Ignet

Gene Information

Gene symbol: GREM1

Gene name: gremlin 1

HGNC ID: 2001

Synonyms: DRM, gremlin, DAND2

Related Genes

#	Gene Symbol	Number of hits
1	ALB	1 hits
2	BMP2	1 hits
3	BMP7	1 hits
4	BMPR1A	1 hits
5	COL1A1	1 hits
6	COL4A4	1 hits
7	CTGF	1 hits
8	HSD17B3	1 hits
9	MAPK1	1 hits
10	MAPK3	1 hits
11	MIOX	1 hits
12	RAP1B	1 hits
13	SMAD5	1 hits
14	SPP1	1 hits
15	TGFA	1 hits
16	TGFB1	1 hits
17	TIMM44	1 hits
18	TNF	1 hits
19	UBA52	1 hits

Related Sentences

#	PMID	Sentence
1	10744662	Regulation by extracellular glucose concentration, cyclic mechanical strain, and transforming growth factor-beta1.
2	10744662	We used cloning in silico coupled with polymerase chain reaction to demonstrate that IHG-2 is part of the 3'-untranslated region of gremlin, a member of the DAN family of secreted proteins that antagonize the bioactivities of members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily.
3	10744662	Mesangial cell gremlin mRNA levels were induced by high glucose, cyclic mechanical strain, and TGF-beta1 in vitro, and gremlin mRNA levels were elevated in the renal cortex of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in vivo. gremlin expression was observed in parallel with induction of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), a target for gremlin in models of cell differentiation.
4	10744662	Regulation by extracellular glucose concentration, cyclic mechanical strain, and transforming growth factor-beta1.
5	10744662	We used cloning in silico coupled with polymerase chain reaction to demonstrate that IHG-2 is part of the 3'-untranslated region of gremlin, a member of the DAN family of secreted proteins that antagonize the bioactivities of members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily.
6	10744662	Mesangial cell gremlin mRNA levels were induced by high glucose, cyclic mechanical strain, and TGF-beta1 in vitro, and gremlin mRNA levels were elevated in the renal cortex of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in vivo. gremlin expression was observed in parallel with induction of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), a target for gremlin in models of cell differentiation.
7	11675415	Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of cytokines, is highly expressed in renal tubules and generally promotes maintenance of epithelial phenotype.
8	11675415	Renal expression of the high-affinity BMP type II receptor and the type I receptor Alk2 (activin receptor-like kinase-2) decreased.
9	11675415	Alk3 tended to decrease, but Alk6 remained unchanged.
10	11675415	In cultured tubular cells, TGF-beta reduced BMP7 and Alk3 expression and increased gremlin but did not interrupt BMP7-induced activation of smad5 or Erk1 and -2.
11	11675415	In contrast, BMP7 did not alter TGF-beta expression.
12	11675415	Neutralization of endogenous BMP7 in cultured proximal tubular cells raised the expression of fibronectin and tended to increase collagen alpha(1) III mRNA levels.
13	11675415	In conclusion, in experimental diabetic nephropathy, renal tubular BMP7 and some of its receptors decreased and gremlin, a secreted BMP antagonist, increased.
14	11675415	Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of cytokines, is highly expressed in renal tubules and generally promotes maintenance of epithelial phenotype.
15	11675415	Renal expression of the high-affinity BMP type II receptor and the type I receptor Alk2 (activin receptor-like kinase-2) decreased.
16	11675415	Alk3 tended to decrease, but Alk6 remained unchanged.
17	11675415	In cultured tubular cells, TGF-beta reduced BMP7 and Alk3 expression and increased gremlin but did not interrupt BMP7-induced activation of smad5 or Erk1 and -2.
18	11675415	In contrast, BMP7 did not alter TGF-beta expression.
19	11675415	Neutralization of endogenous BMP7 in cultured proximal tubular cells raised the expression of fibronectin and tended to increase collagen alpha(1) III mRNA levels.
20	11675415	In conclusion, in experimental diabetic nephropathy, renal tubular BMP7 and some of its receptors decreased and gremlin, a secreted BMP antagonist, increased.
21	11937760	Recently, transforming growth factor beta driven secreted proteins, i.e., connective tissue growth factor and gremlin (bone morphogenetic protein 2), have been identified, and their expression has been correlated with the tissue changes seen in diabetic nephropathy in the adult population.
22	11937760	They included: (1) a translocase inner mitochondrial membrane 44 that is involved in the ATP-dependent import of preproteins from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix; (2) a kidney-specific aldo-keto reductase that utilizes NADPH and NADH as cofactors in the reduction of aromatic aldehydes and aldohexoses; (3) Rap1b, a Ras-related small GTP-binding protein that behaves as a GTPase and cycles between GTP-bound (active) and GDP-bound (inactive) states associated with conformational change, and (4) a fusion protein of ubiquitin polypeptide and ribosomal protein L40 (UbA(52) or ubiquitin/60) that is intimately involved in the ubiquitin-dependent proteasome pathway related to the accelerated degradation of proteins under various stress conditions, such as those seen in patients with cancer and diabetes mellitus.
23	12386293	Evidence will be presented that mesangial cell gremlin expression is up-regulated by high ambient glucose, cyclic mechanical strain and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and that gremlin may be an important modulator of mesangial cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation in a diabetic milieu.
24	15306563	TNFalpha-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes as a membrane microdomain disorder: involvement of ganglioside GM3.
25	15306563	Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) induces insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, but its mechanism of action is not fully understood.
26	15306563	In the DRMs from TNFalpha-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, GM3 levels were doubled compared with results in normal adipocytes.
27	15306563	Furthermore, insulin-dependent IR internalization and intracellular movement of the IR substrate 1(IRS-1) were both greatly suppressed in the treated cells, leading to an uncoupling of IR-IRS-1 signaling.
28	19577778	GREM1 maps to human chromosome 15q12, a region previously found to be linked to albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) in Mexican Americans.
29	20661431	The high expression and strong co-localization with transforming growth factor-beta1 in diabetic kidneys suggests a role for Gremlin in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
30	20661431	Inhibition of Gremlin alleviated proteinuria and renal collagen IV accumulation 12 weeks after the STZ injection and inhibited renal cell proliferation and apoptosis.
31	20661431	In vitro experiments, using mouse mesangial cells, revealed that the transfect ion of gremlin siRNA plasmid reversed high glucose induced abnormalities, such as increased cell proliferation and apoptosis and increased collagen IV production.
32	20661431	Additionally, we observed recovery of bone morphogenetic protein-7 signaling activity, evidenced by increases in phosphorylated Smad 5 protein levels.
33	21252517	Several genes, such as Tim44 (translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane- 44), RSOR/MIOX (renal specific oxidoreductase/myo-inositol oxygenase), UbA52, Rap1b (Ras-related GTPase), gremlin, osteopontin, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase- 3β isotype 4 and those of the Wnt signaling pathway, were identified as differentially expressed genes in kidneys of diabetic rodents.