- About
- Home
- Introduction
- Statistics
- Programs
- Dignet
- Gene
- GenePair
- Help & Docs
- Documents
- Help
- FAQs
- Links
- Acknowledge
- Disclaimer
- Contact Us
Gene Information
Gene symbol: PPARA
Gene name: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
HGNC ID: 9232
Synonyms: hPPAR, NR1C1
Related Genes
Related Sentences
| # | PMID | Sentence |
| 1 | 21926273 | At the mechanistic level, 1) transfection studies show that T2 does not act via thyroid hormone receptor ?; 2) AMP-activated protein kinase is not involved in triggering the effects of T2; 3) in HFD rats, T2 rapidly increases hepatic nuclear sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity; 4) in an in vitro assay, T2 directly activates SIRT1; and 5) the SIRT1 targets peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-? coactivator (PGC-1?) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c are deacetylated with concomitant upregulation of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and downregulation of lipogenic genes, and PPAR?/?-induced genes are upregulated, whereas genes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis are downregulated. |
| 2 | 10799317 | KRP 297, which has been reported to be a PPARalpha and gamma co-activator, also affected serum triglycerides and insulin in fatty Zucker rats although no change in body weight gain was noted. |
| 3 | 10805513 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are transcription factors that regulate adipocyte differentiation and gene expression. |
| 4 | 10967113 | Islets or INS(832/13) beta-cells exposed to high glucose show a 60-80% reduction in PPARalpha mRNA expression. |
| 5 | 11139388 | Since PPARalpha exhibits a strong constitutive transactivating function contained within an N-terminal AF-1 region, it can be speculated that a different set of cofactors might interact with this region of PPARs. |
| 6 | 11181544 | PPAR gamma activation stimulated the expression of a large number of genes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acid metabolism in both white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. |
| 7 | 11181544 | In muscle, PPAR gamma agonist treatment decreased the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4, which represses oxidative glucose metabolism, and also decreased the expression of genes involved in fatty acid transport and oxidation. |
| 8 | 11181544 | In liver, PPAR gamma activation coordinately decreased the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis. |
| 9 | 11259402 | We investigated in the adult rodent heart 1) whether changes in workload, substrate supply, or cytokine (TNF-alpha) administration affect UCP-2 and UCP-3 expression, and 2) whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) regulates the expression of either UCP-2 or UCP-3. |
| 10 | 11259402 | However, when fatty acid (the natural ligand for PPARalpha) supply was increased (high-fat feeding, fasting, and STZ-induced diabetes), cardiac UCP-3 but not UCP-2 expression increased. |
| 11 | 11259402 | The level of cardiac UCP-3 but not UCP-2 expression was severely reduced (20-fold) in PPARalpha-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. |
| 12 | 11259402 | These results suggest that in the adult rodent heart, UCP-3 expression is regulated by PPARalpha. |
| 13 | 11289055 | The Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma2 is associated with reduced transcriptional activity in vitro and increased insulin sensitivity in humans in vivo. |
| 14 | 11415857 | The effect of JTT-501, another peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma ligand, which is different from thiazolidinedione, was also examined. |
| 15 | 11557774 | PPARalpha (NR1C1) controls lipid oxidation and clearance in hepatocytes and PPARgamma (NR1C3) promotes preadipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis. |
| 16 | 11712406 | Recently, it was demonstrated that pioglitazone is also an agonist of PPAR-alpha, which plays a central role in lipid metabolism through enhancing the synthesis of apo AI, apo AII and reverse cholesterol transporters, such as fatty acid transporter molecules, and SR-B1 and ABCA1 reverse cholesterol transport receptors. |
| 17 | 11712864 | PPAR-alpha activators, such as the normolipidaemic fibric acids, decrease triglyceride concentrations by increasing the expression of lipoprotein lipase and decreasing apo C-III concentration. |
| 18 | 11395411 | We also review recent advances in understanding the structural basis for PPAR gamma activation by ligands. |
| 19 | 11818483 | PPARs bind as heterodimers with a retinoid X receptor and, upon binding agonist, interact with cofactors such that the rate of transcription initiation is increased. |
| 20 | 11877384 | Surprisingly, LG100754 has minimal intrinsic transcriptional activity, instead it enhances the potency of proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma-retinoid X receptor heterodimers for PPARgamma ligands. |
| 21 | 11928067 | The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 (PPAR(gamma2)) represents the transcriptional master regulator of adipocyte differentiation and therefore has been suggested as candidate gene for the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders. |
| 22 | 11960604 | Thiazolidinediones are a novel class of antidiabetic drugs that reduce insulin resistance through interaction with nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma. |
| 23 | 12099888 | We evaluated the participation of PPARalpha in regulating PDK4 protein expression in slow oxidative (SO) skeletal muscle (soleus) and fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) skeletal muscle (anterior tibialis) containing a high proportion of oxidative fibres. |
| 24 | 12099888 | In the fed state, acute (24 h) activation of PPARalpha by WY14,643 in vivo failed to modify PDK4 protein expression in soleus, but modestly enhanced PDK4 protein expression in anterior tibialis. |
| 25 | 12643137 | Rare inactivating mutations of the gene encoding PPAR gamma are associated with insulin resistance type 2 diabetes, and hypertension, whereas a rare gain of function mutation causes extreme obesity. |
| 26 | 12435272 | Enhanced expression of PDK4, but not PDK2, occurs in part via a mechanism involving PPAR-alpha. |
| 27 | 12435272 | Administration of the selective PPAR-alpha activator WY14,643 significantly increased PDK4 protein to a similar extent in both control and high-fat-fed rats, but WY14,643 treatment and hyperthyroidism did not have additive effects on hepatic PDK4 protein expression. |
| 28 | 12435272 | PPARalpha activation did not influence hepatic PDK2 protein expression in euthyroid rats, suggesting that up-regulation of PDK2 by hyperthyroidism does not involve PPARalpha, but attenuated the effect of hyperthyroidism to increase hepatic PDK2 expression. |
| 29 | 12435272 | The results indicate that hepatic PDK4 up-regulation can be achieved by heterodimerization of either PPARalpha or TR with the RXR receptor and that effects of PPARalpha activation on hepatic PDK2 and PDK4 expression favour a switch towards preferential expression of PDK4. |
| 30 | 12676649 | We evaluated the effects of combination therapy with a PPARgamma agonist, pioglitazone, and a PPARalpha agonist, bezafibrate, and a dual agonist, KRP-297, for 4 wk in male C57BL/6J mice and db/db mice, and we investigated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by in situ pancreatic perfusion. |
| 31 | 12829645 | Taken together, these findings suggest that the reduction in circulating or intracellular lipids by activation of PPAR-alpha improved insulin sensitivity and the diabetic condition of MKR mice. |
| 32 | 12805374 | Interestingly, mice without liver PPAR gamma, but with adipose tissue, developed relative fat intolerance, increased adiposity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. |
| 33 | 12807871 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) and PPAR gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha) activate mouse UCP1 gene transcription. |
| 34 | 12807871 | We show here that human PGC-1 alpha induced the activation of the human UCP1 promoter by PPAR gamma. |
| 35 | 12807871 | The PPAR gamma agonist rosiglitazone potentiated the effect of PGC-1 alpha on UCP1 expression and fatty acid oxidation. |
| 36 | 12807871 | Hence, PGC-1 alpha is able to direct human WAT PPAR gamma toward a transcriptional program linked to energy dissipation. |
| 37 | 12927809 | We examined the role of PPAR gamma 2 and C/EBP alpha for adiponectin and aP2 gene activation in C/EBP alpha(-/-) fibroblasts by stably expressing PPAR gamma 2 or C/EBP alpha. |
| 38 | 12927809 | Several observations showed that the adiponectin and aP2 genes can be differentially regulated in adipocytes: (1) Topiramate, an anti-epileptic agent with weight-reducing properties, increased adiponectin mRNA levels and secretion, but did not, like the thiazolidinediones, increase aP2 expression; (2) IL-6 reduced adiponectin, but significantly increased, aP2 expression; and (3) TNFalpha inhibited adiponectin, but paradoxically increased, aP2 expression in PPAR gamma 2-infected C/EBP alpha null cells. |
| 39 | 12941763 | The PPAR alpha agonist fenofibrate had no effect on insulin sensitivity. |
| 40 | 12941763 | In conclusion, PPAR gamma activation increases both food intake and feed efficiency, resulting in net accumulation of subcutaneous body fat. |
| 41 | 12941763 | The impact of PPAR gamma activation on feeding and feed efficiency appears to be partially independent because the PPAR alpha component of ragaglitazar completely counteracts the orexigenic actions of PPAR gamma activation without marked impact on feed efficiency. |
| 42 | 12941773 | The present study demonstrates that the PPAR-alpha agonist fenofibrate prevents the development of diabetes in OLETF rats by reducing adiposity, improving peripheral insulin action, and exerting beneficial effects on pancreatic beta-cells. |
| 43 | 12878589 | LPL-treated LDL(-) suppressed NF kappa B and AP-1 activation, increasing expression of the PPAR alpha target gene I kappa B alpha, although only in the genetic presence of PPAR alpha and with intact LPL hydrolysis. |
| 44 | 14515181 | The high affinity PPARalpha agonist, Wy-14,643, increased basal and insulin-stimulated PAI-1 antigen release with a mechanism involving gene transcription. |
| 45 | 14515181 | In conclusion, Wy-14,643 induces PAI-1 gene expression, in the presence or absence of insulin, with a mechanism which is independent on PPARalpha activation and requires signaling through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. |
| 46 | 15161789 | We have tested whether the Pro12Ala variant of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma nuclear receptor involved in thiazolidinedione (TZD) action accounted for the failure of troglitazone to increase insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic Hispanic women with previous gestational diabetes treated in the Troglitazone in Prevention of Diabetes (TRIPOD) study. |
| 47 | 15059948 | Furthermore, we provide the first direct in vivo evidence that an agonist of both PPARalpha and PPARgamma increases the ability of WAT, liver, and skeletal muscle to use fatty acids in association with its beneficial effects on insulin action in this model. |
| 48 | 15292029 | Specific activation of PPAR alpha with WY-14643 rapidly induced pdk4 expression in heart and soleus muscle. |
| 49 | 15292030 | On the assumption that UCP3 and MTE1 act in partnership to increase FAO, we hypothesized that mte1 is also a PPAR alpha-regulated gene in cardiac and skeletal muscle. |
| 50 | 15861314 | As separate activation of PPARalpha and PPARgamma improves lipid metabolism, the development of new drugs integrating PPARalpha and PPARgamma activity (PPAR-alpha/gamma agonists) is a promising line that may further improve insulin resistance, FFA metabolism, and consequently, atherogenic diabetic dyslipidemia. |
| 51 | 15500444 | Using wild-type and Clock-deficient fibroblasts derived from homozygous Clock mutant mice, we showed that the circadian expression of PPARalpha mRNA is regulated by the peripheral oscillators in a CLOCK-dependent manner. |
| 52 | 15500444 | Circadian expression of PPARalpha mRNA was intact in the liver of insulin-dependent diabetic and of adrenalectomized mice, suggesting that endogenous insulin and glucocorticoids are not essential for the rhythmic expression of the PPARalpha gene. |
| 53 | 15500444 | These results suggested that CLOCK plays an important role in lipid homoeostasis by regulating the transcription of a key protein, PPARalpha. |
| 54 | 15764152 | PPAR gamma activation induced a 7.5-fold increase in adipophilin expression (a PPAR-activated gene). |
| 55 | 15764152 | PPAR gamma activation had no effect on viability or DNA profiles, but led to a 25% significant decrease in cell proliferation. |
| 56 | 15780821 | The combination of angiotensin II blockade, statin therapy and PPAR gamma activation might emerge as an important global therapeutic strategy in the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. |
| 57 | 15613680 | Our results further suggest a protective effect of DHEA on adipose tissue by upregulating PPARalpha and downregulating leptin, thereby contributing to the reduced expression of 11beta-HSD1. |
| 58 | 15777692 | The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma is regarded as a "master regulator" of adipocyte differentiation and is abundantly expressed in adipose. |
| 59 | 15828230 | While PPARalpha potentiates fatty acid catabolism in the liver and is the molecular target of the lipid-lowering fibrates, PPARgamma is essential for adipocyte differentiation and hypertrophy, and mediates the activity of the insulin sensitizing thiazolidinediones. |
| 60 | 15850715 | Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) increase cell membrane fluidity and enhance the number of insulin receptors and the affinity of insulin to its receptors; suppress TNF-alpha, IL-6, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and leptin synthesis; increase the number of GLUT-4 receptors, serve as endogenous ligands of PPARs, modify lipolysis, and regulate the balance between pro- and anti-oxidants, and thus, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. |
| 61 | 16099631 | Therefore, insulin, and fenofibrate through PPAR-alpha activation, enhance liver mRNAs and activities of SCD-1 and Delta5 desaturases independently and synergistically through different mechanisms. |
| 62 | 16157299 | To understand the role of adipocytokines in improving insulin sensitivity via activation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) and -gamma (PPAR-gamma), we examined the expression of visfatin, adiponectin, and TNF-alpha in visceral fat depots of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats from early to advanced diabetic stage (from 28 to 40 weeks of age). |
| 63 | 16168052 | PPAR gamma activation results in insulin sensitization and antidiabetic action. |
| 64 | 16168052 | Combined treatments with PPAR gamma and alpha agonists may potentially improve insulin resistance and alleviate atherogenic dyslipidemia, whereas PPAR delta properties may prevent the development of overweight which typically accompanies "pure" PPAR gamma ligands. |
| 65 | 16179286 | Adiponectin expression in adipose tissue is up-regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonist treatment and its plasma level may be affected by insulin. |
| 66 | 16187688 | The PPARs act as nutritional lipid sensors and three mammalian PPAR subtypes designated PPARalpha (NR1C1), PPARgamma (NR1C3) and PPARdelta (NR1C2) have been identified. |
| 67 | 16290951 | PPARs are intimately involved in the regulation of FFA: PPARalpha modulation increases FFA catabolism and PPARgamma agonism (eg, by thiazolidinediones) increases TG lipolysis, FFA transport, conversion of FFA to TGs, and safe storage of FFA. |
| 68 | 16290951 | Integrating potent PPARalpha and PPARgamma activity may deliver greater improvement of the diabetic dyslipidemic profile and its attendant risks than selective PPAR activation. |
| 69 | 16306360 | Selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma modulation is a new pharmacological approach that, based on selective receptor-cofactor interactions and target gene regulation, should result in potent insulin sensitization in the absence of PPARgamma-mediated adverse effects. |
| 70 | 16306367 | We investigated whether high plasma FFAs increase mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) levels in the mouse heart by activating the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha. |
| 71 | 16306367 | Treatment with the PPARalpha-specific agonist, WY-14,643, increased cardiac UCP2 and UCP3 levels in wild-type mice but did not alter UCP levels in PPARalpha-/- mice. |
| 72 | 16306367 | Inhibition of beta-oxidation with etomoxir increased cardiac UCP2 and UCP3 levels in wild-type mice and UCP2 levels in PPARalpha-/- mice but did not alter UCP3 levels in PPARalpha-/- mice. |
| 73 | 16306367 | Streptozotocin treatment, which increased circulating FFAs by 91%, did not alter cardiac UCP2 levels in wild-type or PPARalpha-/- mice but increased UCP3 levels in wild-type, and not in PPARalpha-/-, mice. |
| 74 | 16306367 | We conclude that high plasma FFAs activated PPARalpha to increase cardiac UCP3 levels, but cardiac UCP2 levels changed via PPARalpha-dependent and -independent mechanisms. |
| 75 | 16696315 | As an important thrifty gene, environment factors may exerts an effect of PPAR gamma2 on glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. |
| 76 | 16041833 | The severe insulin resistance predominantly in epididymal adipose tissue of WOKW rats is associated with a 10-fold decrease in adipocyte adiponectin gene expression, decreased Ppar gamma, but increased Foxo1 gene expression compared to DA rats. |
| 77 | 16509812 | Conversely, overexpression of the PPARalpha isoform in the muscle or heart of mice drives diminished glucose transporter gene expression and glucose uptake into those insulin target tissues. |
| 78 | 16538490 | The observation that PPARGC1A and the PPARs were upregulated in the adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic patients, along with the finding that adipose tissue from some patients with type 2 diabetes can express UCP1 mRNA, suggests that in these patients white adipose tissue may move towards a brown adipose tissue phenotype. |
| 79 | 16634983 | In addition to lifestyle changes, PPARgamma agonists such as thiazolidinediones are frequently beneficial and have been shown to ameliorate insulin resistance, while activation of PPARalpha (e.g. by fibrates) can lead to improvements in free fatty acid oxidation and lipid profile, and a reduction in cardiovascular events. |
| 80 | 16625233 | The aim of the study was to examine an association between the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma2 gene and blood pressure values assessed by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in obese patients with long-lasting type II diabetes. |
| 81 | 16790840 | Studies with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha)-deficient mice establish that PPARalpha was required for WY14643-mediated induction of fatty acid elongase-5 (Elovl-5), Elovl-6, and all three desaturases [Delta(5) desaturase (Delta(5)D), Delta(6)D, and Delta(9)D]. |
| 82 | 17001213 | We analysed the relationship of these risk factors with the following five gene polymorphisms potentially involved in cardiovascular risk: ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-R219K, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha-L162V, Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-HindIII, Paraoxonase (PON)1-Q192R, and Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-G-308A. |
| 83 | 17084713 | Moreover, as the PGC1alpha promoter contains a PPAR response element, the effect of PPARbeta on the formation and/or maintenance of slow muscle fibers can be ascribed, at least in part, to a stimulation of PGC1alpha expression at the transcriptional level. |
| 84 | 17086933 | PPARalpha activation enhances free fatty acid oxidation and potentiates anti-inflammatory effects, while PPARgamma is essential for normal adipocyte differentiation and proliferation, as well as fatty acid uptake and storage. |
| 85 | 17290005 | Indeed, Ro 41-5253 was able to compete with TZD ligands for binding to PPARgamma, suggesting that Ro 41-5253 directly affects PPAR activity. |
| 86 | 17363697 | As predicted by the metabolic changes, the activation of PPARalpha target genes involved in myocardial FA-oxidation pathways in the hearts of the MHC-PPARalpha mice was unchanged in the CD36-deficient background. |
| 87 | 17387171 | C/EBPbeta deletion in Lepr(db/db) mice down-regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 (PPARgamma2) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and up-regulated PPARalpha independent of SREBP1c. |
| 88 | 17601491 | Fasting or treatment of mice with the PPARalpha agonist Wy-14,643 induced FGF21 mRNA by 10-fold and 8-fold, respectively. |
| 89 | 17601491 | The potential importance of PPARalpha for FGF21 expression also in human liver was shown by Wy-14,643 induction of FGF21 mRNA in human primary hepatocytes, and PPARalpha response elements were identified in both the human and mouse FGF21 promoters. |
| 90 | 17646210 | The purpose of this work was to determine the pattern of genes regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha) in human adipocytes and the involvement of PPARalpha and PPARgamma in PGC-1 alpha transcriptional action. |
| 91 | 17646210 | PPARalpha was also upregulated by PGC-1 alpha. |
| 92 | 17646210 | This work uncovers novel pathways regulated by PGC-1 alpha and reveals that PPARalpha controls gene expression in human white adipocytes. |
| 93 | 17141246 | The objectives of this study were to examine the influence of PPAR gamma and its agonist (rosiglitazone) on the TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 gene expression in monocytes of patients with diabetic macroangiopathy and to analyse obtained results in context of selected atherogenic factors ant direct indicators of endothelial lesion. |
| 94 | 17141246 | TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and PPAR gamma gene expression was assessed in peripheral blood monocytes in 45 patients with type 2 diabetes before and following 22 weeks of rosiglitazone therapy (real-time PCR [Applied Biosystems]). |
| 95 | 17184146 | We conclude that administration of PPAR-alpha agonist fenofibrate for three months did not significantly affect insulin sensitivity or resistin and adiponectin concentrations in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. |
| 96 | 17704301 | The following genes were significantly upregulated in NAFL: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma 2 (2.8-fold), the monocyte-attracting chemokine CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]-1, 1.8-fold), and four genes associated with fatty acid metabolism (acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 [ACSL4] [2.8-fold], fatty acid binding protein [FABP]4 [3.9-fold], FABP5 [2.5-fold], and lipoprotein lipase [LPL] [3.6-fold]). |
| 97 | 17991720 | Both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) and pancreatic/duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1) have been reported to be associated with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), but the relationship between PPARalpha and PDX-1 is not yet fully understood. |
| 98 | 17991720 | In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that PPARalpha regulates the expression of PDX-1 in beta-cells. |
| 99 | 17991720 | Treatment with MK886 inhibited expression of PPARalpha, blocking PPARalpha-regulated PDX-1 expression, and the downstream transcription events of PDX-1. |
| 100 | 18176111 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma agonists are used clinically for treating diabetes mellitus and cancer. 2-Methyl-2[(1-{3-phenyl-7-propylbenzol[d]isoxazol-6-yl}oxy)propyl]-1H-4-indolyl) oxy]propanoic acid (BPR1H0101) is a novel synthetic indole-based compound, discovered through research to identify new PPARgamma agonists, and it acts as a dual agonist for PPARgamma and PPARalpha. |
| 101 | 18317437 | There is increasing evidence that the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma plays an important role in controlling cell differentiation and that PPARgamma ligands can modify inflammatory and fibrotic responses. |
| 102 | 18184928 | Despite high in vitro concentrations required for PPARalpha activation, telmisartan (3 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) potently increased ACSL1 and CPT1A expression in liver from diet-induced obese mice associated with a marked decrease of hepatic and serum triglycerides. |
| 103 | 18234957 | All three members of the PPAR nuclear receptor subfamily, PPARalpha, -beta/delta, and -gamma, are critical in regulating insulin sensitivity, adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and blood pressure. |
| 104 | 18268046 | No vascular growth is detectable when PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma agonists are respectively used in PPAR alpha knockout mice and mice treated with a specific PPAR gamma inhibitor, demonstrating that this angiogenic response is PPAR mediated. |
| 105 | 18268046 | In addition, PPAR alpha- and PPAR gamma-induced in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis may be significantly decreased by inhibiting VEGF activity. |
| 106 | 18268046 | Finally, in corneas treated with PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma agonists, there is increased phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and Akt. |
| 107 | 18268046 | These findings demonstrate that PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma activation stimulates neoangiogenesis through a VEGF-dependent mechanism. |
| 108 | 18680073 | Since peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma affects adipocyte differentiation as well as insulin sensitivity, we investigated whether the levels of proinflammatory factors in PCOS patients are related to sequence variations of the PPAR gamma gene. |
| 109 | 18755353 | Previously we reported PPARalpha but not PPARgamma agonists could repress VCAM-1 expression. |
| 110 | 18755353 | Since both triglyceride-lowering and VCAM-1 repression characterize PPARalpha activation, we studied pioglitazone's effects via PPARalpha. |
| 111 | 18755353 | Pioglitazone repressed endothelial TNFalpha-induced VCAM-1 messenger ribonucleic acid expression and promoter activity, and induced hepatic IkappaBalpha in a manner dependent on both pioglitazone exposure and PPARalpha expression. |
| 112 | 18759508 | Pioglitazone is an antidiabetic drug that targets insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma. |
| 113 | 18599600 | Functional ablation of PPARbeta/delta and PPARgamma from keratinocytes by small interfering RNA did not abrogate L165,041- and troglitazone-induced VEGF biosynthesis and suggested VEGF induction as a pleiotropic, PPAR-independent effect of both drugs in the cells. |
| 114 | 19094928 | PPAR full agonists were also shown to stimulate IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) production by cytokine-stimulated articular cells in a subtype-dependent manner. |
| 115 | 19094928 | These anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic properties were confirmed in animal models of joint diseases where PPAR agonists reduced synovial inflammation while preventing cartilage destruction or inflammatory bone loss, although many effects required much higher doses than needed to restore insulin sensitivity or to lower circulating lipid levels. |
| 116 | 19094928 | However, these promising effects of PPAR full agonists were hampered by their ability to reduce the growth factor-dependent synthesis of extracellular matrix components or to induce chondrocyte apoptosis, by the possible contribution of immunosuppressive properties to their anti-arthritic effects, by the increased adipocyte differentiation secondary to prolonged stimulation of PPARgamma, and by a variable contribution of PPAR subtypes depending on the system. |
| 117 | 19132243 | Treatment of HG-exposed SMC with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPARalpha) activators (fenofibrate and clofibrate) resulted in a reduction of mRNA and protein expression of MCP-1 and fractalkine. |
| 118 | 19136982 | We have found that decreased high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin plays a crucial and causal role in obesity-linked insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome; that AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 serve as the major AdipoRs in vivo; and that AdipoR1 activates the AMP kinase (AMPK) pathway and AdipoR2, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) pathway in the liver, to increase insulin sensitivity and decrease inflammation. |
| 119 | 19136982 | Further conclusions are that decreased adiponectin action and increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) form a vicious adipokine network causing obesity-linked insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome; PPARgamma upregulates HMW adiponectin and PPARalpha upregulates AdipoRs; that dietary osmotin can serve as a naturally occurring adiponectin receptor agonist; and finally, that under starvation conditions, MMW adiponectin activates AMPK in hypothalamus, and promotes food intake, and at the same time HMW adiponectin activates AMPK in peripheral tissues, such as skeletal muscle, and stimulates fatty-acids combustion. |
| 120 | 19074989 | LCFA activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-delta, but not PPAR-alpha or -gamma, and pharmacological activation of PPAR-delta markedly induced ANGPTL4 production and secretion. |
| 121 | 19114589 | In adipocytes, the overexpression of CRBP1 enhanced (4- to 5-fold) the activity of promoters containing response elements for retinol-dependent nuclear receptors [retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR)] or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). |
| 122 | 19165156 | These mutations alter PPARgamma to the corresponding residues of the PPARalpha. |
| 123 | 19449750 | Although there has been disappointment with the first cholesteryl-ester-transfer-protein-inhibitor, there is encouraging evidence that increasing HDL with the peroxisome-proliferator-activator-receptor (PPAR) gamma agonist, pioglitazone and nicotinic acid derivatives may contribute beyond statin therapy. |
| 124 | 19401423 | Given that FGF-21 has been suggested to be a peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor (PPAR) alpha-dependent regulator of fasting metabolism, we hypothesized that free fatty acids (FFAs), natural agonists of PPARalpha, might modify FGF-21 levels. |
| 125 | 19401423 | Oleate and linoleate increased FGF-21 expression and secretion in a PPARalpha-dependent fashion, as demonstrated by small-interfering RNA-induced PPARalpha knockdown, while palmitate had no effect. |
| 126 | 19417127 | The goal of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate whether PPAR activation affects cytokine-induced NF-kappaB activity in skeletal muscle. |
| 127 | 19417127 | Using C(2)C(12) myotubes as an in vitro model of myofibers, we demonstrate that PPAR, and specifically PPARgamma, activation potently inhibits inflammatory mediator-induced NF-kappaB transcriptional activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. |
| 128 | 19619327 | Novel compounds are represented by the incretin mimetic drugs like glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) agonists (glitazars) and amylin mimetic drugs. |
| 129 | 19592617 | Naringenin 1) increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation through a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma coactivator 1alpha/PPARalpha-mediated transcription program; 2) prevented sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c-mediated lipogenesis in both liver and muscle by reducing fasting hyperinsulinemia; 3) decreased hepatic cholesterol and cholesterol ester synthesis; 4) reduced both VLDL-derived and endogenously synthesized fatty acids, preventing muscle triglyceride accumulation; and 5) improved overall insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. |
| 130 | 19682441 | The activation of PPARalpha and PPARgamma by osthole also resulted in an increase in the expression of PPAR target genes such as PPAR itself, adipose fatty acid-binding protein 2, acyl-CoA synthetases, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A. |
| 131 | 19809220 | Rivoglitazone activated human PPARgamma more potently compared with rosiglitazone and pioglitazone and had little effect on PPARalpha and PPARdelta activity in luciferase reporter assays. |
| 132 | 19814866 | The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the potential effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha agonists fenofibrate and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in modulation of AMPK-alpha1 activity in liver and skeletal muscle of high-fat diet fed rats. |
| 133 | 19814866 | Both PPAR-alpha agonists, fenofibrate and n-3 PUFA, increased the mRNA expression of AMPK-alpha1 activity in liver and skeletal muscle of obese diabetic rats. |
| 134 | 19828904 | Dietary PUA decreased fasting plasma glucose concentrations, improved the glucose-normalizing ability, suppressed NF-kappaB activation, TNF-alpha expression and upregulated PPAR alpha- and gamma-responsive genes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. |
| 135 | 19819944 | Expressed primarily in liver and adipose tissue, FGF21 is induced via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathways during states requiring increased fatty acid oxidation including fasting and consumption of a ketogenic diet. |
| 136 | 19628379 | The clinical interest in PPARs originates with fibrates and thiazolidinediones, which, respectively, act on PPARalpha and PPARgamma and are used to ameliorate hyperlipidaemia and hyperglycaemia in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). |
| 137 | 19770177 | We evaluate the possibility that SIRT1 lies at the heart of a regulatory loop involving PPARalpha, PGC-1alpha (PPARA, PPARGC1A as given in the HUGO Database), and lipin-1 (LPIN1 as listed in the HUGO Database) that ultimately controls the metabolic response to varying nutrient and physiological signals via a common mechanism mediated by post-translation modifications (deacetylation) of both PPARalpha and PGC-1s. |
| 138 | 20065164 | Transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of the fatty acid-activated nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (myosin heavy chain [MHC]-PPARalpha mice) exhibit phenotypic features of the diabetic heart, which are rescued by deletion of CD36, a fatty acid transporter, despite persistent activation of PPARalpha gene targets involved in fatty acid oxidation. |
| 139 | 20065164 | Indeed, LpL mediated hydrolysis of very-low-density lipoprotein activated PPARalpha in cardiac myocytes in culture. |
| 140 | 19576748 | HT over the concentration range of 0.1-10 micromol/L stimulated the promoter transcriptional activation and protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1 alpha, the central factor for mitochondrial biogenesis) and its downstream targets; these included nuclear respiration factors 1 and 2 and mitochondrial transcription factor A, which leads to an increase in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and in the number of mitochondria. |
| 141 | 20215528 | The Pla2g1b(-/-) mice also displayed increased postprandial hepatic fat utilization due to increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha, PPAR-delta, PPAR-gamma, cd36/Fat, and Ucp2, which coincided with reduced postprandial plasma lysophospholipid levels. |
| 142 | 20222152 | T2D is caused by a combination of insulin resistance and beta-cell failure and can be treated with insulin sensitizing drugs that target the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma. |
| 143 | 20484463 | Within adipocytes, adiponectin is retained in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to the thiol protein ER resident protein 44 kDa (ERp44), which is apparently regulated by the activation of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma. |
| 144 | 20811644 | We show it activates the ligand-binding domain of both PPARalpha and PPARgamma, while inhibiting LXRalpha in GAL4-fusion reporters. |
| 145 | 20811644 | The flavonoid activates PPAR response element (PPRE) while suppressing LXRalpha response element (LXRE) in human hepatocytes, translating into the induction of PPAR-regulated fatty acid oxidation genes such as CYP4A11, ACOX, UCP1 and ApoAI, and inhibition of LXRalpha-regulated lipogenesis genes, such as FAS, ABCA1, ABCG1, and HMGR. |
| 146 | 17389766 | UCP1 gene is under the dual control of PPARgamma and PPARalpha in relation to brown adipocyte differentiation and lipid oxidation, respectively. |
| 147 | 17389766 | This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of PPARs in UCPs gene expression in normal conditions and also in the context of type-2 diabetes or obesity. |
| 148 | 18509489 | Other potential anticancer effects of PPARalpha include suppression of inflammation, and upregulation of uncoupling proteins (UCPs), which attenuates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and cell proliferation. |
| 149 | 18551186 | Here we review the current knowledge of the interactions between the UPS and PPARs in light of the potential implications for their effects on cell fate and tumorigenesis. |
| 150 | 19172665 | Twenty-two plant extracts out of 133 were found to increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and 18 extracts were found to activate PPARgamma, 3 to activate PPARalpha and gamma, 6 to activate PPARdelta and gamma, and 9 to activate PPARgamma, alpha and delta. |
| 151 | 20561028 | In control hearts, PPAR-alpha was most expressed, and PPAR-gamma least expressed in mRNA and protein levels. |
| 152 | 20725514 | Three subtypes make up the PPAR family (alpha, gamma, beta/delta), and synthetic ligands for PPARalpha (fibrates) and PPARgamma (Thiazolidinediones, TZDs) are currently prescribed for the respective management of dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes. |
| 153 | 20828387 | In their heart PPAR gamma, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP-4) and anti-oxidant thioredoxin were attenuated whereas matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, TIMP-3 and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) were induced. |
| 154 | 20693579 | Taken together, these findings suggest that the inhibition of adipogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells by UVA occurs primarily through the reduced expression of PPAR ?, which is mediated by up-regulation of KLF2 via the activation of MIF-AMP-activated protein kinase signaling. |
| 155 | 20723894 | Changes in expression of PPARs and the PPAR? co-activators PGC-1? and PGC-1?; Th2 (IL-4; IL-10) and Th1 (IL-6) cytokines; and markers for the M2 (AMAC1, CD14, MR, IL-4) and the 'classical' pro-inflammatory M1 (MCP-1, TNF?, IL-6) phenotypes, were determined using RT-PCR (to assess leukocyte mRNA expression) and ELISA (to assess plasma cytokine levels). |
| 156 | 21109196 | SMRT(mRID1) cells exhibit increased susceptibility to oxidative damage, which could be rescued by PPAR activation or antioxidant treatment. |
| 157 | 20972533 | Incretin receptor expression was assessed in isolated islets from metformin-treated wild-type and Ppar?(-/-) mice, and in INS-1 832/3 beta cells with or without peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-? or AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) antagonists. |
| 158 | 21088297 | LANCL2 knockdown studies provide evidence that ABA-mediated activation of macrophage PPAR ? is dependent on lancl2 expression. |
| 159 | 19940263 | Patients treated with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonist manifest favorable metabolic profiles associated with increased plasma adiponectin (APN). |
| 160 | 21143167 | The favorable metabolic effects of telmisartan have been related to its Ang II receptor blockade and action as a partial agonist of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor (PPAR)-?. |
| 161 | 21311715 | The objective of this study was to test whether megalin expression is regulated by the PPARs. |
| 162 | 19936080 | In contrast, both compounds bound similarly to a mitochondrial binding site and acutely activated PI-3 kinase-directed phosphorylation of AKT, an action that was not affected by elimination of PPAR gamma activation. |
| 163 | 19936080 | The two compounds were then compared in vivo in both normal C57 mice and diabetic KKAy mice to determine whether their pharmacology correlated with biomarkers of PPAR gamma activation or with the expression of other gene transcripts. |
| 164 | 15561937 | We examined the role of abnormal G-protein activation in the pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction by crossing PPAR-alpha mice with transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of regulator of G-protein signaling subtype 4 (RGS4), a GTPase activating protein for Gq and Gi. |
| 165 | 20064974 | Dieugenol, tetrahydrodieugenol, and magnolol but not the structurally related eugenol induced 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation, confirming effectiveness in a cell model with endogenous PPAR gamma expression. |
| 166 | 20512604 | The goal of this study was to determine whether LANCL2 is a molecular target of ABA and other PPAR ? agonists. |
| 167 | 21356182 | Interestingly, genome-wide transcription profiling identified functional networks of genes, in which key regulators of weight homeostasis (PPARs, glucocoricoids, CEBPs, estradiol), steroid hormone functions (glucocoricoids, estradiol, NCOA3) and insulin signaling (HNF4A, CEBPs, PPARG) occupied central positions. |
| 168 | 20185806 | MGL1(med)/CD11c(+) eATMPhis upregulated additional M2 genes (IL-13, SPHK1, CD163, LYVE-1, and PPAR-alpha). |
| 169 | 16428347 | Culturing ARCs with oleate (0.1-0.4 mM) or the PPARalpha agonists WY-14643 (1 muM) and fenofibrate (10 muM) consistently induced acsl1 and cte1. |
| 170 | 16428347 | Conversely, PPARalpha null mouse hearts exhibited decreased acsl1 and cte1 expression. |
| 171 | 17710237 | PPARalpha or PPARdelta agonist treatment induced a slight decrease in fat mass (FM) while a PPARgamma agonist increased BW and FM commensurate with increased food consumption. |
| 172 | 19096709 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcriptional factors involved in the regulation of insulin resistance and adipogenesis. |
| 173 | 20300478 | How steatosis increases PPARalpha activated gene expression of fatty acid transport proteins, peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation and omega-oxidation of fatty acids genes regardless of whether dietary fatty acids are polyunsaturated (PUFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), or saturated (SFA) may be determined by the interplay of PPARs and HNF4alpha with the fatty acid transport proteins L-FABP and ACBP. |
| 174 | 20444420 | The increased insulin sensitivity in the VLCAD(-/-) mice were protected from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance due to chronic activation of AMPK and PPARalpha, resulting in increased fatty acid oxidation and decreased intramyocellular and hepatocellular diacylglycerol content. |
| 175 | 9200953 | Forced expression of PPAR gamma converted NIH3T3 fibroblasts to adipocytes, indicating PPAR gamma regulates essential genes to obtain the adipocyte phenotype. |
| 176 | 9200953 | This finding suggests that PPAR gamma contributes regulation of insulin action. |
| 177 | 9702044 | These receptors are transcription factors that control the beta-oxidation and transport pathways of fatty acids and adipocyte differentiation containing fatty acid synthesis under the modification of PPAR activation with CBP and its analogs. |
| 178 | 20107107 | The hypothesis that 4-hydroxydodeca-(2E,6Z)-dienal (4-HDDE), the peroxidation product of 12-lipoxygenase, mediates this downregulatory mechanism by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) delta was investigated. |
| 179 | 16123338 | Overall, these findings indicate that increased activity of PPARalpha, as occurs in the diabetic heart, leads to cardiac insulin resistance associated with defects in insulin signaling and STAT3 activity, subsequently leading to reduced cardiac function. |
| 180 | 21744143 | Telmisartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), selectively activates peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor (PPAR)-gamma, and this effect is considered to markedly improve insulin resistance in obese patients with hypertension. |
| 181 | 21777645 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligands are reported to activate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, including pioglitazone, which belong to the thiazolidinedione (TZD). |
| 182 | 21111773 | Aromatase inhibitors, the most effective endocrine agents of breast carcinoma, retinoids, metabolites of vitamin A, and synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma ligands, used for the treatment of insulin resistance in type II diabetes mellitus, may be the important candidates for possible endocrine treatment of endometrial carcinoma. |
| 183 | 18098039 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, diabetes, and related complications. |
| 184 | 21966330 | Dual or pan PPAR ligands stimulate two or more isoforms of PPAR and thereby reduce insulin resistance and prevent short- and long-term complications of diabetes including micro-and macroangiopathy and atherosclerosis, which are caused by deposition of cholesterol. |
| 185 | 21855553 | Our results suggest that a) the increased UCP2 gene and protein expression measured in FRD rats could be part of a compensatory mechanism to reduce reactive oxygen species production induced by the fructose overload, and b) PPARs expression participates actively in the regulation of UCP2 expression, and under the metabolic condition tested, PPAR? played a key role. |
| 186 | 19324938 | Correspondingly, cardiac glycogen synthase phosphorylation, hexokinase II, PPARalpha, and PGC-1alpha expression, which mediate glucose and lipid metabolisms, were significantly changed along with cardiac lipid accumulation, inflammation (TNF-alpha, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 [PAI-1], and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM-1]), nitrosative damage (3-nitrotyrosin accumulation), and fibrosis in the wild-type diabetic mice. |
| 187 | 21609194 | 0.01), whereas RBP4 mRNA expression in VAT was related to PPAR? |
| 188 | 18221086 | PPAR-alpha is the main metabolic regulator for catabolism whereas PPAR-gamma regulates anabolism or storage. |