Ignet

Gene Information

Gene symbol: GNRHR

Gene name: gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor

HGNC ID: 4421

Synonyms: LHRHR

Related Genes

#	Gene Symbol	Number of hits
1	ADCYAP1	1 hits
2	CGA	1 hits
3	FGFR1	1 hits
4	FOS	1 hits
5	FSHB	1 hits
6	FST	1 hits
7	GLP1R	1 hits
8	GNRH1	1 hits
9	HMX1	1 hits
10	IHH	1 hits
11	INHBE	1 hits
12	JUN	1 hits
13	KAL1	1 hits
14	KISS1R	1 hits
15	LHB	1 hits
16	NELF	1 hits
17	PITX1	1 hits
18	TNFRSF1A	1 hits

Related Sentences

#	PMID	Sentence
1	9264049	LHRH receptors and LHRH receptor-bearing cells in pituitaries of streptozocin diabetic male rats.
2	9264049	Possible causes for the gonadotrope disorders may be low hypothalamic LHRH secretion alone or combined with reduced (a) number of LHRH receptor sites, or (b) receptor to ligand affinity, or (c) of LHRH receptor-bearing cells.
3	9264049	To clarify this question we determined by saturation and competition binding Bmax, KD and KA of the LHRH receptor sites and counted the receptor-bearing cells in pituitary glands of control and STZ-diabetic adult male rats.
4	9264049	The number of LHRH receptor-bearing cells in diabetic animals was increased.
5	9264049	We conclude that the reduced LH secretion from the diabetic pituitary gland might be due to a reduced number of LHRH receptor sites in the pituitary gland.
6	9264049	LHRH receptors and LHRH receptor-bearing cells in pituitaries of streptozocin diabetic male rats.
7	9264049	Possible causes for the gonadotrope disorders may be low hypothalamic LHRH secretion alone or combined with reduced (a) number of LHRH receptor sites, or (b) receptor to ligand affinity, or (c) of LHRH receptor-bearing cells.
8	9264049	To clarify this question we determined by saturation and competition binding Bmax, KD and KA of the LHRH receptor sites and counted the receptor-bearing cells in pituitary glands of control and STZ-diabetic adult male rats.
9	9264049	The number of LHRH receptor-bearing cells in diabetic animals was increased.
10	9264049	We conclude that the reduced LH secretion from the diabetic pituitary gland might be due to a reduced number of LHRH receptor sites in the pituitary gland.
11	9264049	LHRH receptors and LHRH receptor-bearing cells in pituitaries of streptozocin diabetic male rats.
12	9264049	Possible causes for the gonadotrope disorders may be low hypothalamic LHRH secretion alone or combined with reduced (a) number of LHRH receptor sites, or (b) receptor to ligand affinity, or (c) of LHRH receptor-bearing cells.
13	9264049	To clarify this question we determined by saturation and competition binding Bmax, KD and KA of the LHRH receptor sites and counted the receptor-bearing cells in pituitary glands of control and STZ-diabetic adult male rats.
14	9264049	The number of LHRH receptor-bearing cells in diabetic animals was increased.
15	9264049	We conclude that the reduced LH secretion from the diabetic pituitary gland might be due to a reduced number of LHRH receptor sites in the pituitary gland.
16	9264049	LHRH receptors and LHRH receptor-bearing cells in pituitaries of streptozocin diabetic male rats.
17	9264049	Possible causes for the gonadotrope disorders may be low hypothalamic LHRH secretion alone or combined with reduced (a) number of LHRH receptor sites, or (b) receptor to ligand affinity, or (c) of LHRH receptor-bearing cells.
18	9264049	To clarify this question we determined by saturation and competition binding Bmax, KD and KA of the LHRH receptor sites and counted the receptor-bearing cells in pituitary glands of control and STZ-diabetic adult male rats.
19	9264049	The number of LHRH receptor-bearing cells in diabetic animals was increased.
20	9264049	We conclude that the reduced LH secretion from the diabetic pituitary gland might be due to a reduced number of LHRH receptor sites in the pituitary gland.
21	9264049	LHRH receptors and LHRH receptor-bearing cells in pituitaries of streptozocin diabetic male rats.
22	9264049	Possible causes for the gonadotrope disorders may be low hypothalamic LHRH secretion alone or combined with reduced (a) number of LHRH receptor sites, or (b) receptor to ligand affinity, or (c) of LHRH receptor-bearing cells.
23	9264049	To clarify this question we determined by saturation and competition binding Bmax, KD and KA of the LHRH receptor sites and counted the receptor-bearing cells in pituitary glands of control and STZ-diabetic adult male rats.
24	9264049	The number of LHRH receptor-bearing cells in diabetic animals was increased.
25	9264049	We conclude that the reduced LH secretion from the diabetic pituitary gland might be due to a reduced number of LHRH receptor sites in the pituitary gland.
26	9439932	Involvement of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) in the postnatal function of the GnRH pulse generator as determined on the basis of GnRH and GnRH-receptor gene expression in the hypothalamus and the pituitary.
27	12959992	To test whether the increased incidence of diabetes in castrated male NOD mice is related to an increase in GnRH activity, we treated castrated male NOD mice with Antide, a GnRH receptor antagonist, to determine the effect on the incidence and timing of onset of diabetes.
28	15226417	Essential role of the homeodomain for pituitary homeobox 1 activation of mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene expression through interactions with c-Jun and DNA.
29	15226417	Pituitary homeobox 1 (Pitx-1) has been shown to activate pituitary-specific gene expression by direct DNA binding and/or protein-protein interaction with other transcription factors.
30	15226417	We hypothesized that Pitx-1 might also dictate tissue-specific expression of the mouse GnRHR (mGnRHR) gene in a similar manner.
31	15226417	Pitx-1 activated the mGnRHR gene promoter, and transactivation was localized to sequences between -308 and -264.
32	15226417	This region includes an activating protein 1 (AP-1) site, which was previously shown to be important for mGnRHR gene expression.
33	15226417	Further characterization indicated that an intact AP-1 site was required for full Pitx-1 responsiveness.
34	15226417	Furthermore, Pitx-1 and AP-1 were synergistic in the activation of the mGnRHR gene promoter.
35	15226417	Pitx-1 interacted directly with c-Jun, and the HD was sufficient for this interaction.
36	15226417	While the point mutation in the Pitx-1 HD did not affect interaction with c-Jun, deletion of the HD eliminated the interaction.
37	15226417	Taken together, our studies indicate that Pitx-1 can direct transactivation of the mGnRHR gene, in part by DNA binding and in part by an action of Pitx-1 as a cofactor for AP-1, augmenting AP-1 activity through a novel protein-protein interaction between c-Jun and the HD of Pitx-1.
38	15226417	Essential role of the homeodomain for pituitary homeobox 1 activation of mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene expression through interactions with c-Jun and DNA.
39	15226417	Pituitary homeobox 1 (Pitx-1) has been shown to activate pituitary-specific gene expression by direct DNA binding and/or protein-protein interaction with other transcription factors.
40	15226417	We hypothesized that Pitx-1 might also dictate tissue-specific expression of the mouse GnRHR (mGnRHR) gene in a similar manner.
41	15226417	Pitx-1 activated the mGnRHR gene promoter, and transactivation was localized to sequences between -308 and -264.
42	15226417	This region includes an activating protein 1 (AP-1) site, which was previously shown to be important for mGnRHR gene expression.
43	15226417	Further characterization indicated that an intact AP-1 site was required for full Pitx-1 responsiveness.
44	15226417	Furthermore, Pitx-1 and AP-1 were synergistic in the activation of the mGnRHR gene promoter.
45	15226417	Pitx-1 interacted directly with c-Jun, and the HD was sufficient for this interaction.
46	15226417	While the point mutation in the Pitx-1 HD did not affect interaction with c-Jun, deletion of the HD eliminated the interaction.
47	15226417	Taken together, our studies indicate that Pitx-1 can direct transactivation of the mGnRHR gene, in part by DNA binding and in part by an action of Pitx-1 as a cofactor for AP-1, augmenting AP-1 activity through a novel protein-protein interaction between c-Jun and the HD of Pitx-1.
48	15226417	Essential role of the homeodomain for pituitary homeobox 1 activation of mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene expression through interactions with c-Jun and DNA.
49	15226417	Pituitary homeobox 1 (Pitx-1) has been shown to activate pituitary-specific gene expression by direct DNA binding and/or protein-protein interaction with other transcription factors.
50	15226417	We hypothesized that Pitx-1 might also dictate tissue-specific expression of the mouse GnRHR (mGnRHR) gene in a similar manner.
51	15226417	Pitx-1 activated the mGnRHR gene promoter, and transactivation was localized to sequences between -308 and -264.
52	15226417	This region includes an activating protein 1 (AP-1) site, which was previously shown to be important for mGnRHR gene expression.
53	15226417	Further characterization indicated that an intact AP-1 site was required for full Pitx-1 responsiveness.
54	15226417	Furthermore, Pitx-1 and AP-1 were synergistic in the activation of the mGnRHR gene promoter.
55	15226417	Pitx-1 interacted directly with c-Jun, and the HD was sufficient for this interaction.
56	15226417	While the point mutation in the Pitx-1 HD did not affect interaction with c-Jun, deletion of the HD eliminated the interaction.
57	15226417	Taken together, our studies indicate that Pitx-1 can direct transactivation of the mGnRHR gene, in part by DNA binding and in part by an action of Pitx-1 as a cofactor for AP-1, augmenting AP-1 activity through a novel protein-protein interaction between c-Jun and the HD of Pitx-1.
58	15226417	Essential role of the homeodomain for pituitary homeobox 1 activation of mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene expression through interactions with c-Jun and DNA.
59	15226417	Pituitary homeobox 1 (Pitx-1) has been shown to activate pituitary-specific gene expression by direct DNA binding and/or protein-protein interaction with other transcription factors.
60	15226417	We hypothesized that Pitx-1 might also dictate tissue-specific expression of the mouse GnRHR (mGnRHR) gene in a similar manner.
61	15226417	Pitx-1 activated the mGnRHR gene promoter, and transactivation was localized to sequences between -308 and -264.
62	15226417	This region includes an activating protein 1 (AP-1) site, which was previously shown to be important for mGnRHR gene expression.
63	15226417	Further characterization indicated that an intact AP-1 site was required for full Pitx-1 responsiveness.
64	15226417	Furthermore, Pitx-1 and AP-1 were synergistic in the activation of the mGnRHR gene promoter.
65	15226417	Pitx-1 interacted directly with c-Jun, and the HD was sufficient for this interaction.
66	15226417	While the point mutation in the Pitx-1 HD did not affect interaction with c-Jun, deletion of the HD eliminated the interaction.
67	15226417	Taken together, our studies indicate that Pitx-1 can direct transactivation of the mGnRHR gene, in part by DNA binding and in part by an action of Pitx-1 as a cofactor for AP-1, augmenting AP-1 activity through a novel protein-protein interaction between c-Jun and the HD of Pitx-1.
68	15226417	Essential role of the homeodomain for pituitary homeobox 1 activation of mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene expression through interactions with c-Jun and DNA.
69	15226417	Pituitary homeobox 1 (Pitx-1) has been shown to activate pituitary-specific gene expression by direct DNA binding and/or protein-protein interaction with other transcription factors.
70	15226417	We hypothesized that Pitx-1 might also dictate tissue-specific expression of the mouse GnRHR (mGnRHR) gene in a similar manner.
71	15226417	Pitx-1 activated the mGnRHR gene promoter, and transactivation was localized to sequences between -308 and -264.
72	15226417	This region includes an activating protein 1 (AP-1) site, which was previously shown to be important for mGnRHR gene expression.
73	15226417	Further characterization indicated that an intact AP-1 site was required for full Pitx-1 responsiveness.
74	15226417	Furthermore, Pitx-1 and AP-1 were synergistic in the activation of the mGnRHR gene promoter.
75	15226417	Pitx-1 interacted directly with c-Jun, and the HD was sufficient for this interaction.
76	15226417	While the point mutation in the Pitx-1 HD did not affect interaction with c-Jun, deletion of the HD eliminated the interaction.
77	15226417	Taken together, our studies indicate that Pitx-1 can direct transactivation of the mGnRHR gene, in part by DNA binding and in part by an action of Pitx-1 as a cofactor for AP-1, augmenting AP-1 activity through a novel protein-protein interaction between c-Jun and the HD of Pitx-1.
78	15226417	Essential role of the homeodomain for pituitary homeobox 1 activation of mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene expression through interactions with c-Jun and DNA.
79	15226417	Pituitary homeobox 1 (Pitx-1) has been shown to activate pituitary-specific gene expression by direct DNA binding and/or protein-protein interaction with other transcription factors.
80	15226417	We hypothesized that Pitx-1 might also dictate tissue-specific expression of the mouse GnRHR (mGnRHR) gene in a similar manner.
81	15226417	Pitx-1 activated the mGnRHR gene promoter, and transactivation was localized to sequences between -308 and -264.
82	15226417	This region includes an activating protein 1 (AP-1) site, which was previously shown to be important for mGnRHR gene expression.
83	15226417	Further characterization indicated that an intact AP-1 site was required for full Pitx-1 responsiveness.
84	15226417	Furthermore, Pitx-1 and AP-1 were synergistic in the activation of the mGnRHR gene promoter.
85	15226417	Pitx-1 interacted directly with c-Jun, and the HD was sufficient for this interaction.
86	15226417	While the point mutation in the Pitx-1 HD did not affect interaction with c-Jun, deletion of the HD eliminated the interaction.
87	15226417	Taken together, our studies indicate that Pitx-1 can direct transactivation of the mGnRHR gene, in part by DNA binding and in part by an action of Pitx-1 as a cofactor for AP-1, augmenting AP-1 activity through a novel protein-protein interaction between c-Jun and the HD of Pitx-1.
88	15232060	The FSH-beta and GnRH-receptor genes are up-regulated by pituitary activin and down-regulated by pituitary follistatin, and circulating inhibin disrupts this local regulation by functioning as an endogenous competitor of the activin receptor.
89	15232060	There is evidence that the intra-pituitary regulation of FSH-beta and GnRH-receptor gene expression may activate pubertal maturation in male rats.
90	15232060	The FSH-beta and GnRH-receptor genes are up-regulated by pituitary activin and down-regulated by pituitary follistatin, and circulating inhibin disrupts this local regulation by functioning as an endogenous competitor of the activin receptor.
91	15232060	There is evidence that the intra-pituitary regulation of FSH-beta and GnRH-receptor gene expression may activate pubertal maturation in male rats.
92	15319828	Inhibin, activin, and follistatin were first identified as gonadal hormones that could exert selective effects on follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion without affecting luteinizing hormone (LH).
93	15319828	Although the primary source of inhibin remains the gonad, both activin and follistatin are produced in extragonadal tissues and can exert effects on FSH through an autocrine-paracrine mechanism.
94	15319828	Second, activin up-regulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) gene expression, leading to alterations in the synthesis and release of both gonadotropins in response to GnRH.
95	15319828	Third, activin can stimulate GnRH release from GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus and thereby affect FSH and LH secretion.
96	15319828	Both inhibin and follistatin can negatively regulate these effects by preventing activin binding to the activin receptor at the cell membrane and blocking activation of downstream signal transduction pathways.
97	15319828	This review concentrates on the mechanisms through which inhibin, activin, and follistatin regulate the gonadotropins.
98	15319828	The mechanisms of inhibin and activin signaling are also reported, with particular attention to developments in our understanding of inhibin receptor action and activin-induced transcriptional regulation of the FSHbeta gene promoter.
99	17985235	Interactions between TNF and GnRH.
100	17985235	Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) ligand members and their associated TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamilies have many diverse physiological roles.
101	17985235	The cellular signalling machinery used by TNFRs to achieve their many cellular responses are discussed, as is the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor signalling mechanisms.
102	17985235	These interactions between TNF, GnRH and gonadotrophs are discussed.
103	18463157	Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and Kallmann syndrome (KS) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders caused by a deficiency of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
104	18463157	Mutations in three genes--KAL1, GNRHR and FGFR1--account for 15-20% of all causes of IHH/KS.
105	18463157	Fifty-four IHH/KS patients were studied for KAL1 deletions and 100 were studied for an autosomal panel of FGFR1, GNRH1, GNRHR, GPR54 and NELF gene deletions.
106	18463157	Our results indicate approximately 12% of KS males have KAL1 deletions, but intragenic deletions of the FGFR1, GNRH1, GNRHR, GPR54 and NELF genes are uncommon in IHH/KS.
107	18463157	Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and Kallmann syndrome (KS) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders caused by a deficiency of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
108	18463157	Mutations in three genes--KAL1, GNRHR and FGFR1--account for 15-20% of all causes of IHH/KS.
109	18463157	Fifty-four IHH/KS patients were studied for KAL1 deletions and 100 were studied for an autosomal panel of FGFR1, GNRH1, GNRHR, GPR54 and NELF gene deletions.
110	18463157	Our results indicate approximately 12% of KS males have KAL1 deletions, but intragenic deletions of the FGFR1, GNRH1, GNRHR, GPR54 and NELF genes are uncommon in IHH/KS.
111	18463157	Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and Kallmann syndrome (KS) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders caused by a deficiency of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
112	18463157	Mutations in three genes--KAL1, GNRHR and FGFR1--account for 15-20% of all causes of IHH/KS.
113	18463157	Fifty-four IHH/KS patients were studied for KAL1 deletions and 100 were studied for an autosomal panel of FGFR1, GNRH1, GNRHR, GPR54 and NELF gene deletions.
114	18463157	Our results indicate approximately 12% of KS males have KAL1 deletions, but intragenic deletions of the FGFR1, GNRH1, GNRHR, GPR54 and NELF genes are uncommon in IHH/KS.
115	18499748	The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal population is normal in size and distribution in GnRH-deficient and GnRH receptor-mutant hypogonadal mice.
116	18499748	In addition to pituitary gonadotrope stimulation, activity of GnRH through its receptor (GnRHR) has been suggested to include autocrine regulation of the GnRH neuron.
117	18499748	Two hypogonadal mouse strains, the Gnrh1 mutant (hpg) mice and Gnrhr mutant mice were used to investigate the potential role of GnRH signaling in the proper development and maintenance of GnRH neurons.
118	18499748	Similarly, adult mice deficient in functional GnRHR possessed a full complement of GnRH neurons in the basal forebrain that was indistinguishable from the distribution of GnRH neurons in their wild-type counterparts.
119	18499748	The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal population is normal in size and distribution in GnRH-deficient and GnRH receptor-mutant hypogonadal mice.
120	18499748	In addition to pituitary gonadotrope stimulation, activity of GnRH through its receptor (GnRHR) has been suggested to include autocrine regulation of the GnRH neuron.
121	18499748	Two hypogonadal mouse strains, the Gnrh1 mutant (hpg) mice and Gnrhr mutant mice were used to investigate the potential role of GnRH signaling in the proper development and maintenance of GnRH neurons.
122	18499748	Similarly, adult mice deficient in functional GnRHR possessed a full complement of GnRH neurons in the basal forebrain that was indistinguishable from the distribution of GnRH neurons in their wild-type counterparts.
123	18499748	The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal population is normal in size and distribution in GnRH-deficient and GnRH receptor-mutant hypogonadal mice.
124	18499748	In addition to pituitary gonadotrope stimulation, activity of GnRH through its receptor (GnRHR) has been suggested to include autocrine regulation of the GnRH neuron.
125	18499748	Two hypogonadal mouse strains, the Gnrh1 mutant (hpg) mice and Gnrhr mutant mice were used to investigate the potential role of GnRH signaling in the proper development and maintenance of GnRH neurons.
126	18499748	Similarly, adult mice deficient in functional GnRHR possessed a full complement of GnRH neurons in the basal forebrain that was indistinguishable from the distribution of GnRH neurons in their wild-type counterparts.
127	18499748	The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal population is normal in size and distribution in GnRH-deficient and GnRH receptor-mutant hypogonadal mice.
128	18499748	In addition to pituitary gonadotrope stimulation, activity of GnRH through its receptor (GnRHR) has been suggested to include autocrine regulation of the GnRH neuron.
129	18499748	Two hypogonadal mouse strains, the Gnrh1 mutant (hpg) mice and Gnrhr mutant mice were used to investigate the potential role of GnRH signaling in the proper development and maintenance of GnRH neurons.
130	18499748	Similarly, adult mice deficient in functional GnRHR possessed a full complement of GnRH neurons in the basal forebrain that was indistinguishable from the distribution of GnRH neurons in their wild-type counterparts.
131	19282386	The GnRH receptor (GnRHR) responds to pulsatile GnRH signals to coordinate pituitary gonadotropin synthesis and secretion.
132	19669946	Our experiment investigated the mRNA expression of intestinal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), proglucagon (PG), and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the jejunum, ileum, and colon of rats fed with high-fat diet and Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats and revealed the physiological role of intestinal GnRH.
133	19669946	However, the GnRH receptor (GnRHR) and GLP-1R mRNA levels did not differ significantly between HCh and control.
134	19669946	The GnRH, PG, and GLP-1R mRNA levels in GK rats were lower, respectively, than those in control rats, while the GnRHR levels did not differ significantly between GK rats and control rats.
135	19669946	There were no difference in GnRH, PG, GnRHR, and GLP-1R mRNA levels in the ileum and colon tissue between HCh and control rats.
136	19669946	The GnRH mRNA levels of GK rats were lower than those in control rats; however, the PG, GLP-1R, and GnRHR levels did not differ significantly between GK and control rats.
137	19669946	The GnRH level in the jejunum showed a significant effect on blood glucose level, while the PG level in the jejunum showed a significant effect on insulin level.
138	19669946	This may imply that, compared with the ileum and colon, the jejunum had greater impact on glucose metabolism; furthermore, GnRH might interact with intestinal GLP-1 and GLP-2 through the paracrine and autocrine ways and then regulate glucose metabolism and insulin secretion.
139	19669946	Our experiment investigated the mRNA expression of intestinal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), proglucagon (PG), and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the jejunum, ileum, and colon of rats fed with high-fat diet and Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats and revealed the physiological role of intestinal GnRH.
140	19669946	However, the GnRH receptor (GnRHR) and GLP-1R mRNA levels did not differ significantly between HCh and control.
141	19669946	The GnRH, PG, and GLP-1R mRNA levels in GK rats were lower, respectively, than those in control rats, while the GnRHR levels did not differ significantly between GK rats and control rats.
142	19669946	There were no difference in GnRH, PG, GnRHR, and GLP-1R mRNA levels in the ileum and colon tissue between HCh and control rats.
143	19669946	The GnRH mRNA levels of GK rats were lower than those in control rats; however, the PG, GLP-1R, and GnRHR levels did not differ significantly between GK and control rats.
144	19669946	The GnRH level in the jejunum showed a significant effect on blood glucose level, while the PG level in the jejunum showed a significant effect on insulin level.
145	19669946	This may imply that, compared with the ileum and colon, the jejunum had greater impact on glucose metabolism; furthermore, GnRH might interact with intestinal GLP-1 and GLP-2 through the paracrine and autocrine ways and then regulate glucose metabolism and insulin secretion.
146	19669946	Our experiment investigated the mRNA expression of intestinal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), proglucagon (PG), and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the jejunum, ileum, and colon of rats fed with high-fat diet and Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats and revealed the physiological role of intestinal GnRH.
147	19669946	However, the GnRH receptor (GnRHR) and GLP-1R mRNA levels did not differ significantly between HCh and control.
148	19669946	The GnRH, PG, and GLP-1R mRNA levels in GK rats were lower, respectively, than those in control rats, while the GnRHR levels did not differ significantly between GK rats and control rats.
149	19669946	There were no difference in GnRH, PG, GnRHR, and GLP-1R mRNA levels in the ileum and colon tissue between HCh and control rats.
150	19669946	The GnRH mRNA levels of GK rats were lower than those in control rats; however, the PG, GLP-1R, and GnRHR levels did not differ significantly between GK and control rats.
151	19669946	The GnRH level in the jejunum showed a significant effect on blood glucose level, while the PG level in the jejunum showed a significant effect on insulin level.
152	19669946	This may imply that, compared with the ileum and colon, the jejunum had greater impact on glucose metabolism; furthermore, GnRH might interact with intestinal GLP-1 and GLP-2 through the paracrine and autocrine ways and then regulate glucose metabolism and insulin secretion.
153	19669946	Our experiment investigated the mRNA expression of intestinal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), proglucagon (PG), and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the jejunum, ileum, and colon of rats fed with high-fat diet and Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats and revealed the physiological role of intestinal GnRH.
154	19669946	However, the GnRH receptor (GnRHR) and GLP-1R mRNA levels did not differ significantly between HCh and control.
155	19669946	The GnRH, PG, and GLP-1R mRNA levels in GK rats were lower, respectively, than those in control rats, while the GnRHR levels did not differ significantly between GK rats and control rats.
156	19669946	There were no difference in GnRH, PG, GnRHR, and GLP-1R mRNA levels in the ileum and colon tissue between HCh and control rats.
157	19669946	The GnRH mRNA levels of GK rats were lower than those in control rats; however, the PG, GLP-1R, and GnRHR levels did not differ significantly between GK and control rats.
158	19669946	The GnRH level in the jejunum showed a significant effect on blood glucose level, while the PG level in the jejunum showed a significant effect on insulin level.
159	19669946	This may imply that, compared with the ileum and colon, the jejunum had greater impact on glucose metabolism; furthermore, GnRH might interact with intestinal GLP-1 and GLP-2 through the paracrine and autocrine ways and then regulate glucose metabolism and insulin secretion.
160	21191111	PACAP increases alpha-subunit (Cga) and Lhb mRNAs, and it stimulates the transcription of follistatin (Fst) that, in turn, restrains activin signaling to repress Fshb and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-receptor (Gnrhr) expression as well as other activin-responsive genes.
161	21191111	At birth, pituitary PACAP declines and pituitary follistatin levels decrease, which together with increased gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion allow Gnrhr and Fshb to increase and facilitate activation of the newborn gonads.
162	21191111	Changes in Adcyap1 expression levels in the adult pituitary may contribute to the selective rise in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from age 20-30 days to the midcycle surge and to the secondary increase in FSH that occurs before estrus.
163	21191111	PACAP increases alpha-subunit (Cga) and Lhb mRNAs, and it stimulates the transcription of follistatin (Fst) that, in turn, restrains activin signaling to repress Fshb and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-receptor (Gnrhr) expression as well as other activin-responsive genes.
164	21191111	At birth, pituitary PACAP declines and pituitary follistatin levels decrease, which together with increased gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion allow Gnrhr and Fshb to increase and facilitate activation of the newborn gonads.
165	21191111	Changes in Adcyap1 expression levels in the adult pituitary may contribute to the selective rise in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from age 20-30 days to the midcycle surge and to the secondary increase in FSH that occurs before estrus.