) results in enhanced immune responses in tumor-bearing animals.
101	19498460	To illustrate the broad utility of this strategy, we show that DC transfected with mRNA encoding GITR-ligand/Fc fusion protein is also an effective tumor vaccine adjuvant.
102	20198327	In HCC peripheral blood and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, we found increased numbers of Tregs, which expressed high levels of HLA-DR, GITR and CD103.
103	21154120	Targeted immunomodulatory therapy is focused primarily on the activation of costimulatory receptors (eg, 4-1BB, OX40 and GITR [glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor-related gene]) or the blockade of co-inhibitory receptors (eg, CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1) on T-cells during activation and/or effector responses.
104	22028176	Enhancement of anti-tumor immunity through local modulation of CTLA-4 and GITR by dendritic cells.
105	22028176	Systemic administration of mAbs targeting the immune modulatory receptors CTLA-4 and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) on Treg and effector T cells augments anti-tumor immunity both experimentally and clinically, but can induce life-threatening autoimmunity.
106	22028176	To achieve this goal, DCs transfected with mRNA encoding the H and L chains of anti-mouse CTLA-4 and GITR mAbs were co-administered with tumor antigen mRNA-transfected DCs.
107	22028176	Using in vitro assays with human DCs, we demonstrated that DCs transfected with mRNA encoding a humanized anti-CTLA-4 mAb and mRNA encoding a soluble human GITR-L fusion protein enhance the induction of anti-tumor CTLs in response to DCs transfected with mRNAs encoding either melanoma or breast cancer antigens.
108	22028176	Enhancement of anti-tumor immunity through local modulation of CTLA-4 and GITR by dendritic cells.
109	22028176	Systemic administration of mAbs targeting the immune modulatory receptors CTLA-4 and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) on Treg and effector T cells augments anti-tumor immunity both experimentally and clinically, but can induce life-threatening autoimmunity.
110	22028176	To achieve this goal, DCs transfected with mRNA encoding the H and L chains of anti-mouse CTLA-4 and GITR mAbs were co-administered with tumor antigen mRNA-transfected DCs.
111	22028176	Using in vitro assays with human DCs, we demonstrated that DCs transfected with mRNA encoding a humanized anti-CTLA-4 mAb and mRNA encoding a soluble human GITR-L fusion protein enhance the induction of anti-tumor CTLs in response to DCs transfected with mRNAs encoding either melanoma or breast cancer antigens.
112	22028176	Enhancement of anti-tumor immunity through local modulation of CTLA-4 and GITR by dendritic cells.
113	22028176	Systemic administration of mAbs targeting the immune modulatory receptors CTLA-4 and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) on Treg and effector T cells augments anti-tumor immunity both experimentally and clinically, but can induce life-threatening autoimmunity.
114	22028176	To achieve this goal, DCs transfected with mRNA encoding the H and L chains of anti-mouse CTLA-4 and GITR mAbs were co-administered with tumor antigen mRNA-transfected DCs.
115	22028176	Using in vitro assays with human DCs, we demonstrated that DCs transfected with mRNA encoding a humanized anti-CTLA-4 mAb and mRNA encoding a soluble human GITR-L fusion protein enhance the induction of anti-tumor CTLs in response to DCs transfected with mRNAs encoding either melanoma or breast cancer antigens.
116	23947352	The contextual role of TNFR family members in CD8(+) T-cell control of viral infections.
117	23947352	The role of specific TNF receptor (TNFR) family members in antiviral immunity depends on the stage of the immune response and can vary with the virus type and its virulence.
118	23947352	Here, we focus on five members of the TNFR family that are prominently expressed on CD8(+) T cells during viral infections, namely, 4-1BB (CD137), CD27, OX40 (CD134), GITR, and TNFR2. 4-1BB, CD27, OX40, and GITR have primarily prosurvival roles for CD8(+) T cells during viral infection, although under some circumstances 4-1BB, GITR, or CD27 signals can limit immunity.
119	23947352	Although TNFR2 can be costimulatory under some circumstances, its main role in CD8(+) T-cell responses during viral infection appears to be in contraction of the response.
120	23947352	Several TNF family ligands are being explored as adjuvants for viral vaccines, and agonistic antibodies to TNFR family members are being investigated for immunotherapy of chronic viral infection alone and in combination with checkpoint blockade.
121	24014877	Therefore, much effort has been made to generate agonistic Abs targeting members of the TNFR superfamily, such as OX40, 4-1BB, and GITR, expressed on effector T cells and Tregs, to reinvigorate T cell effector function and block Treg-suppressive function.
122	24014877	In this article, we describe the development of a panel of anti-human OX40 agonistic mouse mAbs that could promote effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation, inhibit the induction of CD4(+) IL-10 -producing type 1 regulatory T cells, inhibit the expansion of ICOS(+)IL-10(+) Tregs, inhibit TGF-β-induced FOXP3 expression on naive CD4(+) T cells, and block natural Treg-suppressive function.
123	24732076	In mouse tumor models, engagement of activating Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-expressing immune cells was recently shown to be required for the tumoricidal activity of antibodies recognizing the tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptor (TNFR) GITR (CD357) and CTLA-4 (CD152).
124	24732076	Here, we explored the mechanism of antitumor activity mediated by an agonistic antibody (clone OX86) to the co-stimulatory TNFR OX40 (CD134).
125	24795357	We have shown that a vaccine based on alphavirus replicon particles (VRP) activates strong cellular and humoral immunity to tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP2) melanoma antigen, providing prophylactic and therapeutic effects in stringent mouse models.
126	24795357	Here, we report that the immunogenicity and efficacy of this vaccine is increased in combination with either antagonist anti-CTL antigen-4 (CTLA-4) or agonist anti-glucocorticoid-induced TNF family-related gene (GITR) immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAb).
127	24795357	These mAbs had similar adjuvant effects in priming an adaptive immune response against the vaccine-encoded antigen, augmenting, respectively, approximately 4- and 2-fold the TRP2-specific CD8(+) T-cell response and circulating Abs, compared with the vaccine alone.
128	24795357	Furthermore, while both mAbs increased the frequency of tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells, anti-CTLA-4 mAb also increased the quantity of intratumor CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells expressing the negative costimulatory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1).
129	24795357	They also indicate that tumor-infiltrating CD4(+)Foxp3(-)PD-1(+) T cells may affect the outcome of immunomodulatory treatments.
130	24926293	In probing the possible mechanism, we observe that SLA-CpG-DCs vaccination results in the significant decrease in Foxp3(+)GITR(+)CTLA4(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) cell population in Leishmania-infected mice.
131	24926293	Moreover, we demonstrate that a CXC chemokine, IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10; CXCL10), has a direct role in the regulation of CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells in SLA-CpG-DC-vaccinated parasitized mice as Treg cells isolated from IP-10-depleted vaccinated mice showed significantly increased TGF-β production and suppressive activity.
132	25772201	It has been reported that glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR) and its ligand (GITRL) are involved in modulating both innate and adaptive immune responses.
133	25772201	However, significantly higher levels of CD4(+)Th1, Th2 and CD8(+)IFN-γ(+)T cells were found in the pIRES/VP1/mGITRL group compared with control groups.