Ignet

Gene Information

Gene symbol: CARTPT

Gene name: CART prepropeptide

HGNC ID: 24323

Synonyms: CART

Related Genes

#	Gene Symbol	Number of hits
1	AGRP	1 hits
2	AKT1	1 hits
3	BDNF	1 hits
4	CCK	1 hits
5	CGB	1 hits
6	CHGA	1 hits
7	CHGB	1 hits
8	CPP	1 hits
9	CRH	1 hits
10	FOS	1 hits
11	GAL	1 hits
12	GCG	1 hits
13	GHRL	1 hits
14	GIPR	1 hits
15	GRP	1 hits
16	HCRT	1 hits
17	HTR1B	1 hits
18	HTR2A	1 hits
19	HTR2B	1 hits
20	HTR2C	1 hits
21	INS	1 hits
22	JAK2	1 hits
23	LEP	1 hits
24	LEPR	1 hits
25	LIPE	1 hits
26	MC3R	1 hits
27	NPY	1 hits
28	NTS	1 hits
29	PMCH	1 hits
30	POMC	1 hits
31	PPY	1 hits
32	PRKAR2A	1 hits
33	PSG2	1 hits
34	PTEN	1 hits
35	PYY	1 hits
36	SOCS3	1 hits
37	SST	1 hits
38	STAMBP	1 hits
39	STAT1	1 hits
40	STAT3	1 hits
41	SUCLG1	1 hits
42	TNS1	1 hits
43	TRH	1 hits

Related Sentences

#	PMID	Sentence
1	10468615	To determine whether the depletion of body fat caused by adenovirus-induced hyperleptinemia is mediated via the hypothalamus, we used as a "bioassay" for hypothalamic leptin activity the hypothalamic expression of a leptin-regulated peptide, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART).
2	10468615	The validation of this strategy was supported by the demonstration that CART mRNA was profoundly reduced in obese rats with impaired leptin action, whether because of ablation of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) or a loss-of-function mutation in the leptin receptor, as in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.
3	10468615	Treatment of the high-fat-fed rats with adenovirus-leptin further increased their hyperleptinemia to 56 +/- 6 ng/ml without changing CART mRNA or food intake, indicating that leptin action on hypothalamus had not been increased.
4	10468615	To determine whether the depletion of body fat caused by adenovirus-induced hyperleptinemia is mediated via the hypothalamus, we used as a "bioassay" for hypothalamic leptin activity the hypothalamic expression of a leptin-regulated peptide, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART).
5	10468615	The validation of this strategy was supported by the demonstration that CART mRNA was profoundly reduced in obese rats with impaired leptin action, whether because of ablation of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) or a loss-of-function mutation in the leptin receptor, as in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.
6	10468615	Treatment of the high-fat-fed rats with adenovirus-leptin further increased their hyperleptinemia to 56 +/- 6 ng/ml without changing CART mRNA or food intake, indicating that leptin action on hypothalamus had not been increased.
7	10468615	To determine whether the depletion of body fat caused by adenovirus-induced hyperleptinemia is mediated via the hypothalamus, we used as a "bioassay" for hypothalamic leptin activity the hypothalamic expression of a leptin-regulated peptide, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART).
8	10468615	The validation of this strategy was supported by the demonstration that CART mRNA was profoundly reduced in obese rats with impaired leptin action, whether because of ablation of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) or a loss-of-function mutation in the leptin receptor, as in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.
9	10468615	Treatment of the high-fat-fed rats with adenovirus-leptin further increased their hyperleptinemia to 56 +/- 6 ng/ml without changing CART mRNA or food intake, indicating that leptin action on hypothalamus had not been increased.
10	10657511	Neuropeptide Y (NPY), melanin concentrating hormone (MCH), orexins A and B, galanin, and agouti -related peptide (AgRP) all act to stimulate feeding while alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alphaMSH), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), cholecystokinin (CCK), cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), neurotensin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP 1), and bombesin have anorectic actions.(1) Leptin, expressed in the periphery in white adipose tissue, acts in the CNS to modulate the expression of several of these hypothalamic peptides.(1) This creates a functional link between the adipose tissue and the brain that translates the information on body fat provided by leptin to input into energy balance regulating processes.
11	10657511	In the current review we examine the significant role of the melanocortin system (alphaMSH, agouti and AgRP peptides, and their receptors and mahogany protein) and melanin concentrating hormone in the regulation of energy balance.
12	11024558	We also determined whether well known hypothalamic neuropeptide targets, e.g. neuropeptide Y (NPY), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), agouti-related peptide (AGRP) and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) were regulated in a pattern consistent with their presumed roles as mediators of leptin action.
13	11024558	In contrast, leptin decreased body weight and adiposity, increased CART and suppressed NPY and AGRP mRNA expression in adult mice.
14	11024558	We also determined whether well known hypothalamic neuropeptide targets, e.g. neuropeptide Y (NPY), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), agouti-related peptide (AGRP) and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) were regulated in a pattern consistent with their presumed roles as mediators of leptin action.
15	11024558	In contrast, leptin decreased body weight and adiposity, increased CART and suppressed NPY and AGRP mRNA expression in adult mice.
16	11125000	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-immunoreactive elements with thyrotropin-releasing hormone-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and its role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during fasting.
17	11125000	Because cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) coexists with alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) in the arcuate nucleus neurons and we have recently demonstrated that alpha-MSH innervates TRH-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), we raised the possibility that CART may also be contained in fibers that innervate hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons and modulate TRH gene expression.
18	11125000	Triple-labeling fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence were performed to reveal the morphological relationships between pro-TRH mRNA-containing neurons and CART- and alpha-MSH-immunoreactive (IR) axons.
19	11125000	In addition, >80% of TRH/CART neurons in the periventricular and medial parvocellular subdivisions accumulated Fluoro-Gold after systemic administration, suggesting that CART may serve as a marker for hypophysiotropic TRH neurons.
20	11125000	CART prevented fasting-induced suppression of pro-TRH in the PVN when administered intracerebroventricularly and increased the content of TRH in hypothalamic cell cultures.
21	11125000	These studies establish an anatomical association between CART and pro-TRH-producing neurons in the PVN and demonstrate that CART has a stimulatory effect on hypophysiotropic TRH neurons by increasing pro-TRH gene expression and the biosynthesis of TRH.
22	11125000	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-immunoreactive elements with thyrotropin-releasing hormone-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and its role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during fasting.
23	11125000	Because cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) coexists with alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) in the arcuate nucleus neurons and we have recently demonstrated that alpha-MSH innervates TRH-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), we raised the possibility that CART may also be contained in fibers that innervate hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons and modulate TRH gene expression.
24	11125000	Triple-labeling fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence were performed to reveal the morphological relationships between pro-TRH mRNA-containing neurons and CART- and alpha-MSH-immunoreactive (IR) axons.
25	11125000	In addition, >80% of TRH/CART neurons in the periventricular and medial parvocellular subdivisions accumulated Fluoro-Gold after systemic administration, suggesting that CART may serve as a marker for hypophysiotropic TRH neurons.
26	11125000	CART prevented fasting-induced suppression of pro-TRH in the PVN when administered intracerebroventricularly and increased the content of TRH in hypothalamic cell cultures.
27	11125000	These studies establish an anatomical association between CART and pro-TRH-producing neurons in the PVN and demonstrate that CART has a stimulatory effect on hypophysiotropic TRH neurons by increasing pro-TRH gene expression and the biosynthesis of TRH.
28	11125000	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-immunoreactive elements with thyrotropin-releasing hormone-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and its role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during fasting.
29	11125000	Because cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) coexists with alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) in the arcuate nucleus neurons and we have recently demonstrated that alpha-MSH innervates TRH-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), we raised the possibility that CART may also be contained in fibers that innervate hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons and modulate TRH gene expression.
30	11125000	Triple-labeling fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence were performed to reveal the morphological relationships between pro-TRH mRNA-containing neurons and CART- and alpha-MSH-immunoreactive (IR) axons.
31	11125000	In addition, >80% of TRH/CART neurons in the periventricular and medial parvocellular subdivisions accumulated Fluoro-Gold after systemic administration, suggesting that CART may serve as a marker for hypophysiotropic TRH neurons.
32	11125000	CART prevented fasting-induced suppression of pro-TRH in the PVN when administered intracerebroventricularly and increased the content of TRH in hypothalamic cell cultures.
33	11125000	These studies establish an anatomical association between CART and pro-TRH-producing neurons in the PVN and demonstrate that CART has a stimulatory effect on hypophysiotropic TRH neurons by increasing pro-TRH gene expression and the biosynthesis of TRH.
34	11125000	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-immunoreactive elements with thyrotropin-releasing hormone-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and its role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during fasting.
35	11125000	Because cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) coexists with alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) in the arcuate nucleus neurons and we have recently demonstrated that alpha-MSH innervates TRH-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), we raised the possibility that CART may also be contained in fibers that innervate hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons and modulate TRH gene expression.
36	11125000	Triple-labeling fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence were performed to reveal the morphological relationships between pro-TRH mRNA-containing neurons and CART- and alpha-MSH-immunoreactive (IR) axons.
37	11125000	In addition, >80% of TRH/CART neurons in the periventricular and medial parvocellular subdivisions accumulated Fluoro-Gold after systemic administration, suggesting that CART may serve as a marker for hypophysiotropic TRH neurons.
38	11125000	CART prevented fasting-induced suppression of pro-TRH in the PVN when administered intracerebroventricularly and increased the content of TRH in hypothalamic cell cultures.
39	11125000	These studies establish an anatomical association between CART and pro-TRH-producing neurons in the PVN and demonstrate that CART has a stimulatory effect on hypophysiotropic TRH neurons by increasing pro-TRH gene expression and the biosynthesis of TRH.
40	11125000	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-immunoreactive elements with thyrotropin-releasing hormone-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and its role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during fasting.
41	11125000	Because cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) coexists with alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) in the arcuate nucleus neurons and we have recently demonstrated that alpha-MSH innervates TRH-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), we raised the possibility that CART may also be contained in fibers that innervate hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons and modulate TRH gene expression.
42	11125000	Triple-labeling fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence were performed to reveal the morphological relationships between pro-TRH mRNA-containing neurons and CART- and alpha-MSH-immunoreactive (IR) axons.
43	11125000	In addition, >80% of TRH/CART neurons in the periventricular and medial parvocellular subdivisions accumulated Fluoro-Gold after systemic administration, suggesting that CART may serve as a marker for hypophysiotropic TRH neurons.
44	11125000	CART prevented fasting-induced suppression of pro-TRH in the PVN when administered intracerebroventricularly and increased the content of TRH in hypothalamic cell cultures.
45	11125000	These studies establish an anatomical association between CART and pro-TRH-producing neurons in the PVN and demonstrate that CART has a stimulatory effect on hypophysiotropic TRH neurons by increasing pro-TRH gene expression and the biosynthesis of TRH.
46	11125000	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-immunoreactive elements with thyrotropin-releasing hormone-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and its role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during fasting.
47	11125000	Because cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) coexists with alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) in the arcuate nucleus neurons and we have recently demonstrated that alpha-MSH innervates TRH-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), we raised the possibility that CART may also be contained in fibers that innervate hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons and modulate TRH gene expression.
48	11125000	Triple-labeling fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence were performed to reveal the morphological relationships between pro-TRH mRNA-containing neurons and CART- and alpha-MSH-immunoreactive (IR) axons.
49	11125000	In addition, >80% of TRH/CART neurons in the periventricular and medial parvocellular subdivisions accumulated Fluoro-Gold after systemic administration, suggesting that CART may serve as a marker for hypophysiotropic TRH neurons.
50	11125000	CART prevented fasting-induced suppression of pro-TRH in the PVN when administered intracerebroventricularly and increased the content of TRH in hypothalamic cell cultures.
51	11125000	These studies establish an anatomical association between CART and pro-TRH-producing neurons in the PVN and demonstrate that CART has a stimulatory effect on hypophysiotropic TRH neurons by increasing pro-TRH gene expression and the biosynthesis of TRH.
52	11522684	Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) inhibits feeding and induces the expression of c-Fos in hypothalamic areas implicated in appetite regulation.
53	11959420	In the paraventricular nucleus, CART mRNA is colocalized with vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing factor-containing neurons.
54	12147141	Meal size is controlled by a series of short-term hormonal and neural signals that derive from the gastrointestinal tract, such as cholecystokinin whereas others may initiate meals, such as the recently discovered hormone, ghrelin.
55	12147141	Other hormones such as insulin and leptin, together with circulating nutrients, indicate long-term energy stores.
56	12147141	When energy stores are low, production of leptin from adipose tissue, and thus circulating leptin concentrations fall, leading to increased production of hypothalamic neurotransmitters that strongly increase food intake, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin and agouti-related protein (AGRP) and decreased levels of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and neurotensin that reduce food intake and increase energy expenditure.
57	12147141	The finding that mutations in leptin and POMC lead to severe early onset obesity in humans has highlighted the importance of these peptides in humans.
58	12403080	Leptin and insulin action in the central nervous system.
59	12403080	This review summarizes old and recent data implicating insulin and leptin as key circulating signals to the central nervous system, particularly the ventral hypothalamus, in communicating the size and the distribution of body fat stores.
60	12403080	The key primary neurons in the arcuate nucleus containing NPY/AgRP and POMC/CART appear be critical constituents of the CNS regulating system, and are shown to contribute to anabolic and catabolic signaling systems to complete the feedback loop.
61	12403080	New data to indicate shared intracellular signaling from leptin and insulin is provided.
62	12403080	The satiety system for meals, consisting of neural afferents to the hindbrain from the gastrointestinal tract, is described and its effectiveness is shown to vary with the strength of the insulin and leptin signals.
63	12453895	Compared with lean controls, ob/ob mice had elevated expression of NPY and agouti-related protein (AgRP) mRNA in the arcuate nucleus and decreased expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) mRNA.
64	12453895	Y2 deletion in ob/ob mice significantly increased the hypothalamic POMC mRNA expression, with no effect on NPY, AgRP, or CART expression.
65	12453895	Compared with lean controls, ob/ob mice had elevated expression of NPY and agouti-related protein (AgRP) mRNA in the arcuate nucleus and decreased expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) mRNA.
66	12453895	Y2 deletion in ob/ob mice significantly increased the hypothalamic POMC mRNA expression, with no effect on NPY, AgRP, or CART expression.
67	15093691	In addition, hypothalamic expression of orexigenic neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide mRNA levels was upregulated while the anorexigenic cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript and proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels were reduced.
68	15481810	These so-called hypophysiotropic neurons are under feedback inhibition by circulating levels of thyroid hormone, mediated through interactions with the beta2 thyroid hormone receptor (TRbeta2) and competition with the phosphorylated form of cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) for a multifunctional binding site in the TRH gene.
69	15481810	These factors include alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alphaMSH) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and agouti-related protein (AGRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), substances co-produced by distinct populations of leptin-responsive neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus.
70	15680956	Relative contribution of brainstem afferents to the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) innervation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN).
71	15680956	To determine the relative contribution of the brainstem to the CART innervation of the TRH neurons in the PVN, the major ascending brainstem axonal pathways to the PVN were unilaterally transected in the hypothalamus.
72	15680956	Disconnection of brainstem pathways reduced the total number of TRH neurons contacted by CART from 99.4 +/- 0.9% on the intact side to 74.3 +/- 9.4% on the lesioned side, as well as the number of CART varicosities on the surface of TRH neurons from 6.0 +/- 0.9 to 2.3 +/- 0.4 CART-IR varicosities/cell.
73	15680956	These data indicate that CART-IR neurons residing in the brainstem give rise to only approximately one third of the CART input to the PVN as a whole, but serve as a major source of the CART-IR innervation of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons.
74	15680956	Relative contribution of brainstem afferents to the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) innervation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN).
75	15680956	To determine the relative contribution of the brainstem to the CART innervation of the TRH neurons in the PVN, the major ascending brainstem axonal pathways to the PVN were unilaterally transected in the hypothalamus.
76	15680956	Disconnection of brainstem pathways reduced the total number of TRH neurons contacted by CART from 99.4 +/- 0.9% on the intact side to 74.3 +/- 9.4% on the lesioned side, as well as the number of CART varicosities on the surface of TRH neurons from 6.0 +/- 0.9 to 2.3 +/- 0.4 CART-IR varicosities/cell.
77	15680956	These data indicate that CART-IR neurons residing in the brainstem give rise to only approximately one third of the CART input to the PVN as a whole, but serve as a major source of the CART-IR innervation of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons.
78	15680956	Relative contribution of brainstem afferents to the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) innervation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN).
79	15680956	To determine the relative contribution of the brainstem to the CART innervation of the TRH neurons in the PVN, the major ascending brainstem axonal pathways to the PVN were unilaterally transected in the hypothalamus.
80	15680956	Disconnection of brainstem pathways reduced the total number of TRH neurons contacted by CART from 99.4 +/- 0.9% on the intact side to 74.3 +/- 9.4% on the lesioned side, as well as the number of CART varicosities on the surface of TRH neurons from 6.0 +/- 0.9 to 2.3 +/- 0.4 CART-IR varicosities/cell.
81	15680956	These data indicate that CART-IR neurons residing in the brainstem give rise to only approximately one third of the CART input to the PVN as a whole, but serve as a major source of the CART-IR innervation of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons.
82	15680956	Relative contribution of brainstem afferents to the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) innervation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN).
83	15680956	To determine the relative contribution of the brainstem to the CART innervation of the TRH neurons in the PVN, the major ascending brainstem axonal pathways to the PVN were unilaterally transected in the hypothalamus.
84	15680956	Disconnection of brainstem pathways reduced the total number of TRH neurons contacted by CART from 99.4 +/- 0.9% on the intact side to 74.3 +/- 9.4% on the lesioned side, as well as the number of CART varicosities on the surface of TRH neurons from 6.0 +/- 0.9 to 2.3 +/- 0.4 CART-IR varicosities/cell.
85	15680956	These data indicate that CART-IR neurons residing in the brainstem give rise to only approximately one third of the CART input to the PVN as a whole, but serve as a major source of the CART-IR innervation of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons.
86	16210367	Differential effects of central leptin, insulin, or glucose administration during fasting on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and feeding-related neurons in the arcuate nucleus.
87	16210367	The reductions in circulating levels of leptin, insulin, and glucose with fasting serve as important homeostasis signals to neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus that synthesize neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related protein (AGRP) and alpha-MSH/cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript.
88	16210367	Because the central administration of leptin is capable of preventing the inhibitory effects of fasting on TRH mRNA in hypophysiotropic neurons primarily through effects on the arcuate nucleus, we determined whether the continuous administration of 30 mU/d insulin or 648 microg/d glucose into the cerebrospinal fluid by osmotic minipump might also have similar effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.
89	16210367	As anticipated, the intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin reduced fasting-induced elevations in NPY and AGRP mRNA and increased proopiomelanocortin and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript mRNA in the arcuate nucleus.
90	16210367	In contrast, whereas insulin increased proopiomelanocortin mRNA and both insulin and glucose reduced NPY mRNA in arcuate nucleus neurons, neither prevented the fasting-induced suppression in hypophysiotropic TRH mRNA or circulating thyroid hormone levels.
91	16210367	We conclude that insulin and glucose only partially replicate the central effects of leptin and may not be essential components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid regulatory system during fasting.
92	16210367	Differential effects of central leptin, insulin, or glucose administration during fasting on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and feeding-related neurons in the arcuate nucleus.
93	16210367	The reductions in circulating levels of leptin, insulin, and glucose with fasting serve as important homeostasis signals to neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus that synthesize neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related protein (AGRP) and alpha-MSH/cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript.
94	16210367	Because the central administration of leptin is capable of preventing the inhibitory effects of fasting on TRH mRNA in hypophysiotropic neurons primarily through effects on the arcuate nucleus, we determined whether the continuous administration of 30 mU/d insulin or 648 microg/d glucose into the cerebrospinal fluid by osmotic minipump might also have similar effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.
95	16210367	As anticipated, the intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin reduced fasting-induced elevations in NPY and AGRP mRNA and increased proopiomelanocortin and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript mRNA in the arcuate nucleus.
96	16210367	In contrast, whereas insulin increased proopiomelanocortin mRNA and both insulin and glucose reduced NPY mRNA in arcuate nucleus neurons, neither prevented the fasting-induced suppression in hypophysiotropic TRH mRNA or circulating thyroid hormone levels.
97	16210367	We conclude that insulin and glucose only partially replicate the central effects of leptin and may not be essential components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid regulatory system during fasting.
98	16430857	Brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) systems contribute to regulate eating behavior and energy homeostasis. 5-HT2C receptors and 5-HT1B receptors have been shown to mediate anorexic effects of 5-HT drugs such as d-fenfluramine, which stimulates 5-HT release and inhibits 5-HT reuptake, and m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), a 5-HT2C receptor agonist.
99	16430857	Here, we report that 24-h fasting increased the expression of hypothalamic 5-HT2C receptor and 5-HT1B receptor genes in association with increases in plasma active ghrelin levels compared with fed state in mice.
100	16430857	Treatment with mCPP or fenfluramine significantly inhibited the increases in plasma active ghrelin levels. mCPP or fenfluramine significantly increased the expression of hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript genes while having no significant effects on the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y, agouti- related protein, and ghrelin genes.
101	16430857	These results suggest that there is a negative feedback system between brain 5-HT systems and plasma active ghrelin levels in energy homeostasis in mice.
102	16443761	At high glucose, CART potentiated cAMP-enhanced insulin secretion via the cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent pathway.
103	16443761	In the absence of cAMP-elevating agents, CART was without effect on INS-1 cells but modestly inhibited secretion of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin from isolated islets.
104	16443761	At high glucose, CART potentiated cAMP-enhanced insulin secretion via the cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent pathway.
105	16443761	In the absence of cAMP-elevating agents, CART was without effect on INS-1 cells but modestly inhibited secretion of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin from isolated islets.
106	16842887	In adult rats the intra-islet expression of CART is limited to the somatostatin producing delta-cells, while in adult mice CART is mainly expressed in nerve fibers.
107	16842887	During development islet CART is upregulated; in rats in almost all types of islet endocrine cells, including the insulin-producing beta-cells, and in mice mainly in the alpha-cells.
108	16842887	While CART inhibits glucose stimulated insulin secretion from rat islets it augments insulin secretion amplified by cAMP.
109	16842887	In adult rats the intra-islet expression of CART is limited to the somatostatin producing delta-cells, while in adult mice CART is mainly expressed in nerve fibers.
110	16842887	During development islet CART is upregulated; in rats in almost all types of islet endocrine cells, including the insulin-producing beta-cells, and in mice mainly in the alpha-cells.
111	16842887	While CART inhibits glucose stimulated insulin secretion from rat islets it augments insulin secretion amplified by cAMP.
112	16842887	In adult rats the intra-islet expression of CART is limited to the somatostatin producing delta-cells, while in adult mice CART is mainly expressed in nerve fibers.
113	16842887	During development islet CART is upregulated; in rats in almost all types of islet endocrine cells, including the insulin-producing beta-cells, and in mice mainly in the alpha-cells.
114	16842887	While CART inhibits glucose stimulated insulin secretion from rat islets it augments insulin secretion amplified by cAMP.
115	16876574	Adipose tissue secretes leptin, steroid hormones, adiponectin, inflammatory cytokines, resistin, complement factors, and vasoactive peptides.
116	16876574	Leptin activates Janus-activating kinase2 (Jak2) and STAT 3, resulting in stimulation of anorexigenic peptides, e.g., alpha-MSH and CART, and inhibition of orexigenic peptides, e.g., NPY and AGRP.
117	16876574	Leptin also stimulates fatty acid oxidation, insulin release, and peripheral insulin action.
118	16876574	These effects involve regulation of PI-3 kinase, PTP-1B, suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3), and AMP-activated protein kinase in the brain and peripheral organs.
119	16876574	There is emerging evidence that leptin, adiponectin, and resistin act through overlapping pathways.
120	16876577	Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons are located in the medial and periventricular parvocellular subdivisions of the PVN and receive direct monosynaptic projections from two, separate, populations of leptin-responsive neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus containing either alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), peptides that promote weight loss and increase energy expenditure, or neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AGRP), peptides that promote weight gain and reduce energy expenditure.
121	16876577	During fasting, the reduction in TRH mRNA in hypophysiotropic neurons mediated by suppression of alpha-MSH/CART simultaneously with an increase in NPY/AGRP gene expression in arcuate nucleus neurons contributes to the fall in circulating thyroid hormone levels, presumably by increasing the sensitivity of the TRH gene to negative feedback inhibition by thyroid hormone.
122	16876577	Endotoxin administration, however, has the paradoxical effect of increasing circulating levels of leptin and melanocortin signaling and CART gene expression in arcuate nucleus neurons, but inhibiting TRH gene expression in hypophysiotropic neurons.
123	16876577	However, evidence that an anatomically separate population of nonhypophysiotropic TRH neurons in the anterior parvocellular subdivision of the PVN is integrated into the leptin regulatory control system by the same arcuate nucleus neuronal populations that innervate hypophysiotropic TRH neurons, raises the possibility that anterior parvocellular TRH neurons may be involved, possibly through interactions with the limbic nervous system.
124	16876577	Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons are located in the medial and periventricular parvocellular subdivisions of the PVN and receive direct monosynaptic projections from two, separate, populations of leptin-responsive neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus containing either alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), peptides that promote weight loss and increase energy expenditure, or neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AGRP), peptides that promote weight gain and reduce energy expenditure.
125	16876577	During fasting, the reduction in TRH mRNA in hypophysiotropic neurons mediated by suppression of alpha-MSH/CART simultaneously with an increase in NPY/AGRP gene expression in arcuate nucleus neurons contributes to the fall in circulating thyroid hormone levels, presumably by increasing the sensitivity of the TRH gene to negative feedback inhibition by thyroid hormone.
126	16876577	Endotoxin administration, however, has the paradoxical effect of increasing circulating levels of leptin and melanocortin signaling and CART gene expression in arcuate nucleus neurons, but inhibiting TRH gene expression in hypophysiotropic neurons.
127	16876577	However, evidence that an anatomically separate population of nonhypophysiotropic TRH neurons in the anterior parvocellular subdivision of the PVN is integrated into the leptin regulatory control system by the same arcuate nucleus neuronal populations that innervate hypophysiotropic TRH neurons, raises the possibility that anterior parvocellular TRH neurons may be involved, possibly through interactions with the limbic nervous system.
128	16876577	Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons are located in the medial and periventricular parvocellular subdivisions of the PVN and receive direct monosynaptic projections from two, separate, populations of leptin-responsive neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus containing either alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), peptides that promote weight loss and increase energy expenditure, or neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AGRP), peptides that promote weight gain and reduce energy expenditure.
129	16876577	During fasting, the reduction in TRH mRNA in hypophysiotropic neurons mediated by suppression of alpha-MSH/CART simultaneously with an increase in NPY/AGRP gene expression in arcuate nucleus neurons contributes to the fall in circulating thyroid hormone levels, presumably by increasing the sensitivity of the TRH gene to negative feedback inhibition by thyroid hormone.
130	16876577	Endotoxin administration, however, has the paradoxical effect of increasing circulating levels of leptin and melanocortin signaling and CART gene expression in arcuate nucleus neurons, but inhibiting TRH gene expression in hypophysiotropic neurons.
131	16876577	However, evidence that an anatomically separate population of nonhypophysiotropic TRH neurons in the anterior parvocellular subdivision of the PVN is integrated into the leptin regulatory control system by the same arcuate nucleus neuronal populations that innervate hypophysiotropic TRH neurons, raises the possibility that anterior parvocellular TRH neurons may be involved, possibly through interactions with the limbic nervous system.
132	16935329	The structure and function of many hypothalamic peptides (neuropeptide Y (NPY), melanocortins, agouti-related peptide (AGRP), cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), melanin concentrating hormone (MCH), orexins have been characterized in rodent models The peripheral neuropeptides such as cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY3-36), amylin, bombesin regulate important gastrointestinal functions such as motility, secretion, absorption, provide feedback to the central nervous system on availability of nutrients and may play a part in regulating food intake.
133	16959056	Fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and 5-HT2C receptor inactivation induce appetite-suppressing effects in mice via 5-HT1B receptors.
134	16959056	Moreover, CP 94253 (5-10 mg/kg), a selective 5-HT1B receptor agonist, exerted appetite-suppressing effects and significantly increased hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) gene expression and decreased hypothalamic orexin gene expression.
135	16959056	These results suggest that fluvoxamine and inactivation of 5-HT2C receptors exert feeding suppression through activation of 5-HT1B receptors, and that 5-HT1B receptors up-regulate hypothalamic POMC and CART gene expression and down-regulate hypothalamic orexin gene expression in mice.
136	16959056	Fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and 5-HT2C receptor inactivation induce appetite-suppressing effects in mice via 5-HT1B receptors.
137	16959056	Moreover, CP 94253 (5-10 mg/kg), a selective 5-HT1B receptor agonist, exerted appetite-suppressing effects and significantly increased hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) gene expression and decreased hypothalamic orexin gene expression.
138	16959056	These results suggest that fluvoxamine and inactivation of 5-HT2C receptors exert feeding suppression through activation of 5-HT1B receptors, and that 5-HT1B receptors up-regulate hypothalamic POMC and CART gene expression and down-regulate hypothalamic orexin gene expression in mice.
139	17008116	The cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), an anorexigenic peptide responding to leptin, is expressed in various areas of the hypothalamus.
140	17008116	Since CART plays an important role in the hypothalamic regulation of energy balance by reducing food intake and increasing lipid substrate utilization, it might affect cholesterol metabolism as Neuropeptide Y or pro-opiomelanocortin do.
141	17008116	The cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), an anorexigenic peptide responding to leptin, is expressed in various areas of the hypothalamus.
142	17008116	Since CART plays an important role in the hypothalamic regulation of energy balance by reducing food intake and increasing lipid substrate utilization, it might affect cholesterol metabolism as Neuropeptide Y or pro-opiomelanocortin do.
143	17021375	Leptin activates tyrosine kinase, Janus kinase 2, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, leading to increased levels of anorexigenic peptides, e.g., alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, and inhibition of orexigenic peptides, e.g., neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide.
144	17021375	Obesity is characterized by hyperleptinemia and hypothalamic leptin resistance, partly caused by induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3.
145	17021375	Leptin also decreases glucose and stimulates lipolysis through central and peripheral pathways involving AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).
146	17021375	Obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis have been associated with reduced adiponectin levels, whereas adiponectin treatment reverses these abnormalities partly through activation of AMPK in liver and muscle.
147	17021375	Administration of adiponectin in the brain recapitulates the peripheral actions to increase fatty acid oxidation and insulin sensitivity and reduce glucose.
148	17021375	As with leptin, adiponectin requires the central melanocortin pathway.
149	17021375	Furthermore, adiponectin stimulates fatty acid oxidation and reduces glucose and lipids, at least in part, by activating AMPK in muscle and liver.
150	17097612	Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) 2A receptors contribute to the effects of 5-HT on platelet aggregation and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and are reportedly involved in decreases in plasma levels of adiponectin, an adipokine, in diabetic subjects.
151	17097612	Here, we report that systemic administration of sarpogrelate, a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, suppressed appetite and increased hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, corticotropin releasing hormone, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT1B receptor gene expression.
152	17097612	These results suggest that obesity increases hypothalamic 5-HT2A receptor gene expression, and pharmacologic inactivation of 5-HT2A receptors inhibits overfeeding and obesity in A(y) mice, but did not increase plasma adiponectin levels.
153	17141181	Akita male mice develop hyperphagia, reducing anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and increasing orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA levels compared with wt males.
154	17141181	While Akita female mice also developed hyperphagia, there was no difference in POMC, NPY and leptin levels between Akita and wt females.
155	17141181	Anorexigenic Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA levels in Akita females were decreased against wt females.
156	17218444	Neither SB242084, a selective 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, nor SB224289, a selective 5-HT1B receptor antagonist, reversed the appetite-suppressing effects of milnacipran.
157	17218444	Moreover, milnacipran significantly increased hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) mRNA levels, while having no effect on hypothalamic neuropeptide Y, ghrelin, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 mRNA levels.
158	17218444	Interestingly, milnacipran did not increase plasma corticosterone and blood glucose levels, whereas fenfluramine, which inhibits 5-HT reuptake and stimulates 5-HT release, significantly increased plasma corticosterone and blood glucose levels in association with increased hypothalamic CRH mRNA levels.
159	17218444	These results suggest that inhibition of 5-HT and NA reuptake induces appetite-suppressing effects independent of 5-HT2C and 5-HT1B receptors, and increases hypothalamic POMC and CART gene expression without increasing plasma corticosterone and blood glucose levels in mice.
160	17218444	Neither SB242084, a selective 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, nor SB224289, a selective 5-HT1B receptor antagonist, reversed the appetite-suppressing effects of milnacipran.
161	17218444	Moreover, milnacipran significantly increased hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) mRNA levels, while having no effect on hypothalamic neuropeptide Y, ghrelin, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 mRNA levels.
162	17218444	Interestingly, milnacipran did not increase plasma corticosterone and blood glucose levels, whereas fenfluramine, which inhibits 5-HT reuptake and stimulates 5-HT release, significantly increased plasma corticosterone and blood glucose levels in association with increased hypothalamic CRH mRNA levels.
163	17218444	These results suggest that inhibition of 5-HT and NA reuptake induces appetite-suppressing effects independent of 5-HT2C and 5-HT1B receptors, and increases hypothalamic POMC and CART gene expression without increasing plasma corticosterone and blood glucose levels in mice.
164	17228084	Interestingly, ageing does not significantly alter hypothalamic mRNA levels of important anorexigens such as CART and aMSH.
165	18505834	To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6 mice and GIP-receptor knockout mice (Gipr(-/-)) were exposed to OVX or sham operation (n = 10 per group).
166	18505834	Cumulative food intake in OVX Gipr(-/-) animals was significantly reduced and associated with significantly lower hypothalamic mRNA expression of the orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) but not of cocaine-amphetamine-related transcript (CART), melanocortin receptors (MCR-3 and MCR-4), or thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
167	18675898	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and neuropeptide Y in the forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus: a double immunofluorescent labeling study.
168	18675898	Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are involved in the regulation of food intake, body weight, pituitary hormones, and reproduction.
169	18675898	While CART and NPY occupy overlapping fields in the brain of mammals, little is known about the interaction between these peptide-containing systems in other vertebrates.
170	18675898	We explored neuroanatomical associations between CART and NPY in the olfactory system, forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus, using double immunofluorescence method.
171	18675898	NPY-containing fascicles from olfactory receptor neurons innervated the olfactory glomeruli and mitral cell layer in close association with CART-containing terminal fields.
172	18675898	Distinct CART- or NPY-containing fibers were seen in the medial olfactory tract.
173	18675898	In the dorsal telencephalon, CART- and NPY-immunoreactive axons were closely associated in area dorsalis telencephali/pars lateralis dorsalis (Dld), and posterioris (Dlp).
174	18675898	In the ventral telencephalon, while most of the cells of nucleus entopeduncularis (NE) showed the presence of CART as well as NPY, a few cells with only NPY-immunoreactivity were observed.
175	18675898	Similarly, a CART and NPY colocalized cell population was prominent in the preoptic area (POA); and a small population of cells with NPY-immunoreactivity was also evident.
176	18675898	Other areas where CART and NPY were colocalized included fibers in the tuberal area, inferior lobe, neurohypophysis, proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia of the pituitary.
177	18675898	No association between CART and NPY was observed in the thalamus and habenular ganglion.
178	18675898	These results suggest that CART- and NPY-peptidergic systems may interact in NE, POA, tuberal area, certain telencephalic areas and pituitary and jointly process information relating to reproduction, feeding and neuroendocrine regulation.
179	18675898	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and neuropeptide Y in the forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus: a double immunofluorescent labeling study.
180	18675898	Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are involved in the regulation of food intake, body weight, pituitary hormones, and reproduction.
181	18675898	While CART and NPY occupy overlapping fields in the brain of mammals, little is known about the interaction between these peptide-containing systems in other vertebrates.
182	18675898	We explored neuroanatomical associations between CART and NPY in the olfactory system, forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus, using double immunofluorescence method.
183	18675898	NPY-containing fascicles from olfactory receptor neurons innervated the olfactory glomeruli and mitral cell layer in close association with CART-containing terminal fields.
184	18675898	Distinct CART- or NPY-containing fibers were seen in the medial olfactory tract.
185	18675898	In the dorsal telencephalon, CART- and NPY-immunoreactive axons were closely associated in area dorsalis telencephali/pars lateralis dorsalis (Dld), and posterioris (Dlp).
186	18675898	In the ventral telencephalon, while most of the cells of nucleus entopeduncularis (NE) showed the presence of CART as well as NPY, a few cells with only NPY-immunoreactivity were observed.
187	18675898	Similarly, a CART and NPY colocalized cell population was prominent in the preoptic area (POA); and a small population of cells with NPY-immunoreactivity was also evident.
188	18675898	Other areas where CART and NPY were colocalized included fibers in the tuberal area, inferior lobe, neurohypophysis, proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia of the pituitary.
189	18675898	No association between CART and NPY was observed in the thalamus and habenular ganglion.
190	18675898	These results suggest that CART- and NPY-peptidergic systems may interact in NE, POA, tuberal area, certain telencephalic areas and pituitary and jointly process information relating to reproduction, feeding and neuroendocrine regulation.
191	18675898	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and neuropeptide Y in the forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus: a double immunofluorescent labeling study.
192	18675898	Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are involved in the regulation of food intake, body weight, pituitary hormones, and reproduction.
193	18675898	While CART and NPY occupy overlapping fields in the brain of mammals, little is known about the interaction between these peptide-containing systems in other vertebrates.
194	18675898	We explored neuroanatomical associations between CART and NPY in the olfactory system, forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus, using double immunofluorescence method.
195	18675898	NPY-containing fascicles from olfactory receptor neurons innervated the olfactory glomeruli and mitral cell layer in close association with CART-containing terminal fields.
196	18675898	Distinct CART- or NPY-containing fibers were seen in the medial olfactory tract.
197	18675898	In the dorsal telencephalon, CART- and NPY-immunoreactive axons were closely associated in area dorsalis telencephali/pars lateralis dorsalis (Dld), and posterioris (Dlp).
198	18675898	In the ventral telencephalon, while most of the cells of nucleus entopeduncularis (NE) showed the presence of CART as well as NPY, a few cells with only NPY-immunoreactivity were observed.
199	18675898	Similarly, a CART and NPY colocalized cell population was prominent in the preoptic area (POA); and a small population of cells with NPY-immunoreactivity was also evident.
200	18675898	Other areas where CART and NPY were colocalized included fibers in the tuberal area, inferior lobe, neurohypophysis, proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia of the pituitary.
201	18675898	No association between CART and NPY was observed in the thalamus and habenular ganglion.
202	18675898	These results suggest that CART- and NPY-peptidergic systems may interact in NE, POA, tuberal area, certain telencephalic areas and pituitary and jointly process information relating to reproduction, feeding and neuroendocrine regulation.
203	18675898	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and neuropeptide Y in the forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus: a double immunofluorescent labeling study.
204	18675898	Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are involved in the regulation of food intake, body weight, pituitary hormones, and reproduction.
205	18675898	While CART and NPY occupy overlapping fields in the brain of mammals, little is known about the interaction between these peptide-containing systems in other vertebrates.
206	18675898	We explored neuroanatomical associations between CART and NPY in the olfactory system, forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus, using double immunofluorescence method.
207	18675898	NPY-containing fascicles from olfactory receptor neurons innervated the olfactory glomeruli and mitral cell layer in close association with CART-containing terminal fields.
208	18675898	Distinct CART- or NPY-containing fibers were seen in the medial olfactory tract.
209	18675898	In the dorsal telencephalon, CART- and NPY-immunoreactive axons were closely associated in area dorsalis telencephali/pars lateralis dorsalis (Dld), and posterioris (Dlp).
210	18675898	In the ventral telencephalon, while most of the cells of nucleus entopeduncularis (NE) showed the presence of CART as well as NPY, a few cells with only NPY-immunoreactivity were observed.
211	18675898	Similarly, a CART and NPY colocalized cell population was prominent in the preoptic area (POA); and a small population of cells with NPY-immunoreactivity was also evident.
212	18675898	Other areas where CART and NPY were colocalized included fibers in the tuberal area, inferior lobe, neurohypophysis, proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia of the pituitary.
213	18675898	No association between CART and NPY was observed in the thalamus and habenular ganglion.
214	18675898	These results suggest that CART- and NPY-peptidergic systems may interact in NE, POA, tuberal area, certain telencephalic areas and pituitary and jointly process information relating to reproduction, feeding and neuroendocrine regulation.
215	18675898	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and neuropeptide Y in the forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus: a double immunofluorescent labeling study.
216	18675898	Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are involved in the regulation of food intake, body weight, pituitary hormones, and reproduction.
217	18675898	While CART and NPY occupy overlapping fields in the brain of mammals, little is known about the interaction between these peptide-containing systems in other vertebrates.
218	18675898	We explored neuroanatomical associations between CART and NPY in the olfactory system, forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus, using double immunofluorescence method.
219	18675898	NPY-containing fascicles from olfactory receptor neurons innervated the olfactory glomeruli and mitral cell layer in close association with CART-containing terminal fields.
220	18675898	Distinct CART- or NPY-containing fibers were seen in the medial olfactory tract.
221	18675898	In the dorsal telencephalon, CART- and NPY-immunoreactive axons were closely associated in area dorsalis telencephali/pars lateralis dorsalis (Dld), and posterioris (Dlp).
222	18675898	In the ventral telencephalon, while most of the cells of nucleus entopeduncularis (NE) showed the presence of CART as well as NPY, a few cells with only NPY-immunoreactivity were observed.
223	18675898	Similarly, a CART and NPY colocalized cell population was prominent in the preoptic area (POA); and a small population of cells with NPY-immunoreactivity was also evident.
224	18675898	Other areas where CART and NPY were colocalized included fibers in the tuberal area, inferior lobe, neurohypophysis, proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia of the pituitary.
225	18675898	No association between CART and NPY was observed in the thalamus and habenular ganglion.
226	18675898	These results suggest that CART- and NPY-peptidergic systems may interact in NE, POA, tuberal area, certain telencephalic areas and pituitary and jointly process information relating to reproduction, feeding and neuroendocrine regulation.
227	18675898	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and neuropeptide Y in the forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus: a double immunofluorescent labeling study.
228	18675898	Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are involved in the regulation of food intake, body weight, pituitary hormones, and reproduction.
229	18675898	While CART and NPY occupy overlapping fields in the brain of mammals, little is known about the interaction between these peptide-containing systems in other vertebrates.
230	18675898	We explored neuroanatomical associations between CART and NPY in the olfactory system, forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus, using double immunofluorescence method.
231	18675898	NPY-containing fascicles from olfactory receptor neurons innervated the olfactory glomeruli and mitral cell layer in close association with CART-containing terminal fields.
232	18675898	Distinct CART- or NPY-containing fibers were seen in the medial olfactory tract.
233	18675898	In the dorsal telencephalon, CART- and NPY-immunoreactive axons were closely associated in area dorsalis telencephali/pars lateralis dorsalis (Dld), and posterioris (Dlp).
234	18675898	In the ventral telencephalon, while most of the cells of nucleus entopeduncularis (NE) showed the presence of CART as well as NPY, a few cells with only NPY-immunoreactivity were observed.
235	18675898	Similarly, a CART and NPY colocalized cell population was prominent in the preoptic area (POA); and a small population of cells with NPY-immunoreactivity was also evident.
236	18675898	Other areas where CART and NPY were colocalized included fibers in the tuberal area, inferior lobe, neurohypophysis, proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia of the pituitary.
237	18675898	No association between CART and NPY was observed in the thalamus and habenular ganglion.
238	18675898	These results suggest that CART- and NPY-peptidergic systems may interact in NE, POA, tuberal area, certain telencephalic areas and pituitary and jointly process information relating to reproduction, feeding and neuroendocrine regulation.
239	18675898	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and neuropeptide Y in the forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus: a double immunofluorescent labeling study.
240	18675898	Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are involved in the regulation of food intake, body weight, pituitary hormones, and reproduction.
241	18675898	While CART and NPY occupy overlapping fields in the brain of mammals, little is known about the interaction between these peptide-containing systems in other vertebrates.
242	18675898	We explored neuroanatomical associations between CART and NPY in the olfactory system, forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus, using double immunofluorescence method.
243	18675898	NPY-containing fascicles from olfactory receptor neurons innervated the olfactory glomeruli and mitral cell layer in close association with CART-containing terminal fields.
244	18675898	Distinct CART- or NPY-containing fibers were seen in the medial olfactory tract.
245	18675898	In the dorsal telencephalon, CART- and NPY-immunoreactive axons were closely associated in area dorsalis telencephali/pars lateralis dorsalis (Dld), and posterioris (Dlp).
246	18675898	In the ventral telencephalon, while most of the cells of nucleus entopeduncularis (NE) showed the presence of CART as well as NPY, a few cells with only NPY-immunoreactivity were observed.
247	18675898	Similarly, a CART and NPY colocalized cell population was prominent in the preoptic area (POA); and a small population of cells with NPY-immunoreactivity was also evident.
248	18675898	Other areas where CART and NPY were colocalized included fibers in the tuberal area, inferior lobe, neurohypophysis, proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia of the pituitary.
249	18675898	No association between CART and NPY was observed in the thalamus and habenular ganglion.
250	18675898	These results suggest that CART- and NPY-peptidergic systems may interact in NE, POA, tuberal area, certain telencephalic areas and pituitary and jointly process information relating to reproduction, feeding and neuroendocrine regulation.
251	18675898	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and neuropeptide Y in the forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus: a double immunofluorescent labeling study.
252	18675898	Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are involved in the regulation of food intake, body weight, pituitary hormones, and reproduction.
253	18675898	While CART and NPY occupy overlapping fields in the brain of mammals, little is known about the interaction between these peptide-containing systems in other vertebrates.
254	18675898	We explored neuroanatomical associations between CART and NPY in the olfactory system, forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus, using double immunofluorescence method.
255	18675898	NPY-containing fascicles from olfactory receptor neurons innervated the olfactory glomeruli and mitral cell layer in close association with CART-containing terminal fields.
256	18675898	Distinct CART- or NPY-containing fibers were seen in the medial olfactory tract.
257	18675898	In the dorsal telencephalon, CART- and NPY-immunoreactive axons were closely associated in area dorsalis telencephali/pars lateralis dorsalis (Dld), and posterioris (Dlp).
258	18675898	In the ventral telencephalon, while most of the cells of nucleus entopeduncularis (NE) showed the presence of CART as well as NPY, a few cells with only NPY-immunoreactivity were observed.
259	18675898	Similarly, a CART and NPY colocalized cell population was prominent in the preoptic area (POA); and a small population of cells with NPY-immunoreactivity was also evident.
260	18675898	Other areas where CART and NPY were colocalized included fibers in the tuberal area, inferior lobe, neurohypophysis, proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia of the pituitary.
261	18675898	No association between CART and NPY was observed in the thalamus and habenular ganglion.
262	18675898	These results suggest that CART- and NPY-peptidergic systems may interact in NE, POA, tuberal area, certain telencephalic areas and pituitary and jointly process information relating to reproduction, feeding and neuroendocrine regulation.
263	18675898	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and neuropeptide Y in the forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus: a double immunofluorescent labeling study.
264	18675898	Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are involved in the regulation of food intake, body weight, pituitary hormones, and reproduction.
265	18675898	While CART and NPY occupy overlapping fields in the brain of mammals, little is known about the interaction between these peptide-containing systems in other vertebrates.
266	18675898	We explored neuroanatomical associations between CART and NPY in the olfactory system, forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus, using double immunofluorescence method.
267	18675898	NPY-containing fascicles from olfactory receptor neurons innervated the olfactory glomeruli and mitral cell layer in close association with CART-containing terminal fields.
268	18675898	Distinct CART- or NPY-containing fibers were seen in the medial olfactory tract.
269	18675898	In the dorsal telencephalon, CART- and NPY-immunoreactive axons were closely associated in area dorsalis telencephali/pars lateralis dorsalis (Dld), and posterioris (Dlp).
270	18675898	In the ventral telencephalon, while most of the cells of nucleus entopeduncularis (NE) showed the presence of CART as well as NPY, a few cells with only NPY-immunoreactivity were observed.
271	18675898	Similarly, a CART and NPY colocalized cell population was prominent in the preoptic area (POA); and a small population of cells with NPY-immunoreactivity was also evident.
272	18675898	Other areas where CART and NPY were colocalized included fibers in the tuberal area, inferior lobe, neurohypophysis, proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia of the pituitary.
273	18675898	No association between CART and NPY was observed in the thalamus and habenular ganglion.
274	18675898	These results suggest that CART- and NPY-peptidergic systems may interact in NE, POA, tuberal area, certain telencephalic areas and pituitary and jointly process information relating to reproduction, feeding and neuroendocrine regulation.
275	18675898	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and neuropeptide Y in the forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus: a double immunofluorescent labeling study.
276	18675898	Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are involved in the regulation of food intake, body weight, pituitary hormones, and reproduction.
277	18675898	While CART and NPY occupy overlapping fields in the brain of mammals, little is known about the interaction between these peptide-containing systems in other vertebrates.
278	18675898	We explored neuroanatomical associations between CART and NPY in the olfactory system, forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus, using double immunofluorescence method.
279	18675898	NPY-containing fascicles from olfactory receptor neurons innervated the olfactory glomeruli and mitral cell layer in close association with CART-containing terminal fields.
280	18675898	Distinct CART- or NPY-containing fibers were seen in the medial olfactory tract.
281	18675898	In the dorsal telencephalon, CART- and NPY-immunoreactive axons were closely associated in area dorsalis telencephali/pars lateralis dorsalis (Dld), and posterioris (Dlp).
282	18675898	In the ventral telencephalon, while most of the cells of nucleus entopeduncularis (NE) showed the presence of CART as well as NPY, a few cells with only NPY-immunoreactivity were observed.
283	18675898	Similarly, a CART and NPY colocalized cell population was prominent in the preoptic area (POA); and a small population of cells with NPY-immunoreactivity was also evident.
284	18675898	Other areas where CART and NPY were colocalized included fibers in the tuberal area, inferior lobe, neurohypophysis, proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia of the pituitary.
285	18675898	No association between CART and NPY was observed in the thalamus and habenular ganglion.
286	18675898	These results suggest that CART- and NPY-peptidergic systems may interact in NE, POA, tuberal area, certain telencephalic areas and pituitary and jointly process information relating to reproduction, feeding and neuroendocrine regulation.
287	18675898	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and neuropeptide Y in the forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus: a double immunofluorescent labeling study.
288	18675898	Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are involved in the regulation of food intake, body weight, pituitary hormones, and reproduction.
289	18675898	While CART and NPY occupy overlapping fields in the brain of mammals, little is known about the interaction between these peptide-containing systems in other vertebrates.
290	18675898	We explored neuroanatomical associations between CART and NPY in the olfactory system, forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus, using double immunofluorescence method.
291	18675898	NPY-containing fascicles from olfactory receptor neurons innervated the olfactory glomeruli and mitral cell layer in close association with CART-containing terminal fields.
292	18675898	Distinct CART- or NPY-containing fibers were seen in the medial olfactory tract.
293	18675898	In the dorsal telencephalon, CART- and NPY-immunoreactive axons were closely associated in area dorsalis telencephali/pars lateralis dorsalis (Dld), and posterioris (Dlp).
294	18675898	In the ventral telencephalon, while most of the cells of nucleus entopeduncularis (NE) showed the presence of CART as well as NPY, a few cells with only NPY-immunoreactivity were observed.
295	18675898	Similarly, a CART and NPY colocalized cell population was prominent in the preoptic area (POA); and a small population of cells with NPY-immunoreactivity was also evident.
296	18675898	Other areas where CART and NPY were colocalized included fibers in the tuberal area, inferior lobe, neurohypophysis, proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia of the pituitary.
297	18675898	No association between CART and NPY was observed in the thalamus and habenular ganglion.
298	18675898	These results suggest that CART- and NPY-peptidergic systems may interact in NE, POA, tuberal area, certain telencephalic areas and pituitary and jointly process information relating to reproduction, feeding and neuroendocrine regulation.
299	18675898	Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and neuropeptide Y in the forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus: a double immunofluorescent labeling study.
300	18675898	Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are involved in the regulation of food intake, body weight, pituitary hormones, and reproduction.
301	18675898	While CART and NPY occupy overlapping fields in the brain of mammals, little is known about the interaction between these peptide-containing systems in other vertebrates.
302	18675898	We explored neuroanatomical associations between CART and NPY in the olfactory system, forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus, using double immunofluorescence method.
303	18675898	NPY-containing fascicles from olfactory receptor neurons innervated the olfactory glomeruli and mitral cell layer in close association with CART-containing terminal fields.
304	18675898	Distinct CART- or NPY-containing fibers were seen in the medial olfactory tract.
305	18675898	In the dorsal telencephalon, CART- and NPY-immunoreactive axons were closely associated in area dorsalis telencephali/pars lateralis dorsalis (Dld), and posterioris (Dlp).
306	18675898	In the ventral telencephalon, while most of the cells of nucleus entopeduncularis (NE) showed the presence of CART as well as NPY, a few cells with only NPY-immunoreactivity were observed.
307	18675898	Similarly, a CART and NPY colocalized cell population was prominent in the preoptic area (POA); and a small population of cells with NPY-immunoreactivity was also evident.
308	18675898	Other areas where CART and NPY were colocalized included fibers in the tuberal area, inferior lobe, neurohypophysis, proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia of the pituitary.
309	18675898	No association between CART and NPY was observed in the thalamus and habenular ganglion.
310	18675898	These results suggest that CART- and NPY-peptidergic systems may interact in NE, POA, tuberal area, certain telencephalic areas and pituitary and jointly process information relating to reproduction, feeding and neuroendocrine regulation.
311	18971258	At the termination of the experiment, hypothalamic mRNA expression levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related protein (AGRP), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), orexin, brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), phosphatase with tensin homology (Pten), melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R), and NPY-Y1R were determined.
312	18971258	Gene expression profiles identified exercise as having a significant effect on hypothalamic POMC, orexin, and MC3R levels.
313	18971258	Genotype had a significant effect on AGRP, POMC, CART, and NPY-Y1R, with an exercise and genotype interaction effect on NPY gene expression.
314	18971258	At the termination of the experiment, hypothalamic mRNA expression levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related protein (AGRP), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), orexin, brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), phosphatase with tensin homology (Pten), melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R), and NPY-Y1R were determined.
315	18971258	Gene expression profiles identified exercise as having a significant effect on hypothalamic POMC, orexin, and MC3R levels.
316	18971258	Genotype had a significant effect on AGRP, POMC, CART, and NPY-Y1R, with an exercise and genotype interaction effect on NPY gene expression.
317	18998217	Rosiglitazone, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, is an insulin sensitizing agent in peripheral tissues.
318	18998217	There were significant differences in cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cell numbers between rosiglitazone control group and rosiglitazone + STZ-diabetic group.
319	18998217	We found a statistically significant difference in islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) mRNA signals between the STZ-diabetic group and the rosiglitazone + STZ-diabetic group.
320	20410123	Ventral tegmental area leptin receptor neurons specifically project to and regulate cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript neurons of the extended central amygdala.
321	20410123	Furthermore, transgenic mice expressing the trans-synaptic tracer wheat germ agglutinin in LepRb neurons reveal the innervation of CeA cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) neurons by LepRb neurons, and leptin suppresses the increased CeA CART expression of leptin-deficient animals.
322	20410123	Ventral tegmental area leptin receptor neurons specifically project to and regulate cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript neurons of the extended central amygdala.
323	20410123	Furthermore, transgenic mice expressing the trans-synaptic tracer wheat germ agglutinin in LepRb neurons reveal the innervation of CeA cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) neurons by LepRb neurons, and leptin suppresses the increased CeA CART expression of leptin-deficient animals.
324	20626417	Possible interactions between neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related protein (AGRP), α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) were evaluated in an in vitro hypothalamic explant system.
325	20626417	Incubation of hypothalamic explants with 0.4, 4 and 40 nmol/L CART (55-102) for 45 min significantly increased NPY IR, whereas exposure of explants to 4 nmol/L CART (55-102) increased AGRP IR and CRH IR.
326	20703054	However, aging did not alter hypothalamic expression of key anorexigens, alpha-MSH and CART.
327	21083697	Several central and peripheral neurohumoral factors (the major ones being the anorectic adipokines leptin and adiponecin and the orexigenic gut hormone ghrelin) acting on the anorectic (pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) and orexigenic (neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein) neurons regulate energy balance.
328	23318496	CART deficient mice exhibit islet dysfunction, impaired insulin secretion and increased body weight.
329	23318496	Stimulating rat primary adipocytes with CART significantly potentiated isoprenaline-induced lipolysis, and hormone sensitive lipase activation (phosphorylation of Ser 563).
330	23318496	On the other hand, CART significantly potentiated the inhibitory effect of insulin on isoprenaline-induced lipolysis.
331	23318496	CART inhibited insulin-induced glucose uptake and lipogenesis, which was associated with inhibition of PKB phosphorylation.
332	23318496	Depending on the surrounding conditions, the effects of CART are insulin-like or insulin-antagonistic.
333	23318496	CART deficient mice exhibit islet dysfunction, impaired insulin secretion and increased body weight.
334	23318496	Stimulating rat primary adipocytes with CART significantly potentiated isoprenaline-induced lipolysis, and hormone sensitive lipase activation (phosphorylation of Ser 563).
335	23318496	On the other hand, CART significantly potentiated the inhibitory effect of insulin on isoprenaline-induced lipolysis.
336	23318496	CART inhibited insulin-induced glucose uptake and lipogenesis, which was associated with inhibition of PKB phosphorylation.
337	23318496	Depending on the surrounding conditions, the effects of CART are insulin-like or insulin-antagonistic.
338	23318496	CART deficient mice exhibit islet dysfunction, impaired insulin secretion and increased body weight.
339	23318496	Stimulating rat primary adipocytes with CART significantly potentiated isoprenaline-induced lipolysis, and hormone sensitive lipase activation (phosphorylation of Ser 563).
340	23318496	On the other hand, CART significantly potentiated the inhibitory effect of insulin on isoprenaline-induced lipolysis.
341	23318496	CART inhibited insulin-induced glucose uptake and lipogenesis, which was associated with inhibition of PKB phosphorylation.
342	23318496	Depending on the surrounding conditions, the effects of CART are insulin-like or insulin-antagonistic.
343	23318496	CART deficient mice exhibit islet dysfunction, impaired insulin secretion and increased body weight.
344	23318496	Stimulating rat primary adipocytes with CART significantly potentiated isoprenaline-induced lipolysis, and hormone sensitive lipase activation (phosphorylation of Ser 563).
345	23318496	On the other hand, CART significantly potentiated the inhibitory effect of insulin on isoprenaline-induced lipolysis.
346	23318496	CART inhibited insulin-induced glucose uptake and lipogenesis, which was associated with inhibition of PKB phosphorylation.
347	23318496	Depending on the surrounding conditions, the effects of CART are insulin-like or insulin-antagonistic.
348	23318496	CART deficient mice exhibit islet dysfunction, impaired insulin secretion and increased body weight.
349	23318496	Stimulating rat primary adipocytes with CART significantly potentiated isoprenaline-induced lipolysis, and hormone sensitive lipase activation (phosphorylation of Ser 563).
350	23318496	On the other hand, CART significantly potentiated the inhibitory effect of insulin on isoprenaline-induced lipolysis.
351	23318496	CART inhibited insulin-induced glucose uptake and lipogenesis, which was associated with inhibition of PKB phosphorylation.
352	23318496	Depending on the surrounding conditions, the effects of CART are insulin-like or insulin-antagonistic.
353	23939195	The biochemical utility of chromogranin A, chromogranin B and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript for neuroendocrine neoplasia.
354	23939195	The peptides chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) are widely distributed throughout the neuroendocrine system.
355	23939195	CgA and CgB have been used as general NEN biomarkers for many years, while CART has only recently been identified.
356	23939195	However, circulating CgA concentrations exhibit considerable intra-individual biological variation, are altered by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and somatostatin analogues and are elevated in non-NEN malignancies.
357	23939195	The effects of treatment and non-NEN conditions on circulating CgB and CART concentrations are less well understood.
358	23939195	CgB is less affected by impaired renal function and PPIs than CgA; while, circulating CART concentrations lack a diurnal variation in humans and are more reliable markers of pancreatic NEN malignancy than CgA.
359	23939195	However, the utility of CgB and CART in NEN management is yet to be elucidated.
360	23939195	Further studies are needed to establish whether CgB and CART are useful alternatives to CgA.
361	23939195	The biochemical utility of chromogranin A, chromogranin B and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript for neuroendocrine neoplasia.
362	23939195	The peptides chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) are widely distributed throughout the neuroendocrine system.
363	23939195	CgA and CgB have been used as general NEN biomarkers for many years, while CART has only recently been identified.
364	23939195	However, circulating CgA concentrations exhibit considerable intra-individual biological variation, are altered by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and somatostatin analogues and are elevated in non-NEN malignancies.
365	23939195	The effects of treatment and non-NEN conditions on circulating CgB and CART concentrations are less well understood.
366	23939195	CgB is less affected by impaired renal function and PPIs than CgA; while, circulating CART concentrations lack a diurnal variation in humans and are more reliable markers of pancreatic NEN malignancy than CgA.
367	23939195	However, the utility of CgB and CART in NEN management is yet to be elucidated.
368	23939195	Further studies are needed to establish whether CgB and CART are useful alternatives to CgA.
369	23939195	The biochemical utility of chromogranin A, chromogranin B and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript for neuroendocrine neoplasia.
370	23939195	The peptides chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) are widely distributed throughout the neuroendocrine system.
371	23939195	CgA and CgB have been used as general NEN biomarkers for many years, while CART has only recently been identified.
372	23939195	However, circulating CgA concentrations exhibit considerable intra-individual biological variation, are altered by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and somatostatin analogues and are elevated in non-NEN malignancies.
373	23939195	The effects of treatment and non-NEN conditions on circulating CgB and CART concentrations are less well understood.
374	23939195	CgB is less affected by impaired renal function and PPIs than CgA; while, circulating CART concentrations lack a diurnal variation in humans and are more reliable markers of pancreatic NEN malignancy than CgA.
375	23939195	However, the utility of CgB and CART in NEN management is yet to be elucidated.
376	23939195	Further studies are needed to establish whether CgB and CART are useful alternatives to CgA.
377	23939195	The biochemical utility of chromogranin A, chromogranin B and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript for neuroendocrine neoplasia.
378	23939195	The peptides chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) are widely distributed throughout the neuroendocrine system.
379	23939195	CgA and CgB have been used as general NEN biomarkers for many years, while CART has only recently been identified.
380	23939195	However, circulating CgA concentrations exhibit considerable intra-individual biological variation, are altered by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and somatostatin analogues and are elevated in non-NEN malignancies.
381	23939195	The effects of treatment and non-NEN conditions on circulating CgB and CART concentrations are less well understood.
382	23939195	CgB is less affected by impaired renal function and PPIs than CgA; while, circulating CART concentrations lack a diurnal variation in humans and are more reliable markers of pancreatic NEN malignancy than CgA.
383	23939195	However, the utility of CgB and CART in NEN management is yet to be elucidated.
384	23939195	Further studies are needed to establish whether CgB and CART are useful alternatives to CgA.
385	23939195	The biochemical utility of chromogranin A, chromogranin B and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript for neuroendocrine neoplasia.
386	23939195	The peptides chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) are widely distributed throughout the neuroendocrine system.
387	23939195	CgA and CgB have been used as general NEN biomarkers for many years, while CART has only recently been identified.
388	23939195	However, circulating CgA concentrations exhibit considerable intra-individual biological variation, are altered by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and somatostatin analogues and are elevated in non-NEN malignancies.
389	23939195	The effects of treatment and non-NEN conditions on circulating CgB and CART concentrations are less well understood.
390	23939195	CgB is less affected by impaired renal function and PPIs than CgA; while, circulating CART concentrations lack a diurnal variation in humans and are more reliable markers of pancreatic NEN malignancy than CgA.
391	23939195	However, the utility of CgB and CART in NEN management is yet to be elucidated.
392	23939195	Further studies are needed to establish whether CgB and CART are useful alternatives to CgA.
393	23939195	The biochemical utility of chromogranin A, chromogranin B and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript for neuroendocrine neoplasia.
394	23939195	The peptides chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) are widely distributed throughout the neuroendocrine system.
395	23939195	CgA and CgB have been used as general NEN biomarkers for many years, while CART has only recently been identified.
396	23939195	However, circulating CgA concentrations exhibit considerable intra-individual biological variation, are altered by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and somatostatin analogues and are elevated in non-NEN malignancies.
397	23939195	The effects of treatment and non-NEN conditions on circulating CgB and CART concentrations are less well understood.
398	23939195	CgB is less affected by impaired renal function and PPIs than CgA; while, circulating CART concentrations lack a diurnal variation in humans and are more reliable markers of pancreatic NEN malignancy than CgA.
399	23939195	However, the utility of CgB and CART in NEN management is yet to be elucidated.
400	23939195	Further studies are needed to establish whether CgB and CART are useful alternatives to CgA.
401	23939195	The biochemical utility of chromogranin A, chromogranin B and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript for neuroendocrine neoplasia.
402	23939195	The peptides chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) are widely distributed throughout the neuroendocrine system.
403	23939195	CgA and CgB have been used as general NEN biomarkers for many years, while CART has only recently been identified.
404	23939195	However, circulating CgA concentrations exhibit considerable intra-individual biological variation, are altered by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and somatostatin analogues and are elevated in non-NEN malignancies.
405	23939195	The effects of treatment and non-NEN conditions on circulating CgB and CART concentrations are less well understood.
406	23939195	CgB is less affected by impaired renal function and PPIs than CgA; while, circulating CART concentrations lack a diurnal variation in humans and are more reliable markers of pancreatic NEN malignancy than CgA.
407	23939195	However, the utility of CgB and CART in NEN management is yet to be elucidated.
408	23939195	Further studies are needed to establish whether CgB and CART are useful alternatives to CgA.