- About
- Home
- Introduction
- Statistics
- Programs
- Dignet
- Gene
- GenePair
- BioSummarAI
- Help & Docs
- Documents
- Help
- FAQs
- Links
- Acknowledge
- Disclaimer
- Contact Us
Gene Information
Gene symbol: VIP
Gene name: vasoactive intestinal peptide
HGNC ID: 12693
Related Genes
Related Sentences
| # | PMID | Sentence |
| 1 | 83463 | Several commercial insulin preparations were found to contain significant quantities of pancreatic glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (P.P.), vasoactive intestinal peptide (V.I.P.), and somatostatin, though these substances were effectively absent from the new highly purified or monocomponent insulins. |
| 2 | 932614 | Proceedings: Gastric inhibitory peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and motilin: physiological and pathophysiological alterations. |
| 3 | 1310640 | Receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and muscarinic cholinergic agents occurred on 60%, bombesin and gastrin on 30%, beta-adrenergic agents and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) on 20%, and somatostatin, opiates, neuromedin B, and substance P on 10%. |
| 4 | 1310640 | Inhibition of binding by agonists revealed relative potencies of 125I-[Tyr4]bombesin greater than GRP much greater than neuromedin B, and two recently described antagonists were similar in potency to GRP. |
| 5 | 1310640 | These results demonstrate the presence of several different receptors for gastrointestinal hormones or neurotransmitters, some described for the first time, on human colon cancer cell lines, including bombesin-related peptides, VIP, somatostatin, substance P, beta-adrenergic agents, calcitonin gene-related peptide, gastrin, muscarinic cholinergic agents, and opiates. |
| 6 | 1335692 | Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a 38-amino acid peptide of the secretin-vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) family. |
| 7 | 1335692 | PACAP and VIP interact with equal high affinity with a common receptor and with low affinity with the secretin receptor. |
| 8 | 1346384 | Six, 8, 14, or 20-21 wk after transplantation, the graft-bearing kidney was removed and processed for microscopical examinations with indirect immunofluorescence for neuropeptides and tyrosine hydroxylase, and with acetylcholinesterase staining to visualize nerve fibers within the graft. |
| 9 | 1346384 | The findings demonstrate the presence of sympathetic nerve fibers (containing tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y), mainly accompanying ingrowing blood vessels; parasympathetic nerve fibers (containing acetylcholinesterase and vasoactive intestinal peptide), possibly reaching the graft from the adjacent renal capsule; and afferent nerve fibers (containing substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide), which were less numerous. |
| 10 | 1383205 | Bombesin, which like TG increased free cytoplasmic calcium, also potentiated the stimulation of amylase secretion caused by secretagogues that increase cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, but did not inhibit the stimulation of amylase secretion caused by secretagogues that increase inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. |
| 11 | 1383205 | Finally, TG inhibited the sustained phase of cholecystokinin-stimulated amylase secretion and potentiated the time course of vasoactive intestinal peptide-stimulated amylase secretion. |
| 12 | 1435393 | Salivary glands express a variety of cell-surface receptors including adrenergic (alpha and beta), muscarinic-cholinergic, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide hormone, and ATP receptors. |
| 13 | 1689117 | First incubating guinea pig pancreatic acini with carbachol reduced the subsequent stimulation of amylase release caused by carbachol, cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), and bombesin but not that caused by vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, A23187, or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. |
| 14 | 1689117 | Acini possess a single class of bombesin receptors, and first incubating acini with carbachol caused a 40% decrease in the number of bombesin receptors with no change in their affinity for bombesin. 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate reproduced the action of carbachol on binding of N-[3H]methylscopolamine and 125I-CCK-8 but not on binding of 125I-[Tyr4]bombesin, suggesting that carbachol activation of protein kinase C may in some way mediate the effect of carbachol on receptors for carbachol and those for CCK but not that on receptors for bombesin. |
| 15 | 1702423 | Recently, reduced peptide bond (psi) analogues of bombesin or substance P in which the -CONH- bond is replaced by -CH2NH- are reported to be receptor antagonists. |
| 16 | 1702423 | [psi 4,5]Secretin did not interact with cholecystokinin, bombesin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, or cholinergic receptors but did interact with receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide, causing half-maximal inhibition at 72 microM and thus had a 18-fold higher affinity for secretin than vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors. |
| 17 | 1720364 | In female cp/cp rats, central hypothalamic levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), neurotensin, somatostatin and substance P were significantly lower (p less than 0.02) than in lean female controls. |
| 18 | 1720364 | The other 4 peptides examined (bombesin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuromedin B and vasoactive intestinal peptide) did not differ significantly between cp/cp and lean females, either fed freely or food-restricted. |
| 19 | 1720364 | NPY and galanin are powerful and specific central appetite stimulants, whereas neurotensin, substance P and somatostatin inhibit feeding when injected centrally. |
| 20 | 1943736 | Hypothalamic tissue levels of nine regulatory peptides (bombesin, calcitonin gene-related peptide [CGRP], galanin, neuromedin B, neuropeptide Y [NPY], neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide [VIP]) were compared in Aston obese diabetic (ob/ob) and lean (+/?) |
| 21 | 2262048 | The neuropeptides examined were vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y, substance P. calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin and somatostatin. |
| 22 | 2262048 | Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide which are colocalized in a proportion of the somatostatin neurons were unaffected. |
| 23 | 2447788 | Binding of 125I-gastrin was inhibited with the following relative potencies (Kd): cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) (0.35 nM) greater than gastrin-17-I = gastrin-34-I (1.5 nM) greater than pentagastrin (7 nM) greater than desulfated [des(SO3)]CCK-8 (28 nM) greater than CCK-4 (508 nM) and by the receptor antagonists CBZ-CCK-27-32-NH2 (3.5 microM) greater than proglumide analogue 10 (30 microM) greater than asperlicin (265 microM) greater than Bt2-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (828 micron). |
| 24 | 2447788 | Gastrin-17-I at concentrations less than 0.1 microM did not potentiate carbachol or vasoactive intestinal peptide-stimulated amylase secretion and did not affect basal or stimulated adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate or 45Ca outflux. |
| 25 | 2460143 | Because some analogues of substance P can function as receptor antagonists for bombesin as well as substance P, we tested [DPro4,DTrp7,9,10]substance P-4-11 for its ability to modify the interaction of various pancreatic secretagogues with their receptors in dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas. |
| 26 | 2460143 | [DPro4,DTrp7,9,19]Substance P-4-11 did not stimulate amylase secretion and did not alter the stimulation of amylase secretion caused by secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide or carbachol, but did inhibit the stimulation of amylase secretion caused by substance P, bombesin or cholecystokinin. |
| 27 | 2460143 | With substance P, bombesin and cholecystokinin, [DPro4,DTrp7,9,10]substance P-4-11 caused a parallel rightward shift in the dose-response curve for stimulation of amylase secretion with no change in the maximal response. |
| 28 | 2460143 | [DPro4,DTrp7,9,10]Substance P-4-11 inhibited binding of 125I-labeled substance P, 125I-[Tyr4]bombesin and 125I-cholecystokinin octapeptide over the same range of concentrations as that in which it inhibited biologic activity of each of these peptides. |
| 29 | 2460143 | Half-maximal inhibition of binding of 125I-substance P occurred with 4 microM, of 125I-[Tyr4]bombesin with 17 microM and of 125I-cholecystokinin octapeptide with 5 microM. |
| 30 | 2460143 | The present results indicate that [DPro4,DTrp7,9,10]substance P-4-11 is a competitive antagonist at receptors for substance P, for bombesin and for cholecystokinin. |
| 31 | 2465694 | The abilities of human and rat growth hormone-releasing factors (hGHRF, rGHRF), peptide histidine isoleucine or methionine (PHI, PHM) and the Gila monster venom peptides (helospectin I, helospectin II, and helodermin) to interact with guinea pig pancreatic acini were characterized and compared with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and secretin. |
| 32 | 2465694 | Each peptide inhibited 125I-labeled secretin binding with the potencies: secretin greater than helospectin I = helospectin II = helodermin greater than rGHRF = PHI = VIP greater than PHM greater than hGHRF. |
| 33 | 2465694 | VIP or rGHRF and PHI or PHM demonstrated high and low selectivity, respectively, for VIP receptors, secretin high selectivity for the secretin receptor, and helospectin I or II and helodermin a relatively high affinity for both VIP and secretin receptors. |
| 34 | 2473653 | Benzodiazepine analogues L365,260 and L364,718 as gastrin and pancreatic CCK receptor antagonists. |
| 35 | 2473653 | We examined the ability of the recently described 3-(benzoylamino)benzodiazepine analogue L365,260 and the 3-(acylamino)benzodiazepine analogue L364,718 to distinguish gastrin from pancreatic cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors. |
| 36 | 2473653 | Each analogue inhibited CCK-stimulated amylase release, gastrin-17-I-stimulated smooth muscle contraction, binding of 125I-Bolton-Hunter-cholecystokinin octapeptide (125I-BH-CCK-8) to pancreatic CCK receptors, and binding of 125I-gastrin-17-I to gastrin receptors on pancreatic acini. |
| 37 | 2473653 | L365,260 and L364,718 did not inhibit binding of radiolabeled vasoactive intestinal peptide, secretin, bombesin, substance P, or N-methylscopolamine to pancreatic acini. |
| 38 | 2473653 | These results demonstrate that, in contrast to other gastrin-CCK receptor antagonists described, L365,260 is a selective gastrin receptor antagonist having an 80-fold higher affinity for gastrin than pancreatic CCK receptor, whereas L364,718 has a 125-fold higher affinity for pancreatic CCK receptors. |
| 39 | 2473653 | Because of the selectivity of these two antagonists the involvement of CCK and gastrin in various physiological processes can be differentiated even when both receptors occur on the same cell. |
| 40 | 2537716 | Fifteen of 18 patients with vasoactive intestinal peptide-producing tumors, 8 of 8 patients with glucagonomas, 7 of 7 patients with unresectable insulinomas, and 3 of 3 patients with growth hormone releasing factor-producing tumors had a good sustained symptomatic response to SMS 201-995. |
| 41 | 2544774 | The 125I-ANF binding to retinal particulate preparations was not inhibited by 1 microM concentration of somatostatin, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, adrenocorticotropin, thyrotropin releasing hormone, or leu-enkephalin. |
| 42 | 2747219 | Dystrophic axons contained substance P- and gastrin-releasing peptide (gastrin-releasing peptide/bombesin)-like staining but were not labeled by antisera directed against vasoactive intestinal peptide, dynorphin-B, somatostatin, leu- and met-enkephalin and neuropeptide tyrosine. |
| 43 | 2747219 | Substance P and gastrin-releasing peptide/bombesin containing subpopulations of presynaptic elements in prevertebral sympathetic ganglia are thought to participate in local reflex control of bowel motility and lesions preferentially involving these elements may contribute to bowel dysfunction. |
| 44 | 2848560 | Electron microscopy (rectangular crystalline nucleoids characteristic of B-cells), in vitro release of insulin (during abrupt changes in glucose concentration from 40 to 400 mg/dl and return, M +/- SD insulin levels were 122 +/- 5 uu/ml and 315 +/- 17 at low and high glucose), evidence of binding hormone receptors (VIP and GIP, the binding sites being coupled with adenylyl cyclase stimulation) were used to assess the quality of the transplant. |
| 45 | 2905691 | Reduced hypothalamic somatostatin and neuropeptide Y concentrations in the spontaneously-diabetic Chinese hamster. |
| 46 | 2905691 | In the diabetic hamsters, hypothalamic concentrations of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y were significantly reduced by 25-30% below controls. |
| 47 | 2905691 | None of the other four peptides examined (bombesin, galanin, neurotensin and vasoactive intestinal peptide) differed significantly between the two groups. |
| 48 | 2905691 | Disturbances in neuropeptide Y (the most potent central appetite stimulant yet discovered) and in somatostatin could be related to hyperphagia, an early and possibly primary abnormality of the diabetic syndrome in the Chinese hamster. |
| 49 | 3226398 | Gastrin, CCK and VIP were not detected during these periods; however, secretin and motilin were increased. |
| 50 | 3289997 | Hypothalamic concentrations of the other six peptides examined (bombesin, galanin, neuromedin B, substance P, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide) did not differ significantly between STZ-D and control groups at any time. |
| 51 | 3396814 | Mean fasting plasma concentrations of motilin, substance P, and neurotensin from 6 patients did not differ significantly from controls, whereas gastrin and vasoactive intestinal peptide were significantly less than in controls (p less than 0.01). |
| 52 | 3653036 | This difference could not be explained by an inhibitory effect of transformed-induced membranes on receptor-adenylate cyclase coupling under the fusion conditions: the ability of these membranes to serve as an acceptor for the reconstitution of vasoactive intestinal peptide responsiveness was identical to that of normal MDCK cells. |
| 53 | 3721063 | Modulatory glucose effect on bombesin-like immunoreactivity and gastrin secretion from isolated perfused rat stomach. |
| 54 | 3721063 | Therefore, our study was designed to determine the effect of acute changes in glucose concentrations on the release of gastrin and bombesin-like immunoreactivity (BLI) from the isolated perfused rat stomach. |
| 55 | 3721063 | On the other hand, the perfusion of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and Leu-enkephalin had no effect on BLI and gastrin secretion during 100 mg/dl glucose perfusion, but both peptides elicited a significant stimulatory effect on BLI secretion during a perfusate glucose concentration of 200 mg/dl without affecting gastrin secretion. |
| 56 | 6089134 | Heart receptors for VIP, PHI and secretin are able to activate adenylate cyclase and to mediate inotropic and chronotropic effects. |
| 57 | 6089134 | We have assessed the presence of VIP/PHI/secretin receptors in heart by: (1) testing the ability of the corresponding peptides to activate adenylate cyclase in cardiac membranes from rat, dog, Cynomolgus monkey and man, and (2) examining the ability of the same peptides to exert inotropic and chronotropic effects on heart preparations from rat and Cynomolgus monkey in vitro. |
| 58 | 6089134 | Based on their affinity for natural peptides and synthetic analogs, two types of VIP/PHI/secretin receptors were characterized: the relatively nonspecific "secretin/VIP receptor" of rat heart (that is "secretin-preferring" only in that secretin was more efficient than VIP in stimulating adenylate cyclase), and the "VIP/PHI-preferring" receptor of man, monkey and dog heart. |
| 59 | 6089134 | Heart receptors for VIP, PHI and secretin are able to activate adenylate cyclase and to mediate inotropic and chronotropic effects. |
| 60 | 6089134 | We have assessed the presence of VIP/PHI/secretin receptors in heart by: (1) testing the ability of the corresponding peptides to activate adenylate cyclase in cardiac membranes from rat, dog, Cynomolgus monkey and man, and (2) examining the ability of the same peptides to exert inotropic and chronotropic effects on heart preparations from rat and Cynomolgus monkey in vitro. |
| 61 | 6089134 | Based on their affinity for natural peptides and synthetic analogs, two types of VIP/PHI/secretin receptors were characterized: the relatively nonspecific "secretin/VIP receptor" of rat heart (that is "secretin-preferring" only in that secretin was more efficient than VIP in stimulating adenylate cyclase), and the "VIP/PHI-preferring" receptor of man, monkey and dog heart. |
| 62 | 6089134 | Heart receptors for VIP, PHI and secretin are able to activate adenylate cyclase and to mediate inotropic and chronotropic effects. |
| 63 | 6089134 | We have assessed the presence of VIP/PHI/secretin receptors in heart by: (1) testing the ability of the corresponding peptides to activate adenylate cyclase in cardiac membranes from rat, dog, Cynomolgus monkey and man, and (2) examining the ability of the same peptides to exert inotropic and chronotropic effects on heart preparations from rat and Cynomolgus monkey in vitro. |
| 64 | 6089134 | Based on their affinity for natural peptides and synthetic analogs, two types of VIP/PHI/secretin receptors were characterized: the relatively nonspecific "secretin/VIP receptor" of rat heart (that is "secretin-preferring" only in that secretin was more efficient than VIP in stimulating adenylate cyclase), and the "VIP/PHI-preferring" receptor of man, monkey and dog heart. |
| 65 | 6147819 | The two studies with glucose administration designed to demonstrate the release of insulin, VIP, somatostatin into plasma as modified by enteric signals (represented by the difference of plasma peptide concentration during OGT minus peptide concentration during IV glucose) revealed the following: (1) basal plasma glucose, insulin, VIP, somatostatin did not differ between Sham and Occ dogs; (2) after OGT in Occ dogs the plasma glucose was elevated, whereas plasma insulin was markedly reduced, and VIP, somatostatin were largely unchanged; (3) the integrated output of insulin only was impaired when considering the so-called entero-insulin axis, while integrated VIP, somatostatin were unaltered. |
| 66 | 6147819 | It was concluded (a) the Occ procedure in the dog has the capacity to subtotal destruction of the pancreatic acinar tissue, and of the entero-insular axis of insulin, the latter through yet unknown pathways, (b) the Occ technique may be a useful tool for investigation of the nature of "incretin," (c) VIP and somatostatin do not respond to elevated blood glucose and may have no role in the "incretin" concept of enteric modulation of the B-cell. |
| 67 | 6147819 | The two studies with glucose administration designed to demonstrate the release of insulin, VIP, somatostatin into plasma as modified by enteric signals (represented by the difference of plasma peptide concentration during OGT minus peptide concentration during IV glucose) revealed the following: (1) basal plasma glucose, insulin, VIP, somatostatin did not differ between Sham and Occ dogs; (2) after OGT in Occ dogs the plasma glucose was elevated, whereas plasma insulin was markedly reduced, and VIP, somatostatin were largely unchanged; (3) the integrated output of insulin only was impaired when considering the so-called entero-insulin axis, while integrated VIP, somatostatin were unaltered. |
| 68 | 6147819 | It was concluded (a) the Occ procedure in the dog has the capacity to subtotal destruction of the pancreatic acinar tissue, and of the entero-insular axis of insulin, the latter through yet unknown pathways, (b) the Occ technique may be a useful tool for investigation of the nature of "incretin," (c) VIP and somatostatin do not respond to elevated blood glucose and may have no role in the "incretin" concept of enteric modulation of the B-cell. |
| 69 | 6988274 | All showed antibody binding of insulin, 29 binding of proinsulin, 29 binding of pancreatic polypeptide, two binding of glucagon but none of the sera bound vasoactive intestinal peptide or somatostatin. |
| 70 | 6988274 | The amounts of proinsulin and contaminating hormones in highly purified pork insulin are so low that they are not immunogenic; conventional beef insulin not only contains immunogenic amounts of proinsulin and the contaminating hormones pancreatic polypeptide and glucagon but also is more immunogenic than purified pork insulin. |
| 71 | 7508754 | Concentrations of all three agents that increased [Ca2+]i potentiated the stimulation of enzyme secretion caused by secretagogues that activate adenylate cyclase but inhibited the stimulation of enzyme secretion caused by secretagogues that activate phospholipase C. |
| 72 | 7508754 | With BHQ, potentiation of adenylate cyclase-mediated enzyme secretion occurred immediately whereas inhibition of phospholipase C-mediated enzyme secretion occurred only after several min of incubation. |
| 73 | 7508754 | Finally, in contrast to the findings with TG and BHQ, CPA inhibited bombesin-stimulated enzyme secretion over a range of concentrations that was at least 10-fold lower than the range of concentrations over which CPA potentiated VIP-stimulated enzyme secretion. |
| 74 | 7538256 | There were no differences between the groups with respect to density and distribution of nerve fibers displaying immunoreactivity to the pan-neuronal marker PGP 9.5 and sensory and parasympathetic neuropeptides (substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide). |
| 75 | 7556958 | Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a hormone secreted by the endocrine K-cells from the duodenum that stimulates glucose-induced insulin secretion. |
| 76 | 7556958 | Here, we present the molecular characterization of the human pancreatic islet GIP receptor. cDNA clones for the GIP receptor were isolated from a human pancreatic islet cDNA library. |
| 77 | 7556958 | The receptor protein sequence was 81% identical to that of the rat GIP receptor. |
| 78 | 7556958 | GIP binding was displaced by < 20% by 1 mumol/l glucagon, glucagon-like peptide (GLP-I)(7-36) amide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and secretin. |
| 79 | 7556958 | These data will help study the physiology and pathophysiology of the human GIP receptor. |
| 80 | 7651888 | Bombesin (BN)-related peptides, such as gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), have been shown in vivo to stimulate release of pepsinogen. |
| 81 | 7651888 | BN, GRP, or neuromedin B (NMB), at concentrations up to 1 microM, did not stimulate pepsinogen release or affect the stimulation caused by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (100 nM) or CCK-8 (10 nM), respectively. |
| 82 | 7651888 | In addition, BN, GRP, or NMB at a concentration of 1 microM did not increase cAMP nor did they alter the increase in cAMP caused by VIP or secretin. |
| 83 | 7651888 | Furthermore, BN, GRP, or NMB at a concentration of 1 microM did not increase the generation of inositol phosphates (IP) or alter the increase in [3H]IP1, [3H]IP2, or [3H]IP3, caused by CCK-8 (1 microM) or carbachol (1 mM). |
| 84 | 7912158 | Antibodies were directed against (a) neuron associated proteins: synapsin (SYN) and L1; (b) neurotransmitters; tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP); and (c) islet hormones: insulin and somatostatin. |
| 85 | 7912431 | A chimeric VIP-PACAP analogue but not VIP pseudopeptides function as VIP receptor antagonists. |
| 86 | 7912431 | In the present study, we have adopted two different approaches used successfully with other peptides in an attempt to identify new VIP receptor antagonists. |
| 87 | 7912431 | The other methodology involves the formation of a COOH-terminal chimeric analogue by combining VIP(6-28) and PACAP(28-38). |
| 88 | 7912431 | Each nonpseudopeptide analogue also inhibited VIP binding with relative potencies of VIP(6-28)-PACAP(28-38) (1 microM) = 2.5 x [4-Cl-D-Phe6,Leu17]VIP, VIP(10-28), neurotensin(6-11)-VIP(7-28) = 6 x [Ac-Tyr1,D-Phe2]GRF. |
| 89 | 7912431 | The reported VIP receptor antagonist, neurotensin(6-11)-VIP(7-28), was also an agonist. |
| 90 | 7912431 | A chimeric VIP-PACAP analogue but not VIP pseudopeptides function as VIP receptor antagonists. |
| 91 | 7912431 | In the present study, we have adopted two different approaches used successfully with other peptides in an attempt to identify new VIP receptor antagonists. |
| 92 | 7912431 | The other methodology involves the formation of a COOH-terminal chimeric analogue by combining VIP(6-28) and PACAP(28-38). |
| 93 | 7912431 | Each nonpseudopeptide analogue also inhibited VIP binding with relative potencies of VIP(6-28)-PACAP(28-38) (1 microM) = 2.5 x [4-Cl-D-Phe6,Leu17]VIP, VIP(10-28), neurotensin(6-11)-VIP(7-28) = 6 x [Ac-Tyr1,D-Phe2]GRF. |
| 94 | 7912431 | The reported VIP receptor antagonist, neurotensin(6-11)-VIP(7-28), was also an agonist. |
| 95 | 7912431 | A chimeric VIP-PACAP analogue but not VIP pseudopeptides function as VIP receptor antagonists. |
| 96 | 7912431 | In the present study, we have adopted two different approaches used successfully with other peptides in an attempt to identify new VIP receptor antagonists. |
| 97 | 7912431 | The other methodology involves the formation of a COOH-terminal chimeric analogue by combining VIP(6-28) and PACAP(28-38). |
| 98 | 7912431 | Each nonpseudopeptide analogue also inhibited VIP binding with relative potencies of VIP(6-28)-PACAP(28-38) (1 microM) = 2.5 x [4-Cl-D-Phe6,Leu17]VIP, VIP(10-28), neurotensin(6-11)-VIP(7-28) = 6 x [Ac-Tyr1,D-Phe2]GRF. |
| 99 | 7912431 | The reported VIP receptor antagonist, neurotensin(6-11)-VIP(7-28), was also an agonist. |
| 100 | 7912431 | A chimeric VIP-PACAP analogue but not VIP pseudopeptides function as VIP receptor antagonists. |
| 101 | 7912431 | In the present study, we have adopted two different approaches used successfully with other peptides in an attempt to identify new VIP receptor antagonists. |
| 102 | 7912431 | The other methodology involves the formation of a COOH-terminal chimeric analogue by combining VIP(6-28) and PACAP(28-38). |
| 103 | 7912431 | Each nonpseudopeptide analogue also inhibited VIP binding with relative potencies of VIP(6-28)-PACAP(28-38) (1 microM) = 2.5 x [4-Cl-D-Phe6,Leu17]VIP, VIP(10-28), neurotensin(6-11)-VIP(7-28) = 6 x [Ac-Tyr1,D-Phe2]GRF. |
| 104 | 7912431 | The reported VIP receptor antagonist, neurotensin(6-11)-VIP(7-28), was also an agonist. |
| 105 | 7912431 | A chimeric VIP-PACAP analogue but not VIP pseudopeptides function as VIP receptor antagonists. |
| 106 | 7912431 | In the present study, we have adopted two different approaches used successfully with other peptides in an attempt to identify new VIP receptor antagonists. |
| 107 | 7912431 | The other methodology involves the formation of a COOH-terminal chimeric analogue by combining VIP(6-28) and PACAP(28-38). |
| 108 | 7912431 | Each nonpseudopeptide analogue also inhibited VIP binding with relative potencies of VIP(6-28)-PACAP(28-38) (1 microM) = 2.5 x [4-Cl-D-Phe6,Leu17]VIP, VIP(10-28), neurotensin(6-11)-VIP(7-28) = 6 x [Ac-Tyr1,D-Phe2]GRF. |
| 109 | 7912431 | The reported VIP receptor antagonist, neurotensin(6-11)-VIP(7-28), was also an agonist. |
| 110 | 8063743 | Evidence for improved glucose tolerance and enhanced insulin secretion by VIP and PHM-27 in vivo. |
| 111 | 8063743 | To test this hypothesis in vivo, we produced transgenic mice carrying the human VIP/peptide histidine methionine 27 (PHM-27) gene under the control of insulin promoter. |
| 112 | 8063743 | These results indicate that VIP and PHM-27 produced from the transgenic beta cells efficiently enhance glucose-induced insulin secretion from beta cells by an autocrine mechanism. |
| 113 | 8063743 | These results also suggest that genetic manipulation of islet beta cells by the human VIP/PHM-27 gene or delivery of VIP to beta cells may ultimately provide a valuable approach to enhancing insulin secretion in clinical diabetes. |
| 114 | 8063743 | Evidence for improved glucose tolerance and enhanced insulin secretion by VIP and PHM-27 in vivo. |
| 115 | 8063743 | To test this hypothesis in vivo, we produced transgenic mice carrying the human VIP/peptide histidine methionine 27 (PHM-27) gene under the control of insulin promoter. |
| 116 | 8063743 | These results indicate that VIP and PHM-27 produced from the transgenic beta cells efficiently enhance glucose-induced insulin secretion from beta cells by an autocrine mechanism. |
| 117 | 8063743 | These results also suggest that genetic manipulation of islet beta cells by the human VIP/PHM-27 gene or delivery of VIP to beta cells may ultimately provide a valuable approach to enhancing insulin secretion in clinical diabetes. |
| 118 | 8063743 | Evidence for improved glucose tolerance and enhanced insulin secretion by VIP and PHM-27 in vivo. |
| 119 | 8063743 | To test this hypothesis in vivo, we produced transgenic mice carrying the human VIP/peptide histidine methionine 27 (PHM-27) gene under the control of insulin promoter. |
| 120 | 8063743 | These results indicate that VIP and PHM-27 produced from the transgenic beta cells efficiently enhance glucose-induced insulin secretion from beta cells by an autocrine mechanism. |
| 121 | 8063743 | These results also suggest that genetic manipulation of islet beta cells by the human VIP/PHM-27 gene or delivery of VIP to beta cells may ultimately provide a valuable approach to enhancing insulin secretion in clinical diabetes. |
| 122 | 8063743 | Evidence for improved glucose tolerance and enhanced insulin secretion by VIP and PHM-27 in vivo. |
| 123 | 8063743 | To test this hypothesis in vivo, we produced transgenic mice carrying the human VIP/peptide histidine methionine 27 (PHM-27) gene under the control of insulin promoter. |
| 124 | 8063743 | These results indicate that VIP and PHM-27 produced from the transgenic beta cells efficiently enhance glucose-induced insulin secretion from beta cells by an autocrine mechanism. |
| 125 | 8063743 | These results also suggest that genetic manipulation of islet beta cells by the human VIP/PHM-27 gene or delivery of VIP to beta cells may ultimately provide a valuable approach to enhancing insulin secretion in clinical diabetes. |
| 126 | 8086277 | Analysis of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors and the G protein regulation of adenylyl cyclase in seminal vesicle membranes from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. |
| 127 | 8086277 | The present report describes the status of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor/effector system of signal transduction in seminal vesicle from streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats. |
| 128 | 8086277 | Analysis of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors and the G protein regulation of adenylyl cyclase in seminal vesicle membranes from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. |
| 129 | 8086277 | The present report describes the status of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor/effector system of signal transduction in seminal vesicle from streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats. |
| 130 | 8392197 | Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a neuropeptide belonging to the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/secretion/glucagon family of peptides, interacts with a distinct high-affinity receptor (type I receptor) on a number of tissues. |
| 131 | 8392197 | These PACAP type I receptors have a high affinity for PACAP and a low affinity for VIP and are present in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, where they regulate the release of adrenocorticotropin, luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin, and in the adrenal medulla, where they regulate the release of epinephrine. |
| 132 | 8392197 | Here we report the molecular cloning and functional expression of the PACAP type I receptor isolated from an AR4-2J cell cDNA library by cross-hybridization screening with a rat VIP receptor cDNA. |
| 133 | 8606627 | Increased levels of secondary hormones, such as gastrin (4 patients), vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 patient), serotonin (5 patients), insulin (6 patients, clinically significant in 1 only), human pancreatic polypeptide (2 patients), calcitonin (2 patients) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (2 patients), contributed to clinical symptoms leading to the diagnosis of an islet cell tumor before the onset of the full glucagonoma syndrome in 2 patients. |
| 134 | 8672532 | Binding of 125I-BH-SP was saturable, reversible, time- and temperature-dependent and was inhibited by several SP-related peptides with relative potencies of SP = physalaemin (IC50:0.19 nM) > SP methyl ester (SP-ME) (IC50:3.3 nM) > eledoisin (IC50:6.1 nM) > neurokinin A (NKA) (IC50: 65 nM) > neurokinin B (NKB) (IC50:80 nM). |
| 135 | 8672532 | Phospholipase C activating agents (carbachol, CCK-8), adenylate cyclase activating agents (secretin, VIP), TPA and the calcium ionophore, A23187, all inhibited the binding of 125I-BH-SP and it was due to inhibition of ligand internalization with no change in surface bound parameters. |
| 136 | 8672532 | In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that chief cells possess a NK1 subtype of tachykinin receptor, occupation of the low affinity sites of this receptor cause calcium mobilization and pepsinogen secretion, and that binding to this receptor is regulated by agents that activate phospholipase C, adenylate cyclase, protein kinase C and calcium mobilization. |
| 137 | 8920677 | [Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and GIP receptor (GIPR)]. |
| 138 | 8920677 | Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, originally isolated from porcine intestine, is a gastrointestinal hormone belonging to the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/glucagon/secretin family. |
| 139 | 8920677 | In vivo and in vitro experiments have indicated that GIP auguments glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, suggesting that GIP plays an important role in the regulation of insulin secretion as an incretin. |
| 140 | 8920677 | It is also suggested that GIP may be involved in the pathogenesis of non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). |
| 141 | 8920677 | We have isolated a cDNA encoding a GIP receptor from a hamster insulinoma(HIT-T15) cDNA library. |
| 142 | 8920677 | The hamster GIP receptor is a 462 amino acid protein having seven transmembrane segments. |
| 143 | 8920677 | Expression of recombinant of hamster GIP receptors in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells shows that it binds specifically to GIP with high affinity (IC50 = 9.6 nM) and is positively coupled to adenylate cyclase. |
| 144 | 8920677 | RNA blot analysis reveals that a 3.8-kb GIP receptor mRNA is expressed at high levels in rat pancreatic islets as well as in HIT-T15 cells. |
| 145 | 8961238 | These shared symptoms include elevated tumour necrosis factor-alpha, down-regulated interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 and depletion of lean body mass. |
| 146 | 8961238 | Furthermore, the following neuropeptides are dysregulated in both anorexia nervosa and cancer cachexia: vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, corticotropin-releasing factor, neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and beta-endorphin. |
| 147 | 8993395 | Signal transduction of PACAP and GLP-1 in pancreatic beta cells. |
| 148 | 8993395 | PACAP and GLP-1 depolarize pancreatic beta cells and stimulate insulin secretion in the presence of glucose. |
| 149 | 8993395 | Therefore, the possibility arises that PACAP, GLP-1, and maitotoxin all act on the same types of ion channels in these cells, and that these channels are sensitive to alterations in the content of intracellular calcium. |
| 150 | 8993395 | FIGURE 6 summarizes our current knowledge concerning the properties of the PACAP and GLP-1 signaling systems as they pertain to the regulation of NSCCs and intracellular calcium homeostasis in the beta cell. |
| 151 | 8993395 | Given that PACAP and GLP-1 are proven to be exceptionally potent insulin secretagogues, it is of considerable interest to determine their usefulness as blood glucose-lowering agents. |
| 152 | 8993395 | Initial evaluations of the therapeutic effectiveness of GLP-1 indicate a role for this peptide in the treatment of NIDDM, and also possibly insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). |
| 153 | 8993395 | These observations reinforce the notion that peptides of the PACAP/glucagon/VIP family represent important pharmacological tools for use in experimental therapeutics. |
| 154 | 8993406 | Enhancement of glucose-induced insulin secretion in transgenic mice overexpressing human VIP gene in pancreatic beta cells. |
| 155 | 8993406 | Using transgenic mice technology, it has now become possible to test directly whether VIP and PHM-27 can enhance glucose-induced insulin secretion and reduce blood glucose in vivo. |
| 156 | 8993406 | By microinjecting the entire human VIP gene ligated to the rat insulin II promoter, we have established a mouse model that overproduces VIP and PHM-27 in pancreatic beta cells. |
| 157 | 8993406 | Enhancement of glucose-induced insulin secretion in transgenic mice overexpressing human VIP gene in pancreatic beta cells. |
| 158 | 8993406 | Using transgenic mice technology, it has now become possible to test directly whether VIP and PHM-27 can enhance glucose-induced insulin secretion and reduce blood glucose in vivo. |
| 159 | 8993406 | By microinjecting the entire human VIP gene ligated to the rat insulin II promoter, we have established a mouse model that overproduces VIP and PHM-27 in pancreatic beta cells. |
| 160 | 8993406 | Enhancement of glucose-induced insulin secretion in transgenic mice overexpressing human VIP gene in pancreatic beta cells. |
| 161 | 8993406 | Using transgenic mice technology, it has now become possible to test directly whether VIP and PHM-27 can enhance glucose-induced insulin secretion and reduce blood glucose in vivo. |
| 162 | 8993406 | By microinjecting the entire human VIP gene ligated to the rat insulin II promoter, we have established a mouse model that overproduces VIP and PHM-27 in pancreatic beta cells. |
| 163 | 9524732 | Regulation of pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) relies on hypothalamic neuronal loops, major transmitters involved in their operation are growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) synthetized mostly in arcuate nucleus (ARC) neurons, and somatostatin (SRIH), synthetized both in hypothalamus periventricular (PVe) and ARC neurons. 2. |
| 164 | 9524732 | Other neuropeptides synthetized in ARC neurons, such as galanin, or in ARC interneurons, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), are able to modulate synthesis and release of GHRH and SRIH into the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system. 3. |
| 165 | 9524732 | At the pituitary level, major neurotransmitters regulating GH cells act on receptors of the VIP/PACAP/GHRH family and of the somatostatin family, in particular, sst2 and sst3. |
| 166 | 9524732 | Regulation and differentiation of somatotropes also depend upon paracrine processes within the pituitary itself and involve growth factors and several neuropeptides, for instance, vasoactive intestinal peptide, angiotensin 2, endothelin, and activin. 10. |
| 167 | 9566647 | The tumour was diagnosed histopathologically as a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with focal neuroendocrine cell differentiation and dispersed cells reacting with antisera against neurone-specific enolase, S-100 protein, neuropeptide Y, follicle-stimulating hormone, substance P, vasoactive polypeptide (VIP), adrenocorticotropic hormone and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) as well as to one of three tested antisera raised against antidiuretic hormone (ADH). |
| 168 | 9570477 | Four subtypes of bombesin receptors are identified (gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, neuromedin B receptor, the orphan receptor bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BB3 or BRS-3) and bombesin receptor subtype 4 (BB4)), however, only the pharmacology of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor has been well studied. |
| 169 | 9570477 | Recently we have discovered a ligand, 125I-[D-Tyr6,betaAla11,Phe13,Nle14]bombesin-(6-1 4) that binds to BRS-3 receptors. |
| 170 | 9570477 | In rat pancreatic acini containing only gastrin-releasing peptide receptor and in BB4 transfected BALB cells, this ligand and 125I-[Tyr4]bombesin, the conventional gastrin-releasing peptide receptor ligand, gave similar results for receptor number, affinity for bombesin and affinity for the unlabeled ligand. |
| 171 | 9570477 | The unlabeled ligand is specific for gastrin-releasing peptide receptors on rat pancreatic acini and did not inhibit binding of 125I-cholecystokinin octapeptide (125I-CCK-8), 125I-vasoactive intestinal peptide (125I-VIP) or 125I-endothelin to their receptors. |
| 172 | 9570477 | The unlabeled ligand was an agonist only at the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor in rat acini and did not interact with CCK(A) receptors or muscarinic M3 acetylcholine receptors to increase [3H]inositol phosphates. |
| 173 | 9570477 | Because of the specificity for bombesin receptors, this ligand will be a valuable addition for such pharmacological studies as screening for bombesin receptor agonists or antagonists and, in particular, for investigating BRS-3 cell biology, a receptor for which no ligand currently exists. |
| 174 | 9792462 | A comparison of the genomic structure with other related receptor genes indicates that the exon/intron organization is well-conserved among the VIP/ glucagon/secretin receptor family. |
| 175 | 10458649 | Immunostaining for neuropeptide Y and tyrosine hydroxylase (markers for adrenergic nerves) and for vasoactive intestinal peptide (marker for cholinergic nerves) revealed significant reduction in immunostaining of islets in the severely but not in the mildly hyperglycemic animals, compared to control CHIA hamsters. |
| 176 | 11137179 | Routine histopathology and immunohistochemistry studies were carried out with six primary antibodies namely insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastrin. |
| 177 | 11258897 | Similarly, improved biological activity of acetyl- and hexenoic-His(1)-GLP-1, glucagon((1-5)-, glucagon((1-10))-, PACAP(1-5)-, VIP(1-5)-, and secretin((1-10))-GLP-1 was observed, despite normal or lower receptor binding and activation in vitro. |
| 178 | 11445245 | GI side-effects of a possible therapeutic GRF analogue in monkeys are likely due to VIP receptor agonist activity. |
| 179 | 11445245 | Because GRF has similarity to VIP/PACAP and VIPomas cause diarrhea, this study investigated the ability of this and other GRF analogues to interact with the VIP/PACAP receptors. |
| 180 | 11445245 | Rat VPAC(1)-R (rVPAC(1)-R), human VPAC(1)-R (hVPAC(1)-R), rVPAC(2)-R and hVPAC(2)-R stably transfected CHO and PANC 1 cells were made and T47D breast cancer cells containing native human VPAC(1)-R and AR4-2J cells containing PAC(1)-R were used. hGRF(1-29)NH(2) had low affinity for both rVPAC(1)-R and rVPAC(2)-R while VIP had a high affinity for both receptors. |
| 181 | 11445245 | VIP had a high affinity, whereas hGRF(1-29)NH(2) had a low affinity for both hVPAC(1)-R and hVPAC(2)-R. |
| 182 | 11445245 | These results demonstrate that in contrast to native hGRF(1-29)NH(2,) GRF-6 has a relatively high affinity for the human VPAC(1)-R but not for the human VPAC(2)-R, rat VPAC(1)-R, rat VPAC(2)-R or rat PAC(1)-R. |
| 183 | 11445245 | Furthermore, they demonstrate significant species differences can exist for possible therapeutic peptide agonists of the VIP/PACAP/GRF receptor family and that it is essential that receptor affinity assessments be performed in human cells or from a closely related species. |
| 184 | 11445245 | GI side-effects of a possible therapeutic GRF analogue in monkeys are likely due to VIP receptor agonist activity. |
| 185 | 11445245 | Because GRF has similarity to VIP/PACAP and VIPomas cause diarrhea, this study investigated the ability of this and other GRF analogues to interact with the VIP/PACAP receptors. |
| 186 | 11445245 | Rat VPAC(1)-R (rVPAC(1)-R), human VPAC(1)-R (hVPAC(1)-R), rVPAC(2)-R and hVPAC(2)-R stably transfected CHO and PANC 1 cells were made and T47D breast cancer cells containing native human VPAC(1)-R and AR4-2J cells containing PAC(1)-R were used. hGRF(1-29)NH(2) had low affinity for both rVPAC(1)-R and rVPAC(2)-R while VIP had a high affinity for both receptors. |
| 187 | 11445245 | VIP had a high affinity, whereas hGRF(1-29)NH(2) had a low affinity for both hVPAC(1)-R and hVPAC(2)-R. |
| 188 | 11445245 | These results demonstrate that in contrast to native hGRF(1-29)NH(2,) GRF-6 has a relatively high affinity for the human VPAC(1)-R but not for the human VPAC(2)-R, rat VPAC(1)-R, rat VPAC(2)-R or rat PAC(1)-R. |
| 189 | 11445245 | Furthermore, they demonstrate significant species differences can exist for possible therapeutic peptide agonists of the VIP/PACAP/GRF receptor family and that it is essential that receptor affinity assessments be performed in human cells or from a closely related species. |
| 190 | 11445245 | GI side-effects of a possible therapeutic GRF analogue in monkeys are likely due to VIP receptor agonist activity. |
| 191 | 11445245 | Because GRF has similarity to VIP/PACAP and VIPomas cause diarrhea, this study investigated the ability of this and other GRF analogues to interact with the VIP/PACAP receptors. |
| 192 | 11445245 | Rat VPAC(1)-R (rVPAC(1)-R), human VPAC(1)-R (hVPAC(1)-R), rVPAC(2)-R and hVPAC(2)-R stably transfected CHO and PANC 1 cells were made and T47D breast cancer cells containing native human VPAC(1)-R and AR4-2J cells containing PAC(1)-R were used. hGRF(1-29)NH(2) had low affinity for both rVPAC(1)-R and rVPAC(2)-R while VIP had a high affinity for both receptors. |
| 193 | 11445245 | VIP had a high affinity, whereas hGRF(1-29)NH(2) had a low affinity for both hVPAC(1)-R and hVPAC(2)-R. |
| 194 | 11445245 | These results demonstrate that in contrast to native hGRF(1-29)NH(2,) GRF-6 has a relatively high affinity for the human VPAC(1)-R but not for the human VPAC(2)-R, rat VPAC(1)-R, rat VPAC(2)-R or rat PAC(1)-R. |
| 195 | 11445245 | Furthermore, they demonstrate significant species differences can exist for possible therapeutic peptide agonists of the VIP/PACAP/GRF receptor family and that it is essential that receptor affinity assessments be performed in human cells or from a closely related species. |
| 196 | 11445245 | GI side-effects of a possible therapeutic GRF analogue in monkeys are likely due to VIP receptor agonist activity. |
| 197 | 11445245 | Because GRF has similarity to VIP/PACAP and VIPomas cause diarrhea, this study investigated the ability of this and other GRF analogues to interact with the VIP/PACAP receptors. |
| 198 | 11445245 | Rat VPAC(1)-R (rVPAC(1)-R), human VPAC(1)-R (hVPAC(1)-R), rVPAC(2)-R and hVPAC(2)-R stably transfected CHO and PANC 1 cells were made and T47D breast cancer cells containing native human VPAC(1)-R and AR4-2J cells containing PAC(1)-R were used. hGRF(1-29)NH(2) had low affinity for both rVPAC(1)-R and rVPAC(2)-R while VIP had a high affinity for both receptors. |
| 199 | 11445245 | VIP had a high affinity, whereas hGRF(1-29)NH(2) had a low affinity for both hVPAC(1)-R and hVPAC(2)-R. |
| 200 | 11445245 | These results demonstrate that in contrast to native hGRF(1-29)NH(2,) GRF-6 has a relatively high affinity for the human VPAC(1)-R but not for the human VPAC(2)-R, rat VPAC(1)-R, rat VPAC(2)-R or rat PAC(1)-R. |
| 201 | 11445245 | Furthermore, they demonstrate significant species differences can exist for possible therapeutic peptide agonists of the VIP/PACAP/GRF receptor family and that it is essential that receptor affinity assessments be performed in human cells or from a closely related species. |
| 202 | 11445245 | GI side-effects of a possible therapeutic GRF analogue in monkeys are likely due to VIP receptor agonist activity. |
| 203 | 11445245 | Because GRF has similarity to VIP/PACAP and VIPomas cause diarrhea, this study investigated the ability of this and other GRF analogues to interact with the VIP/PACAP receptors. |
| 204 | 11445245 | Rat VPAC(1)-R (rVPAC(1)-R), human VPAC(1)-R (hVPAC(1)-R), rVPAC(2)-R and hVPAC(2)-R stably transfected CHO and PANC 1 cells were made and T47D breast cancer cells containing native human VPAC(1)-R and AR4-2J cells containing PAC(1)-R were used. hGRF(1-29)NH(2) had low affinity for both rVPAC(1)-R and rVPAC(2)-R while VIP had a high affinity for both receptors. |
| 205 | 11445245 | VIP had a high affinity, whereas hGRF(1-29)NH(2) had a low affinity for both hVPAC(1)-R and hVPAC(2)-R. |
| 206 | 11445245 | These results demonstrate that in contrast to native hGRF(1-29)NH(2,) GRF-6 has a relatively high affinity for the human VPAC(1)-R but not for the human VPAC(2)-R, rat VPAC(1)-R, rat VPAC(2)-R or rat PAC(1)-R. |
| 207 | 11445245 | Furthermore, they demonstrate significant species differences can exist for possible therapeutic peptide agonists of the VIP/PACAP/GRF receptor family and that it is essential that receptor affinity assessments be performed in human cells or from a closely related species. |
| 208 | 11673332 | At 2 months, sensory neurones had no detectable alterations in their calibre or gene expression, assessed using quantitative in situ hybridization studies for mRNA markers that included alpha CGRP, beta CGRP, NFM, t alpha 1-tubulin, SP, VIP, B50 (GAP43), galanin, somatostatin, PACAP, HSP27, c-jun, SNAP 25, p75, TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. |
| 209 | 11673332 | By 12 months, however, diabetics had developed neurone perikaryal and distal axon atrophy, accompanied by generalized downregulation of mRNA expression, particularly of CGRP transcripts, PACAP, SP, NFM, p75, trkA and trkC. |
| 210 | 11673332 | With the exception of HSP-27, no elevation in mRNAs that increase after injury, such as VIP, galanin, CCK, PACAP, B50 and t alpha 1-tubulin, was observed and constitutive levels, when detectable, trended towards lower rather than increased levels. |
| 211 | 11730979 | We compared their effects with the well-known actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). |
| 212 | 11730979 | Amylin was approximately as strong as VIP and CGRP, GLP-1 however, was 2.3-fold less potent. |
| 213 | 11907155 | Elucidation of vasoactive intestinal peptide pharmacophore for VPAC(1) receptors in human, rat, and guinea pig. |
| 214 | 11978642 | A potent and highly selective VPAC2 agonist enhances glucose-induced insulin release and glucose disposal: a potential therapy for type 2 diabetes. |
| 215 | 11978642 | Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) activate two shared receptors, VPAC1 and VPAC2. |
| 216 | 11978642 | Activation of VPAC1 has been implicated in elevating glucose output, whereas activation of VPAC2 may be involved in insulin secretion. |
| 217 | 11978642 | A hypothesis that a VPAC2-selective agonist would enhance glucose disposal by stimulating insulin secretion without causing increased hepatic glucose production was tested using a novel selective agonist of VPAC2. |
| 218 | 11978642 | The peptide bound to VPAC2 with a dissociation constant (K(d)) of 0.65 nmol/l and displayed >100-fold selectivity over VPAC1. |
| 219 | 12031529 | Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the immediate early gene c-Jun, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) content and expression were measured in nodose ganglia of control, diabetic, and diabetic+insulin-treated rats using immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). |
| 220 | 12031529 | Moreover, no alterations in the numbers of vagal efferent NOS-containing neurons (labeled with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry) were noted in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) or the nucleus ambiguous (NA) of control, diabetic, and diabetic+insulin-treated rats at any time point. |
| 221 | 12031529 | The number of nodose ganglion neurons labeled for the protooncogene, c-Jun, was small yet slightly increased in the diabetic nodose ganglia at the 8-week time point and was reversed with insulin treatment. |
| 222 | 12388623 | Elucidation of the vasoactive intestinal peptide pharmacophore for VPAC(2) receptors in human and rat and comparison to the pharmacophore for VPAC(1) receptors. |
| 223 | 12388623 | The actions of VIP are mediated through VPAC(1) and VPAC(2). |
| 224 | 12388623 | Comparison of the VIP pharmacophore between hVPAC(1) and hVPAC(2) demonstrated that the side chains of Thr(7), Tyr(10), Thr(11), and Tyr(22) were much more critical for high affinity for the hVPAC(2) than the hVPAC(1). |
| 225 | 12502497 | We found that embryonic pancreatic epithelial cells were sensitive to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide. |
| 226 | 12525492 | Generation of highly selective VPAC2 receptor agonists by high throughput mutagenesis of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide. |
| 227 | 12525492 | Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) has a specific receptor PAC1 and shares two receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2 with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). |
| 228 | 12525492 | VPAC2 activation enhances glucose-induced insulin release while VPAC1 activation elevates glucose output. |
| 229 | 12525492 | To generate a large pool of VPAC2 selective agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, structure-activity relationship studies were performed on PACAP, VIP, and a VPAC2 selective VIP analog. |
| 230 | 12525492 | Generation of highly selective VPAC2 receptor agonists by high throughput mutagenesis of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide. |
| 231 | 12525492 | Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) has a specific receptor PAC1 and shares two receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2 with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). |
| 232 | 12525492 | VPAC2 activation enhances glucose-induced insulin release while VPAC1 activation elevates glucose output. |
| 233 | 12525492 | To generate a large pool of VPAC2 selective agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, structure-activity relationship studies were performed on PACAP, VIP, and a VPAC2 selective VIP analog. |
| 234 | 12716746 | Overexpression of PACAP in transgenic mouse pancreatic beta-cells enhances insulin secretion and ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetes. |
| 235 | 12716746 | Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a member of the vasoactive intestinal peptide/secretin/glucagon family, stimulates insulin secretion from islets in a glucose-dependent manner at femtomolar concentrations. |
| 236 | 12716746 | To assess PACAP's pancreatic function in vivo, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing PACAP in the pancreas under the control of human insulin promoter. |
| 237 | 12816347 | Two human di/tri-peptide transporters, hPepT1 and hPepT2 have been identified and functionally characterized. |
| 238 | 12816347 | In the small intestine hPepT1 is exclusively expressed, whereas both PepT1 and PepT2 are expressed in the proximal tubule. |
| 239 | 12816347 | Studies on receptor-mediated regulation has shown that both PepT1 and PepT2 is down-regulated by long-term exposure to epidermal growth factor (EGF) due to a decreased gene transcription. |
| 240 | 12816347 | PepT1-mediated transport is up-regulated by short-term exposure to receptor agonists such as EGF, insulin, leptin, and clonidine, and down-regulated by VIP. |
| 241 | 14529486 | GLP-1 binds with high affinity to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) located on pancreatic beta-cells, and it exerts insulinotropic actions that include the stimulation of insulin gene transcription, insulin biosynthesis, and insulin secretion. |
| 242 | 14529486 | GLP-1 belongs to a large family of structurally-related hormones and neuropeptides that include glucagon, secretin, GIP, PACAP, and VIP. |
| 243 | 14529486 | Additional modifications of GLP-1 incorporate fatty acylation and drug affinity complex (DAC) technology to improve serum albumin binding, thereby slowing renal clearance of the peptides. |
| 244 | 14529486 | This review summarizes structural features and signal transduction properties of GLP-1 and its cognate beta-cell GPCR. |
| 245 | 15666577 | Effects of leptin, acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on insulin secretion in isolated ob/ob mouse pancreatic islets. |
| 246 | 15666577 | Leptin (0.5-18 nM) did not affect insulin release together with 2.8-20 mM glucose. |
| 247 | 15666577 | Leptin (18 microM) had no effect in the presence of low glucose (2.8-5.5 mM), but increased insulin secretion in islets challenged with 11.1 or 16.7 mM glucose. |
| 248 | 15666577 | Leptin at 18 microM increased insulin secretion stimulated by the parasympathetic neurotransmitters acetylcholine (ACh; 10 microM) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP; 10 nM), and by 5 mM theophylline or 2.5 microM forskolin. |
| 249 | 15666577 | In summary, a high concentration of leptin stimulates insulin release in the presence of stimulatory concentrations of glucose alone and with parasympathetic neurotransmitters. |
| 250 | 15994369 | Development of simplified vasoactive intestinal peptide analogs with receptor selectivity and stability for human vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptors. |
| 251 | 15994369 | Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a widespread neurotransmitter whose physiological and pathophysiological actions are mediated by two receptor classes, VIP/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (VPAC) 1 and VPAC2. |
| 252 | 15994369 | In this study, we use information from studies of the VIP pharmacophore for VPAC1/VPAC2 to design nine simplified VIP analogs that could have high affinity and selectivity for each VPAC or that retained high affinity for both VPACs and were metabolically stable. |
| 253 | 15994369 | From binding studies of their abilities to directly interact with hVPAC1 (T47D cells, hVPAC1-transfected cells) and hVPAC2 (Sup T1- and VPAC2-transfected cells) and to stimulate adenylate cyclase in each, two analogs [(Ala(2,8,9,11,19,22,24,25,27,28))VIP and (Ala(2,8,9,11,19,24-28))VIP] were found to have >2000- and >600-fold selectivity for hVPAC1. |
| 254 | 15994369 | Development of simplified vasoactive intestinal peptide analogs with receptor selectivity and stability for human vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptors. |
| 255 | 15994369 | Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a widespread neurotransmitter whose physiological and pathophysiological actions are mediated by two receptor classes, VIP/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (VPAC) 1 and VPAC2. |
| 256 | 15994369 | In this study, we use information from studies of the VIP pharmacophore for VPAC1/VPAC2 to design nine simplified VIP analogs that could have high affinity and selectivity for each VPAC or that retained high affinity for both VPACs and were metabolically stable. |
| 257 | 15994369 | From binding studies of their abilities to directly interact with hVPAC1 (T47D cells, hVPAC1-transfected cells) and hVPAC2 (Sup T1- and VPAC2-transfected cells) and to stimulate adenylate cyclase in each, two analogs [(Ala(2,8,9,11,19,22,24,25,27,28))VIP and (Ala(2,8,9,11,19,24-28))VIP] were found to have >2000- and >600-fold selectivity for hVPAC1. |
| 258 | 16119883 | Receptors for calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide are also involved, contrary to neurokinin receptors. |
| 259 | 16344947 | Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a vasorelaxant peptide that addresses two receptor subtypes, VPAC1 and VPAC2. |
| 260 | 16344947 | Rats received a single streptozotocin injection, and cardiac VIP content [radioimmune assay (RIA)], expression of the VIP precursors VPAC1 and VPAC2 [real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)], and VPAC1 and VPAC2 tissue distribution (immunohistochemistry) were assessed 4, 8, and 16 weeks thereafter and compared with corresponding vehicle-treated controls. |
| 261 | 16344947 | After initial changes that are specific for atria and ventricles, respectively, VPAC1 and VPAC2 expression return to control levels at 16 weeks despite ongoing loss of VIP. |
| 262 | 16893891 | Transcriptional regulation of the glucose-6-phosphatase gene by cAMP/vasoactive intestinal peptide in the intestine. |
| 263 | 16893891 | Role of HNF4alpha, CREM, HNF1alpha, and C/EBPalpha. |
| 264 | 16893891 | Similarly to the liver, the molecular mechanism of cAMP/protein kinase A regulation involves cAMP-response element-binding protein, HNF4alpha, CAAT/enhancer-binding protein, and HNF1. |
| 265 | 17430175 | The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are two neuropeptides belonging to the VIP/secretin/glucagon family of peptides. |
| 266 | 17430175 | In addition, VIP/PACAP reduce the expression of costimulatory molecules (particularly CD80 and CD86) on the antigen-presenting cells, and therefore reduce stimulation of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells. |
| 267 | 19633131 | Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuroimmunopeptide that has anti-inflammatory effects, promotes Th2 cytokines and CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) Treg activation, and stimulates exocrine secretion, smooth muscle relaxation, and vasodilatation favoring uterus quiescence. |
| 268 | 19633131 | VIP receptors, Vipr1 and Vipr2 (Vpac1 and Vpac2), were expressed at the implantation sites and VIP induced leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Treg marker expression in both strains; however, a reduced Vip expression was found in NOD implantation sites. |
| 269 | 19686775 | Currently, Class II-based drugs include synthesized analogs of vasoactive intestinal peptide for type 2 diabetes or parathyroid hormone for osteoporosis. |
| 270 | 20043043 | To improve the peptide stability and bioactivity and investigate its biological effects for VPAC2-specific activation, RBAYL with 31 aa was designed based on sequence alignments of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptides (PACAPs), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and related analogs and generated through sitedirected mutagenesis. |
| 271 | 20043043 | The bioactivity assay of rRBAYL showed that it displaced [(125)I]PACAP38 and [(125)I]VIP from VPAC2 with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 51+/-6 and 50+/-4 nM, respectively, which were similar to those of the chemically synthesized RBAYL (sRBAYL) and lower than those of Ro25-1553, an established VPAC2 agonist. rRBAYL enhances the cAMP accumulation in CHO cells expressing human VPAC2 with a half-maximal stimulatory concentration (EC50) of 0.91 nM, whereas the receptor potency of rRBAYL at human VPAC1 (EC50 of 719 nM) was only 1/790 of that at human VPAC2, and rRBAYL had no activity toward human PAC1 receptor. |
| 272 | 20150284 | Vasoactive intestinal peptide-null mice demonstrate enhanced sweet taste preference, dysglycemia, and reduced taste bud leptin receptor expression. |
| 273 | 21157320 | VIP and PACAP: recent insights into their functions/roles in physiology and disease from molecular and genetic studies. |
| 274 | 21554632 | Cells of the pituitary tumour cell line GH(4) C(1) were exposed to epidermal growth factor, estradiol and insulin for 5 days, a treatment which resulted in 1) increased prolactin storage in secretory granules, 2) the loss of spontaneous [Ca(2+) ](1) oscillations, and 3) a selective reduction of the protein G(s) α, seen in immunoblots, cholera toxin labelling, and vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. |
| 275 | 21777182 | Beside the large family A (rhodopsin-like receptors) and family C GPCR (metabotropic glutamate receptors), the small family B1 GPCR (secretin-like receptors) includes important receptors such as vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors (VPAC), pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide receptor (PAC1R), secretin receptor (SECR), growth hormone releasing factor receptor (GRFR), glucagon receptor (GCGR), glucagon like-peptide 1 and 2 receptors (GLPR), gastric inhibitory peptide receptor (GIPR), parathyroid hormone receptors (PTHR), calcitonin receptors (CTR) and corticotropin-releasing factor receptors (CRFR). |
| 276 | 22991228 | One such potential agent, the islet endocrine neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) strongly stimulates postprandial insulin secretion. |
| 277 | 23162538 | The VPAC1 receptor: structure and function of a class B GPCR prototype. |
| 278 | 23162538 | The VPAC1 receptor which is an archetype of the class B GPCRs binds Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide widely distributed in central and peripheral nervous system modulating many physiological processes including regulation of exocrine secretions, hormone release, foetal development, immune response … VIP appears to exert beneficial effect in neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. |
| 279 | 23220033 | Ameliorative effect of PACAP and VIP against increased permeability in a model of outer blood retinal barrier dysfunction. |
| 280 | 23220033 | Previously it has been shown that PACAP and VIP are protective against several types of retinal injuries. |
| 281 | 23220033 | Here, using an in vitro model of DME, we explored the effects of both PACAP and VIP. |
| 282 | 23220033 | Effects of PACAP or VIP on cells permeability were evaluated by measuring both apical-to-basolateral movements of fluorescein isothyocyanate (FITC) dextran and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). |
| 283 | 23220033 | PACAP or VIP reversed both of these effects. |
| 284 | 23220033 | Furthermore, HG+IL-1β-induced reduction of claudin-1 and ZO-1 expression was reversed by PACAP and VIP. |
| 285 | 23220033 | Ameliorative effect of PACAP and VIP against increased permeability in a model of outer blood retinal barrier dysfunction. |
| 286 | 23220033 | Previously it has been shown that PACAP and VIP are protective against several types of retinal injuries. |
| 287 | 23220033 | Here, using an in vitro model of DME, we explored the effects of both PACAP and VIP. |
| 288 | 23220033 | Effects of PACAP or VIP on cells permeability were evaluated by measuring both apical-to-basolateral movements of fluorescein isothyocyanate (FITC) dextran and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). |
| 289 | 23220033 | PACAP or VIP reversed both of these effects. |
| 290 | 23220033 | Furthermore, HG+IL-1β-induced reduction of claudin-1 and ZO-1 expression was reversed by PACAP and VIP. |
| 291 | 23220033 | Ameliorative effect of PACAP and VIP against increased permeability in a model of outer blood retinal barrier dysfunction. |
| 292 | 23220033 | Previously it has been shown that PACAP and VIP are protective against several types of retinal injuries. |
| 293 | 23220033 | Here, using an in vitro model of DME, we explored the effects of both PACAP and VIP. |
| 294 | 23220033 | Effects of PACAP or VIP on cells permeability were evaluated by measuring both apical-to-basolateral movements of fluorescein isothyocyanate (FITC) dextran and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). |
| 295 | 23220033 | PACAP or VIP reversed both of these effects. |
| 296 | 23220033 | Furthermore, HG+IL-1β-induced reduction of claudin-1 and ZO-1 expression was reversed by PACAP and VIP. |
| 297 | 23220033 | Ameliorative effect of PACAP and VIP against increased permeability in a model of outer blood retinal barrier dysfunction. |
| 298 | 23220033 | Previously it has been shown that PACAP and VIP are protective against several types of retinal injuries. |
| 299 | 23220033 | Here, using an in vitro model of DME, we explored the effects of both PACAP and VIP. |
| 300 | 23220033 | Effects of PACAP or VIP on cells permeability were evaluated by measuring both apical-to-basolateral movements of fluorescein isothyocyanate (FITC) dextran and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). |
| 301 | 23220033 | PACAP or VIP reversed both of these effects. |
| 302 | 23220033 | Furthermore, HG+IL-1β-induced reduction of claudin-1 and ZO-1 expression was reversed by PACAP and VIP. |
| 303 | 23220033 | Ameliorative effect of PACAP and VIP against increased permeability in a model of outer blood retinal barrier dysfunction. |
| 304 | 23220033 | Previously it has been shown that PACAP and VIP are protective against several types of retinal injuries. |
| 305 | 23220033 | Here, using an in vitro model of DME, we explored the effects of both PACAP and VIP. |
| 306 | 23220033 | Effects of PACAP or VIP on cells permeability were evaluated by measuring both apical-to-basolateral movements of fluorescein isothyocyanate (FITC) dextran and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). |
| 307 | 23220033 | PACAP or VIP reversed both of these effects. |
| 308 | 23220033 | Furthermore, HG+IL-1β-induced reduction of claudin-1 and ZO-1 expression was reversed by PACAP and VIP. |
| 309 | 23220033 | Ameliorative effect of PACAP and VIP against increased permeability in a model of outer blood retinal barrier dysfunction. |
| 310 | 23220033 | Previously it has been shown that PACAP and VIP are protective against several types of retinal injuries. |
| 311 | 23220033 | Here, using an in vitro model of DME, we explored the effects of both PACAP and VIP. |
| 312 | 23220033 | Effects of PACAP or VIP on cells permeability were evaluated by measuring both apical-to-basolateral movements of fluorescein isothyocyanate (FITC) dextran and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). |
| 313 | 23220033 | PACAP or VIP reversed both of these effects. |
| 314 | 23220033 | Furthermore, HG+IL-1β-induced reduction of claudin-1 and ZO-1 expression was reversed by PACAP and VIP. |
| 315 | 23345558 | The GLP-2 increases bicarbonate secretion via release of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) from myenteric nerves. |
| 316 | 23345558 | The GLP are metabolized by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), an enzyme of particular interest to pharmaceutical, because its inhibition increases plasma concentrations of GLP-1 to treat diabetes. |
| 317 | 23345558 | We have also reported that DPPIV inhibition enhances the secretory effects of nutrient-evoked GLP-2. |
| 318 | 23744070 | NOX-G15 shows no cross-reactivity with related peptides such as glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon-like peptide-2, gastric-inhibitory peptide, and prepro-vasoactive intestinal peptide. |
| 319 | 23881404 | High-fat diet ingestion correlated with a loss of neurons expressing VIP and nNOS but did not affect the expression of ChAT, substance P, calbindin and CGRP. |
| 320 | 23990978 | Exendin-4 binds and activates the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP-1R), thus inducing insulin release. |
| 321 | 23990978 | For instance, Peptide YY and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide have been found to affect cell adhesion and migration and our previous data have shown a considerable actin cytoskeleton rearrangement after exendin-4 treatment. |