Ignet

Gene Information

Gene symbol: GLUL

Gene name: glutamate-ammonia ligase

HGNC ID: 4341

Related Genes

#	Gene Symbol	Number of hits
1	BCL2	1 hits
2	CTNNB1	1 hits
3	GAD1	1 hits
4	GCK	1 hits
5	GFAP	1 hits
6	GGT1	1 hits
7	GLS	1 hits
8	GLS2	1 hits
9	GSR	1 hits
10	GSTA1	1 hits
11	GSTA2	1 hits
12	GSTCD	1 hits
13	HADH	1 hits
14	INS	1 hits
15	JUP	1 hits
16	KRT7	1 hits
17	ME1	1 hits
18	PC	1 hits
19	PCK2	1 hits
20	PKLR	1 hits
21	PNPLA2	1 hits
22	RPS27A	1 hits
23	UQCR	1 hits
24	VEGFA	1 hits

Related Sentences

#	PMID	Sentence
1	1463765	In gastrocnemius muscle, glutamine synthetase activity (Vmax) was unaltered by diabetes (approx. 235 nmol/min per g) but glutaminase Vmax increased from 146 +/- 29 to 401 +/- 94 nmol/min per g; substrate Km values of neither enzyme were affected by diabetes.
2	1970710	The increases in glutamine synthetase activity and mRNA level in muscle from diabetic rats were reversed by insulin administration.
3	1979948	A hybridocytochemical analysis of adult liver from normal control and from hormonally and dietary-treated rats was carried out, using radioactively-labelled probes for the mRNAs of glutamine synthetase (GS), carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPS) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK).
4	3010376	The key enzymes involved in glucose uptake and release and in urea and glutamine formation are reciprocally distributed over the liver parenchyma: The glucogenic enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), fructosebisphosphatase (FBPase) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) as well as the ureagenic enzyme carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CAPS) are predominant in the periportal zone.
5	3010376	The glycolytic enzymes glucokinase (GK) and pyruvate kinase type L (PKL) as well as the glutaminogenic enzyme glutamine synthetase (GluNS) are prevalent in the perivenous zone.
6	3010376	With this change the zonation of PEPCK and PKL were also lost; it was restored only during the second week after operation.
7	3010376	Zonation of PEPCK and PKL were diminished to such an extent that the major function of the perivenous zone was altered from glucose uptake to release.
8	3010376	Zonation of PEPCK was increased and that of PKL decreased in such a manner that the major function of the perivenous zone, glucose uptake, was not entirely changed but only diminished.
9	4157228	[Glutamine synthetase and glutaminase activity in the brain and liver homogenates and subcellular fractions of rats with alloxan diabetes (3)].
10	6231975	Glutaminase I, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and lactate dehydrogenase were measured.
11	9519752	In this study, we sought evidence for diabetes-induced Müller cell abnormalities by testing the expression of three proteins (Bcl-2, glutamine synthetase [GS], and glial fibrillar acidic protein [GFAP]) that are solely or predominantly expressed in Müller cells and show a reproducible pattern of changes in the context of retinal injuries or degenerations.
12	10343979	The content of glutathione (GSH) and its synthesizing enzyme gamma-glutamylcystein synthetase and also superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities (reactive oxygen scavenging enzymes) were significantly decreased from almost all the brain regions studied.
13	10343979	However, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities were increased in the diabetic rat brain.
14	10736366	The differential expression of glutamine synthetase (perivenous) and glutaminase (periportal) within the liver indicates that glutamine is used for urea synthesis in periportal cells, whereas glutamine synthesis serves to detoxify any residual ammonia in perivenous cells.
15	10736366	Experiments in vivo suggest that changes in net hepatic glutamine balance are due predominantly to regulation of glutaminase activity, with the flux through glutamine synthetase being relatively constant.
16	10736366	The differential expression of glutamine synthetase (perivenous) and glutaminase (periportal) within the liver indicates that glutamine is used for urea synthesis in periportal cells, whereas glutamine synthesis serves to detoxify any residual ammonia in perivenous cells.
17	10736366	Experiments in vivo suggest that changes in net hepatic glutamine balance are due predominantly to regulation of glutaminase activity, with the flux through glutamine synthetase being relatively constant.
18	10843776	The activity of glutamine synthetase was normalized by acute injections of insulin, but not by reducing blood sugar levels with injections of phlorizin.
19	11533295	Mechanisms governing the expression of the enzymes of glutamine metabolism--glutaminase and glutamine synthetase.
20	11533295	Whether on the scale of a single cell, organ or organism, glutamine homeostasis is to a large extent determined by the activities of glutaminase (GA, EC 3.5.1.2) and glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2), the two enzymes that are the focus of this report.
21	11533295	Mechanisms governing the expression of the enzymes of glutamine metabolism--glutaminase and glutamine synthetase.
22	11533295	Whether on the scale of a single cell, organ or organism, glutamine homeostasis is to a large extent determined by the activities of glutaminase (GA, EC 3.5.1.2) and glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2), the two enzymes that are the focus of this report.
23	11934540	Expression of high activities of both glutamine synthetase and glutaminase allows the liver to play a major role in the regulation of glutamine homeostasis.
24	11934540	Control of hepatic glutamine metabolism occurs almost exclusively through changes in the activity of glutaminase, with no change in glutamine synthetase flux.
25	11934540	Expression of high activities of both glutamine synthetase and glutaminase allows the liver to play a major role in the regulation of glutamine homeostasis.
26	11934540	Control of hepatic glutamine metabolism occurs almost exclusively through changes in the activity of glutaminase, with no change in glutamine synthetase flux.
27	12020614	Given the compartmentation of key enzymes such as pyruvate carboxylase and glutamine synthetase, the detection of label incorporation into glutamine indicated that neuronal and glial metabolism can be measured in vivo.
28	12716134	This group includes GRP78, valosin-containing protein, calreticulin, protein disulfide isomerase, DnaK, HSP70, HSP60, and TCP-1.
29	12716134	This group includes proprotein convertase subtilisin, collapsin response mediator protein 2, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein, L-3-hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, peroxiredoxin, and secretogogin.
30	18563560	Blood glucose content, content of taurine, glutamate and <gamma>-amino butyric acid (GABA) and expression of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glutamate transporter (GLAST), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) in retina were determined in diabetic rats fed without or with 5% taurine in a controlled trial lasting 12 weeks, with normal rats fed without or with 5% taurine served as controls.
31	18563560	With supplementation of taurine in diet, lower expression of GFAP and VEGF while higher expression of GLAST, GS and GAD in retina of diabetic rats were determinated by RT-PCR, Western-blotting and immunofluorescence (P < 0.05).
32	18563560	GFAP, VEGF, GLAST, GS and GAD expressions in normal controls were not altered by taurine treatment.
33	19669260	An HNF1alpha germline mutation is observed in less than 5% of HCA cases and can be associated with MODY 3 diabetes. (2) An activating beta-catenin mutation was found in 10% of HCA.
34	19669260	These beta-catenin activated HCAs are observed in men and women, and specific risk factors, such as male hormone administration or glycogenosis, are associated with their development.
35	19669260	Immunohistochemistry studies show that these HCAs overexpress beta-catenin (nuclear and cytoplasmic) and glutamine synthetase.
36	19669260	They express serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein.
37	19669260	An additional 10% of inflammatory HCAs express beta-catenin, and are also at risk of malignant transformation. (4) Currently, less than 10% of HCAs are unclassified.
38	21770802	Effect of pigment epithelium derived factor on the expression of glutamine synthetase in early phase of experimental diabetic retinopathy.
39	22418891	Immunostains for cytokeratin 7, ubiquitin, and glutamine synthetase provided additional histologic data supporting NAFLD as the cause of the cirrhosis in this case.