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Gene Information
Gene symbol: PPARG
Gene name: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
HGNC ID: 9236
Synonyms: PPARG1, PPARG2, NR1C3, PPARgamma
Related Genes
Related Sentences
| # | PMID | Sentence |
| 1 | 9843961 | The expression of CAP mRNA and proteins are increased in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by the insulin sensitizing thiazolidinedione drugs, which are activators of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). |
| 2 | 9843961 | The stimulation of CAP expression by PPARgamma activators results from increased transcription. |
| 3 | 10814527 | These results suggest that Tro directly inhibit the aromatase activity in human granulosa cells probably via nuclear receptor system PPARgamma:RXR heterodimer. |
| 4 | 10976920 | This novel PPARgamma antagonist does not block adipocyte differentiation induced by a ligand for the retinoid X receptor (RXR), the heterodimeric partner for PPARgamma, or by a differentiation cocktail containing insulin, dexamethasone, and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine. |
| 5 | 10976920 | Such selective PPARgamma antagonists may help determine whether insulin sensitization by thiazolidinediones is mediated solely through PPARgamma activation, and whether there are PPARgamma-ligand-independent pathways for adipocyte differentiation. |
| 6 | 10976920 | If selective PPARgamma modulators block adipogenesis in vivo, they may prevent obesity, lower insulin resistance, and delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. |
| 7 | 10989952 | In a recent study, it was proposed that mutations in PPARgamma could play a role in individuals who are at increased risk for developing obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus by influencing leptin levels. |
| 8 | 10878750 | These include the downregulation of genes that are required for normal insulin action, direct effects on insulin signaling, induction of elevated free fatty acids via stimulation of lipolysis, and negative regulation of PPAR gamma, an important insulin-sensitizing nuclear receptor. |
| 9 | 11042466 | These compounds appear to enhance insulin action by modulating the activity of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma. |
| 10 | 11181544 | PPAR gamma activation stimulated the expression of a large number of genes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acid metabolism in both white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. |
| 11 | 11181544 | In muscle, PPAR gamma agonist treatment decreased the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4, which represses oxidative glucose metabolism, and also decreased the expression of genes involved in fatty acid transport and oxidation. |
| 12 | 11181544 | In liver, PPAR gamma activation coordinately decreased the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis. |
| 13 | 11230363 | P:eroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is a novel nuclear receptor, which enhances insulin-mediated glucose uptake. |
| 14 | 11230363 | These data suggest that PPARgamma activation may directly attenuate diabetic glomerular disease, possibly by inhibiting mesangial growth, which occurs early in the process of diabetic nephropathy, or by inhibiting PAI-1 expression. |
| 15 | 11231915 | In contrast to these putative antiatherogenic activities, PPARgamma has been shown in vitro to upregulate the CD36 scavenger receptor, which could promote foam cell formation. |
| 16 | 11289057 | Recent studies have identified a common proline-to-alanine substitution (Pro12Ala) in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 (PPAR-gamma2), a nuclear receptor that regulates adipocyte differentiation and possibly insulin sensitivity. |
| 17 | 11415857 | The effect of JTT-501, another peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma ligand, which is different from thiazolidinedione, was also examined. |
| 18 | 11557774 | PPARalpha (NR1C1) controls lipid oxidation and clearance in hepatocytes and PPARgamma (NR1C3) promotes preadipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis. |
| 19 | 11598137 | PPARgamma ligands troglitazone (TRO, 10 microm) and rosiglitazone (RSG, 10 microm) attenuated the induction of p21(Cip1) protein by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and insulin without affecting cognate mRNA levels in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMC). |
| 20 | 11598137 | Both inhibitors also reversed PPARgamma ligand effects on p21(Cip1) expression in PDGF-treated RASMC. |
| 21 | 11598137 | PPARgamma ligands regulate p21(Cip1) at a post-translational level by blocking PKCdelta signaling and accelerating p21(Cip1) turnover. |
| 22 | 11712393 | Current concept is that, when PPAR-gamma is activated by these drugs, the number of small adipocytes is increased to replace large adipocytes, thereby decreasing the release of TNF-alpha and FFA from adipose tissue. |
| 23 | 11712406 | Therefore, the agonistic activity of pioglitazone on PPAR-gamma may be involved in the mechanism for reducing insulin resistance. |
| 24 | 11712415 | We conclude that although by different mechanisms, both PPAR gamma/RXR inhibitors and PPAR gamma agonist improve insulin resistance, which is associated with decreased TG content of muscle/liver and prevention of adipocyte hypertrophy. |
| 25 | 11395411 | We also review recent advances in understanding the structural basis for PPAR gamma activation by ligands. |
| 26 | 11877384 | Surprisingly, LG100754 has minimal intrinsic transcriptional activity, instead it enhances the potency of proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma-retinoid X receptor heterodimers for PPARgamma ligands. |
| 27 | 11877384 | The ability of LG100754 to both increase PPARgamma sensitivity and relieve insulin resistance implies that a deficiency in endogenous PPARgamma ligands may represent an early step in the development of insulin resistance. |
| 28 | 11921433 | TZD-induced activation of PPAR gamma alters the transcription of several genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and energy balance, including those that code for lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid transporter protein, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein, fatty acyl-CoA synthase, malic enzyme, glucokinase and the GLUT4 glucose transporter. |
| 29 | 11928067 | The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 (PPAR(gamma2)) represents the transcriptional master regulator of adipocyte differentiation and therefore has been suggested as candidate gene for the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders. |
| 30 | 11960303 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is a nuclear receptor transcription factor that regulates adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. |
| 31 | 11901161 | The antidiabetic thiazolidinedione (TZD) drug rosiglitazone reduced resistin expression with an ED(50) similar to its K(d) for binding to peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). |
| 32 | 12643137 | Rare inactivating mutations of the gene encoding PPAR gamma are associated with insulin resistance type 2 diabetes, and hypertension, whereas a rare gain of function mutation causes extreme obesity. |
| 33 | 12426306 | However, the expression of C/EBPalpha and SREBP1c/ADD1 (adipocyte determination and differentiation factor-1/sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1), two factors that feedback in a positive manner to enhance PPARgamma function, was also markedly reduced. |
| 34 | 12475752 | Improvement of insulin sensitivity and lipid and glucose metabolism by coactivation of both nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma and PPARalpha potentially provides beneficial effects over existing PPARgamma and alpha preferential drugs, respectively, in treatment of type 2 diabetes. |
| 35 | 12665425 | SR-202 is a selective antagonist at PPAR-gamma, which inhibits the adipocyte differentiation normally seen with the PPAR-gamma agonist rosiglitazone. |
| 36 | 12676649 | We evaluated the effects of combination therapy with a PPARgamma agonist, pioglitazone, and a PPARalpha agonist, bezafibrate, and a dual agonist, KRP-297, for 4 wk in male C57BL/6J mice and db/db mice, and we investigated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by in situ pancreatic perfusion. |
| 37 | 12676649 | Plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and nonesterified fatty acid levels were elevated in untreated db/db mice compared with untreated C57BL/6J mice, and these parameters were significantly ameliorated in the PPARgamma agonist-treated groups. |
| 38 | 12682906 | In subsequent binding studies, TZDs were demonstrated to enhance insulin action by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). |
| 39 | 12682906 | PPARgamma is a member of the ligand-activated nuclear receptor superfamily that promotes adipogenesis and enhances insulin sensitivity by controlling the expression of genes in glucose and lipid metabolism. |
| 40 | 12829629 | Thiazolidinediones, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists, have been shown to increase plasma adiponectin levels by the transcriptional induction in adipose tissues. |
| 41 | 12829629 | LRH-1 augmented PPAR-gamma-induced transactivation of adiponectin promoter, and point mutation of the LRH-RE significantly decreased the basal and thiazolidinedione-induced activities of adiponectin promoter. |
| 42 | 12732648 | In reporter gene assays in HeLa cells, ectopic expression of PPAR-gamma abolished induction of a NF-kappaB-responsive reporter gene by the p65 subunit (RelA) of NF-kappaB, and the inhibition was further enhanced in the presence of TGZ. |
| 43 | 12732648 | Conversely, overexpression of p65 inhibited induction of a PPAR-gamma-responsive reporter gene by activated PPAR-gamma in a dose-dependent manner. |
| 44 | 12732648 | Other NF-kappaB family members, p50 and c-Rel as well as the S276A mutant of p65, blocked PPAR-gamma-mediated gene transcription less effectively. |
| 45 | 12732648 | Thus, p65 antagonizes the transcriptional regulatory activity of PPAR-gamma in adipocytes, and PPAR-gamma activation can at least partially override the inhibitory effects of p65 on the expression of key adipocyte genes. |
| 46 | 12732648 | Our data suggest that inhibition of NF-kappaB activity is a mechanism by which PPAR-gamma agonists improve insulin sensitivity in vivo and that adipocyte NF-kappaB is a potential therapeutic target for obesity-linked type 2 diabetes. |
| 47 | 12805374 | In AZIP mice, ablation of liver PPAR gamma reduced the hepatic steatosis but worsened the hyperlipidemia, triglyceride clearance, and muscle insulin resistance. |
| 48 | 12805374 | Interestingly, mice without liver PPAR gamma, but with adipose tissue, developed relative fat intolerance, increased adiposity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. |
| 49 | 12807871 | We show here that human PGC-1 alpha induced the activation of the human UCP1 promoter by PPAR gamma. |
| 50 | 12807871 | The PPAR gamma agonist rosiglitazone potentiated the effect of PGC-1 alpha on UCP1 expression and fatty acid oxidation. |
| 51 | 12881480 | Using adenoviral-mediated overexpression of a constitutively active PPARgamma mutant and the irreversible PPARgamma antagonist GW9662, we provide evidence that PPARgamma ligands induce caspase-mediated apoptosis and GADD45 expression through a receptor-dependent pathway. |
| 52 | 12881480 | Deletion analysis of the GADD45 promoter revealed that a 153-bp region between -234 and -81 bp proximal to the transcription start site, containing an Oct-1 element, was crucial for the PPARgamma ligand-mediated induction of the GADD45 promoter. |
| 53 | 12881480 | These findings suggest that activation of PPARgamma can lead to apoptosis and growth arrest in VSMCs, at least in part, by inducing Oct-1-mediated transcription of GADD45. |
| 54 | 12925701 | Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) by thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improves insulin resistance by increasing insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in skeletal muscle. |
| 55 | 12927809 | We examined the role of PPAR gamma 2 and C/EBP alpha for adiponectin and aP2 gene activation in C/EBP alpha(-/-) fibroblasts by stably expressing PPAR gamma 2 or C/EBP alpha. |
| 56 | 12927809 | Thiazolidinediones markedly activated the gene in PPAR gamma 2-expressing cells in the absence of C/EBP alpha, suggesting that the adiponectin promoter may have functional PPAR gamma-response elements. |
| 57 | 12927809 | Several observations showed that the adiponectin and aP2 genes can be differentially regulated in adipocytes: (1) Topiramate, an anti-epileptic agent with weight-reducing properties, increased adiponectin mRNA levels and secretion, but did not, like the thiazolidinediones, increase aP2 expression; (2) IL-6 reduced adiponectin, but significantly increased, aP2 expression; and (3) TNFalpha inhibited adiponectin, but paradoxically increased, aP2 expression in PPAR gamma 2-infected C/EBP alpha null cells. |
| 58 | 12941763 | In conclusion, PPAR gamma activation increases both food intake and feed efficiency, resulting in net accumulation of subcutaneous body fat. |
| 59 | 12941763 | The impact of PPAR gamma activation on feeding and feed efficiency appears to be partially independent because the PPAR alpha component of ragaglitazar completely counteracts the orexigenic actions of PPAR gamma activation without marked impact on feed efficiency. |
| 60 | 12942148 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) ligands have been used for several years as modulators of insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. |
| 61 | 12942148 | Also, PPARgamma ligands regulate the expression of SR-A and CD36 receptors that take up lipids in the macrophage. |
| 62 | 12942148 | PPARgamma has also been demonstrated to act through the liver X receptor alpha to increase the activity of reverse cholesterol transport in these cells. |
| 63 | 14529153 | Among NRs, retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) heterodimers can mediate adipocyte differentiation and obesity which has been demonstrated with in vitro cell culture systems and RXR- and PPARgamma-specific ligand studies. |
| 64 | 14536066 | The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is highly expressed in adipose tissue and the presumed molecular target for antidiabetic thiazolidinedione drugs that reverse insulin resistance but also promote weight gain. |
| 65 | 14536066 | Remarkably, however, genetic prevention of PPARgamma phosphorylation preserves insulin sensitivity in the setting of diet-induced obesity. |
| 66 | 14536066 | Compounds that prevent PPARgamma phosphorylation or ligands that induce the conformation of nonphosphorylated PPARgamma may selectively enhance insulin sensitivity without increasing body weight. |
| 67 | 14555212 | Recently, attention has been focused on the anti-proliferative activity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in cancerous or transformed cells, which is mediated through interaction with PPARgamma irrespective of their ability to inhibit COX-2. |
| 68 | 14534304 | Expression of ADAMs 8, 9, and 17 were increased, and ADAM15 was decreased by stimulation of THP-1 with PMA, although these ADAMs were not regulated by PPAR gamma or RXR agonists. |
| 69 | 14534304 | ADAMTS4 expression was suppressed by both PPAR gamma and RXR agonists and was undetectable when the agonists were combined. |
| 70 | 14534304 | Pretreatment of THP-1 cells with the PPAR gamma antagonist, GW9662, suggests that PPAR gamma plays subtly different roles in the regulation of MMP-9, ADAMTS4 and ADAM28 gene expression. |
| 71 | 14500573 | This compound improves insulin sensitivity through the activation of the nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma). |
| 72 | 14500573 | In addition to sensitizing cells to insulin, the PPAR-gamma2 isoform appears to be critical for the regulation of osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation from common mesenchymal bone marrow progenitors. |
| 73 | 14749206 | Twenty-four-week treatment with rosiglitazone (8 mg/day) compared with placebo significantly increased the expression of adiponectin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), and PPARgamma coactivator 1 and decreased IL-6 expression. |
| 74 | 15143161 | We report here that induction of the PPARgamma activator and adipogenesis forced by overexpression of adipogenic regulatory proteins is blocked upon expression of dominant-negative BRG1 or hBRM, the ATPase subunits of distinct SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling enzymes. |
| 75 | 15161789 | Among young Hispanic women at high risk for type 2 diabetes, the Pro12Ala variant of the PPAR-gamma receptor gene did not explain the failure of approximately 1/3 of subjects to increase their insulin sensitivity when placed on troglitazone at a dose of 400 mg/day. |
| 76 | 15059948 | Furthermore, we provide the first direct in vivo evidence that an agonist of both PPARalpha and PPARgamma increases the ability of WAT, liver, and skeletal muscle to use fatty acids in association with its beneficial effects on insulin action in this model. |
| 77 | 15117825 | We report here that PPARgamma agonists, thiazolidinedione class drugs (TZDs), or 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) were capable of activating diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase (DGK), resulting in attenuation of DAG levels and inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) activation. |
| 78 | 15117825 | These findings thus demonstrate a novel molecular action of PPARgamma agonists to suppress the DAG-PKC signaling pathway via upregulation of an endogenous attenuator, DGK. |
| 79 | 15130939 | Platelet incubation with a natural PPARgamma agonist, 15d-PGJ(2), or with a potent synthetic PPARgamma ligand, rosiglitazone, prevented thrombin-induced CD40L surface expression and release of CD40L and thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)). 15d-PGJ(2) also inhibited platelet aggregation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release. |
| 80 | 15464424 | Rare monogenic mutations in PPARgamma have a limited impact on the health of the population due to their low frequency but are associated with severe phenotypes such as severe insulin resistance, partial lipodystrophy, type 2 diabetes and hypertension. |
| 81 | 15353408 | Ectopic expression of Mest in 3T3-L1 cells caused increased gene expression of adipose markers such as PPARgamma, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)alpha, and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP)2. |
| 82 | 15861314 | As separate activation of PPARalpha and PPARgamma improves lipid metabolism, the development of new drugs integrating PPARalpha and PPARgamma activity (PPAR-alpha/gamma agonists) is a promising line that may further improve insulin resistance, FFA metabolism, and consequently, atherogenic diabetic dyslipidemia. |
| 83 | 16035392 | Peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, for example the thiazolidinediones, redistribute fat within the body (decrease visceral and hepatic fat; increase subcutaneous fat) and have been shown to enhance adipocyte insulin sensitivity, inhibit lipolysis, reduce plasma FFA and favourably influence the production of adipocytokines. |
| 84 | 15764152 | PPAR gamma activation induced a 7.5-fold increase in adipophilin expression (a PPAR-activated gene). |
| 85 | 15764152 | PPAR gamma activation had no effect on viability or DNA profiles, but led to a 25% significant decrease in cell proliferation. |
| 86 | 15778927 | This study evaluated the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor-gamma2 ( PPAR-gamma2) Pro12Ala polymorphism and the angiotensin converting enzyme ( ACE) I/D polymorphism with respect to any potential influence that these highly prevalent polymorphisms may impose on changes in insulin sensitivity and maximal aerobic capacity induced by exercise. |
| 87 | 15780821 | The combination of angiotensin II blockade, statin therapy and PPAR gamma activation might emerge as an important global therapeutic strategy in the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. |
| 88 | 15828230 | While PPARalpha potentiates fatty acid catabolism in the liver and is the molecular target of the lipid-lowering fibrates, PPARgamma is essential for adipocyte differentiation and hypertrophy, and mediates the activity of the insulin sensitizing thiazolidinediones. |
| 89 | 15834303 | PPARgamma forms a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor and upon ligand-activation binds to the PPAR response element in the promoter of genes to allow transcription. |
| 90 | 15850715 | In addition, SIRT1 repressed PPAR-gamma, and overexpression of SIRT1 attenuated adipogenesis, and upregulation of SIRT in differentiated fat cells triggered lipolysis and loss of fat, events that are known to attenuate insulin resistance and prolong life span. |
| 91 | 15959400 | The clinical use of these PPARgamma agonists in type 2 diabetic patients leads to an improved glycemic control and an inhanced insulin sensitivity, and at least in animal models, to a protective effect on pancreatic beta-cell function. |
| 92 | 15892894 | Telmisartan, an antihypertensive agent with evidence of partial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activity-gamma (PPARgamma) activity, may improve insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in patients with metabolic syndrome. |
| 93 | 15939809 | Blockade of PPARgamma activation by the PPARgamma antagonist GW9662 markedly inhibited irbesartan-induced adiponectin expression. |
| 94 | 15939809 | ARB-induced adiponectin stimulation is likely to be mediated via PPARgamma activation involving a post-transcriptional mechanism. |
| 95 | 15920035 | Activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) improves insulin sensitivity and exerts antiatherogenic effects. |
| 96 | 16002303 | Transcription factors and coactivators, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1 are crucial in mediating insulin resistance and accelerating vascular wall inflammation, and represent promising therapeutic targets. |
| 97 | 16061040 | Thiazolidinedione agonists for the PPAR-g system are effective in control of insulin resistance and diabetes. |
| 98 | 16157299 | To understand the role of adipocytokines in improving insulin sensitivity via activation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) and -gamma (PPAR-gamma), we examined the expression of visfatin, adiponectin, and TNF-alpha in visceral fat depots of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats from early to advanced diabetic stage (from 28 to 40 weeks of age). |
| 99 | 16168052 | PPAR gamma activation results in insulin sensitization and antidiabetic action. |
| 100 | 16179270 | In addition, treatment of both lipodystrophic and type 2 diabetic patients with peroxisome proliferators activator receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, but not metformin, decreases liver fat and markedly increases adiponectin levels. |
| 101 | 16187688 | The PPARs act as nutritional lipid sensors and three mammalian PPAR subtypes designated PPARalpha (NR1C1), PPARgamma (NR1C3) and PPARdelta (NR1C2) have been identified. |
| 102 | 16179348 | These studies demonstrate distinct molecular events lead to insulin sensitization by high affinity RXR and PPARgamma agonists. |
| 103 | 16290951 | PPARs are intimately involved in the regulation of FFA: PPARalpha modulation increases FFA catabolism and PPARgamma agonism (eg, by thiazolidinediones) increases TG lipolysis, FFA transport, conversion of FFA to TGs, and safe storage of FFA. |
| 104 | 16290951 | Integrating potent PPARalpha and PPARgamma activity may deliver greater improvement of the diabetic dyslipidemic profile and its attendant risks than selective PPAR activation. |
| 105 | 16306350 | PPARalpha activation by its agonist, Wy-14,643, as well as PPARgamma activation by its agonist, rosiglitazone, markedly improved insulin sensitivity. |
| 106 | 16306360 | Selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma modulation is a new pharmacological approach that, based on selective receptor-cofactor interactions and target gene regulation, should result in potent insulin sensitization in the absence of PPARgamma-mediated adverse effects. |
| 107 | 16272151 | We have shown that inhibition of p38 prevented transcription of the PPARgamma coactivator 1alpha gene as well as phosphorylation of cAMP-response element-binding protein. |
| 108 | 16696315 | As an important thrifty gene, environment factors may exerts an effect of PPAR gamma2 on glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. |
| 109 | 16344371 | We evaluated the effects of the PPAR-gamma activator rosiglitazone on Ang II signaling in aorta and mesenteric arteries. |
| 110 | 16394521 | PPT enhanced adipogenesis by increasing the expression of PPARgamma target genes such as aP2, LPL and PEPCK. |
| 111 | 16269451 | We demonstrate that expression of the HSL gene is up-regulated by PPARgamma and PPARgamma agonists (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) in the cultured hepatic cells and differentiating preadipocytes. |
| 112 | 16269451 | The Sp1-promoter binding activity can be endogenously enhanced by PPARgamma and rosiglitazone, as demonstrated by analysis of EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. |
| 113 | 16269451 | These results indicate that PPARgamma positively regulates the HSL gene expression, and up-regulation of HSL by PPARgamma requires the involvement of Sp1. |
| 114 | 16041833 | The severe insulin resistance predominantly in epididymal adipose tissue of WOKW rats is associated with a 10-fold decrease in adipocyte adiponectin gene expression, decreased Ppar gamma, but increased Foxo1 gene expression compared to DA rats. |
| 115 | 16489446 | Stimulation of the Ipf1 promoter by rosiglitazone was unaffected by the presence of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma antagonist GW9662. |
| 116 | 16628256 | The thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which activate PPARgamma, appear to improve glycemic control primarily by increasing peripheral insulin sensitivity and reducing hepatic glucose production, thereby helping to preserve beta-cell function. |
| 117 | 16631115 | Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1alpha) increases mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) resulting in mitochondrial DNA content increase. |
| 118 | 16634983 | In addition to lifestyle changes, PPARgamma agonists such as thiazolidinediones are frequently beneficial and have been shown to ameliorate insulin resistance, while activation of PPARalpha (e.g. by fibrates) can lead to improvements in free fatty acid oxidation and lipid profile, and a reduction in cardiovascular events. |
| 119 | 16609149 | Our hypothesis is that impairment of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) initiates renal dysfunction by increasing renal glomerular matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity because of increased renal homocysteine (Hcy) and decreased nitric oxide (NO) levels. |
| 120 | 16609149 | Results suggest that a PPARgamma agonist ameliorates preglomerular arteriole remodeling in diabetes by decreasing tissue levels of Hcy and MMP-2 activity and increasing NO. |
| 121 | 16787414 | In addition to being a target for diabetes, PPARgamma activation state has recently been shown to modulate beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) production in cellular models relevant to Alzheimer's disease. |
| 122 | 16787414 | Furthermore, PPARgamma transcriptional activity did not appear to be responsible for decreased phosphorylation of tau. |
| 123 | 16876120 | These results suggest that PPARgamma activation represses the expression of the resistin gene by modulating Sp1 activity. |
| 124 | 16913824 | These effects of PPAR-gamma agonists appear to result from both insulin sensitization and a direct modulation of transcriptional activity in the vessel wall. |
| 125 | 17003330 | Here, we demonstrate that when expressed on a hyperphagic ob/ob background, the P465L PPARgamma mutant grossly exacerbates the insulin resistance and metabolic disturbances associated with leptin deficiency, yet reduces whole-body adiposity and adipocyte size. |
| 126 | 16803864 | Deficiency in SHP function resulted in up-regulation of glucose transporter 4 mRNA and glucose uptake in muscles, and overexpression of SHP in C2C12 cells inhibited both basal and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1alpha-stimulated glucose transporter 4 expression and glucose uptake. |
| 127 | 16887936 | Because PPARgamma plays a crucial role in regulation of insulin sensitivity, synthetic agonists are already in clinical use for type II diabetes treatment. |
| 128 | 17048575 | Inhibiting the mRNA and protein expression of MCP-1 and upregulating the mRNA expression of PPARgamma in aorta might be contribute to SQCR anti-earlier diabetic artherosclerosis in GK rats partly. |
| 129 | 17004092 | Since a crosstalk between AGE and angiotensin II (Ang II) has been proposed in the pathogenesis of accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes, we examined here whether and how telmisartan, a unique Ang II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB) with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma)-modulating activity, could inhibit AGE-induced CRP expression in a human hepatoma cell line, Hep3B cells. |
| 130 | 17086933 | PPARalpha activation enhances free fatty acid oxidation and potentiates anti-inflammatory effects, while PPARgamma is essential for normal adipocyte differentiation and proliferation, as well as fatty acid uptake and storage. |
| 131 | 17063460 | While the early actions of FGF-21 on 3T3-L1 adipocytes involve rapid accumulation of intracellular calcium and phosphorylation of Akt, GSK-3, p70(S6K), SHP-2, MEK1/2, and Stat3, continuous treatment for 72 h induces an increase in PPARgamma protein expression. |
| 132 | 17063460 | Moreover, chronic activation of the PPARgamma pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes with the PPARgamma agonist and anti-diabetic agent, rosiglitazone (BRL 49653), enhances FGF-21 action to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of FGF receptor-2. |
| 133 | 16753211 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is expressed predominantly in adipose tissue and is known to be involved in adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity. |
| 134 | 16753211 | On the other hand, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the other important factor in placental development, has been demonstrated to be regulated by PPARgamma in vascular smooth muscle cells. |
| 135 | 17240171 | Here, we demonstrate that antidiabetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists inhibited expression of 3T3-L1 adipocyte alpha1-AGP in a concentration- and time-dependent manner via an apparent PPARgamma-mediated mechanism. |
| 136 | 17290005 | Indeed, Ro 41-5253 was able to compete with TZD ligands for binding to PPARgamma, suggesting that Ro 41-5253 directly affects PPAR activity. |
| 137 | 17390150 | The recent observations that Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1A) is responsible for the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxifying agents and that ROS triggers insulin resistance, support the role that this gene could play in the onset of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). |
| 138 | 17472010 | Endocrinal products of adipocytes (PPARgamma, A-FABP, E-FABP, leptin, adiponectin and others) modulate insulin tissue sensitivity enabling them to participate in the ethiopathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2T). |
| 139 | 17479445 | In conclusion, we did not find an association between the PGC-1alpha gene and T2DM or BMI and there were no consistent interactions with diet, physical activity or the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-gamma gene. |
| 140 | 17337625 | Here we show by using two synthetic PPARgamma agonists (rosiglitazone and KR-62776, a novel PPARgamma agonist) that phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a key downstream mediator of PPARgamma signaling. |
| 141 | 17337625 | The effects of PPARgamma agonists on PTEN expression and glucose uptake disappeared by pretreatment with a PPARgamma antagonist or by knockdown of PPARgamma expression. |
| 142 | 17510194 | To test this hypothesis, we gave eNOS(-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice pioglitazone (20 or 50 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)), an insulin-sensitizing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) activator, and measured pancreatic protein secretion evoked by CCK-8 (160 pmol.kg(-1).h(-1), a maximal stimulus). |
| 143 | 17516074 | Mechanism analysis indicated that the effect of insulin and 2-BP on the FAT/CD36 mRNA gene expression may be mediated through activation of PPAR-gamma, suggesting that FAT/CD36 may have important implications in the pathophysiology of defective fatty acid metabolism. |
| 144 | 17611413 | The latter is achieved by the mitogen-induced nuclear export of PPARgamma through its direct interaction with the ERK cascade component MAPK/ERK-kinases 1/2 (MEKs). |
| 145 | 17614770 | In contrast, SCD and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) expression increased continuously from day 2 to day 7 during adipogenesis. |
| 146 | 17603034 | In this study, we determined the in vitro effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) activation on the aortic relaxation, lipolysis and insulin-induced [(3)H]-glucose uptake of the abdominal (omental) adipocytes of the non-diabetic (+db/+m) and obese/diabetic (+db/+db) mice. |
| 147 | 17603034 | In contrast, none of the PPAR-gamma agonists tested (0.1, 1 and 10 microM) altered the basal and the insulin (0.1 microM)-induced [(3)H]-glucose uptake into adipocytes of both species. |
| 148 | 17603034 | However, all PPAR-gamma agonists examined have no acute effect on lipolysis and the insulin-induced glucose uptake into adipocytes of both +db/+m and +db/+db mice. |
| 149 | 17637478 | Activation of the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) plays an important role in adipogenesis, insulin resistance, and glucose homeostasis. |
| 150 | 17671378 | The PPAR-gamma activator rosiglitazone, used at maximum approved dosage, did not reduce plasma GH and IGF-1 levels in patients with acromegaly. |
| 151 | 17878382 | The results showed that visceral AT from old C57BL mice had significantly higher mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and COX-2 and lower expression of anti-inflammatory PPAR-gamma than those of young mice. |
| 152 | 17141246 | The objectives of this study were to examine the influence of PPAR gamma and its agonist (rosiglitazone) on the TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 gene expression in monocytes of patients with diabetic macroangiopathy and to analyse obtained results in context of selected atherogenic factors ant direct indicators of endothelial lesion. |
| 153 | 17141246 | TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and PPAR gamma gene expression was assessed in peripheral blood monocytes in 45 patients with type 2 diabetes before and following 22 weeks of rosiglitazone therapy (real-time PCR [Applied Biosystems]). |
| 154 | 17434720 | The human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) is involved in lipid storage, glucose homeostasis and adipocyte differentiation. |
| 155 | 17704298 | S 26948 displayed pharmacological features of a high selective ligand for PPARgamma with low potency in promoting adipocyte differentiation. |
| 156 | 17704301 | The following genes were significantly upregulated in NAFL: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma 2 (2.8-fold), the monocyte-attracting chemokine CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]-1, 1.8-fold), and four genes associated with fatty acid metabolism (acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 [ACSL4] [2.8-fold], fatty acid binding protein [FABP]4 [3.9-fold], FABP5 [2.5-fold], and lipoprotein lipase [LPL] [3.6-fold]). |
| 157 | 17956948 | We therefore hypothesized that type 2 diabetic patients using exceptionally high doses of insulin might respond well to addition of a PPARgamma agonist. |
| 158 | 18176111 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma agonists are used clinically for treating diabetes mellitus and cancer. 2-Methyl-2[(1-{3-phenyl-7-propylbenzol[d]isoxazol-6-yl}oxy)propyl]-1H-4-indolyl) oxy]propanoic acid (BPR1H0101) is a novel synthetic indole-based compound, discovered through research to identify new PPARgamma agonists, and it acts as a dual agonist for PPARgamma and PPARalpha. |
| 159 | 18177270 | The PPARgamma (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma) agonists thiazolidinediones selectively enhance the secretion of HMW adiponectin through up-regulation of Ero1-Lalpha. |
| 160 | 18317437 | There is increasing evidence that the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma plays an important role in controlling cell differentiation and that PPARgamma ligands can modify inflammatory and fibrotic responses. |
| 161 | 17686902 | Thiazolidinediones (TZD) are insulin sensitizing agents currently used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and are widely used as adipogenic agents because they are ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a key adipogenic transcription factor. |
| 162 | 18268046 | No vascular growth is detectable when PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma agonists are respectively used in PPAR alpha knockout mice and mice treated with a specific PPAR gamma inhibitor, demonstrating that this angiogenic response is PPAR mediated. |
| 163 | 18268046 | Finally, in corneas treated with PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma agonists, there is increased phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and Akt. |
| 164 | 18268046 | These findings demonstrate that PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma activation stimulates neoangiogenesis through a VEGF-dependent mechanism. |
| 165 | 18053997 | The basis of our inquiry derives from the facts that the PPAR-gamma receptor plays a pivotal role in placental function and that TFAs down-regulate PPAR-gamma gene mRNA expression. |
| 166 | 18511847 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligands repress proinflammatory gene expression, including that of osteopontin, a known contributor to the development of myocardial fibrosis. |
| 167 | 18511847 | Cardiomyocyte-specific PPARgamma(-/-) mice (cPPARgamma(-/-)) developed spontaneous cardiac hypertrophy with increased ventricular osteopontin expression and macrophage content, which were exacerbated by AngII infusion. |
| 168 | 18511847 | Adenovirus-expressed adiponectin had no effect on cardiac fibrosis and the PPARgamma ligand pioglitazone did not attenuate AngII-induced cardiac fibrosis, osteopontin expression, or macrophage accumulation in monocyte-specific PPARgamma(-/-) mice. |
| 169 | 18640979 | Altogether, this evidence indicates that PPARgamma activation by rosiglitazone attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction in mutant huntingtin-expressing striatal cells, and this could be an important therapeutic avenue to ameliorate the mitochondrial dysfunction that occurs in HD. |
| 170 | 18680073 | Since peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma affects adipocyte differentiation as well as insulin sensitivity, we investigated whether the levels of proinflammatory factors in PCOS patients are related to sequence variations of the PPAR gamma gene. |
| 171 | 18755353 | Previously we reported PPARalpha but not PPARgamma agonists could repress VCAM-1 expression. |
| 172 | 18756295 | PPAR-gamma, a transcription factor involved in adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis, bone turnover, and inflammation, has now been shown to increase klotho expression. |
| 173 | 18756295 | The finding that klotho is upregulated by PPAR-gamma may prompt further exploration of the role and mechanism of action of PPAR-gamma in aging and bone diseases. |
| 174 | 18599600 | Functional ablation of PPARbeta/delta and PPARgamma from keratinocytes by small interfering RNA did not abrogate L165,041- and troglitazone-induced VEGF biosynthesis and suggested VEGF induction as a pleiotropic, PPAR-independent effect of both drugs in the cells. |
| 175 | 18794727 | Gene expression studies revealed that renin and endothelin-1 were regulated by PPARgamma in Calu-6 cells. |
| 176 | 18794727 | Our results implicate a key role for renin and endothelin-1 in the edema caused by PPARgamma agonists and demonstrate how knowledge gained from pharmacogenetic studies can be applied in drug discovery. |
| 177 | 18718916 | We have now studied mice depleted of PPARgamma within the pancreas (PANC PPARgamma(-/-)) created by a Cre/loxP recombinase system, with Cre driven by the pdx-1 promoter. |
| 178 | 18718916 | Electrophoretic mobility supershift assays with nuclear extracts from beta-cell lines and mouse islets, also in vitro translated PPARgamma and retinoid X receptor, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated specific binding of PPARgamma and retinoid X receptor to the human and mouse pdx-1 x PPREs. |
| 179 | 18718916 | In summary, we have presented in vivo and in vitro evidence showing PPARgamma regulation of pdx-1 transcription in beta-cells, plus our results support an important regulatory role for PPARgamma in beta-cell physiology and thiazolidinedione pharmacology of type 2 diabetes. |
| 180 | 18710364 | For example, the PPAR-gamma variant genotype is responsive to different types and levels of lipids, while the effect of the FTO variant can be partly overcome by exercise. |
| 181 | 18614852 | Adiponectin is an antidiabetic and antiatherogenic adipocytokine that is specifically produced by adipose tissue, and the transcription of the adiponectin gene is regulated by PPARgamma. |
| 182 | 19094928 | However, these promising effects of PPAR full agonists were hampered by their ability to reduce the growth factor-dependent synthesis of extracellular matrix components or to induce chondrocyte apoptosis, by the possible contribution of immunosuppressive properties to their anti-arthritic effects, by the increased adipocyte differentiation secondary to prolonged stimulation of PPARgamma, and by a variable contribution of PPAR subtypes depending on the system. |
| 183 | 19136982 | Further conclusions are that decreased adiponectin action and increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) form a vicious adipokine network causing obesity-linked insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome; PPARgamma upregulates HMW adiponectin and PPARalpha upregulates AdipoRs; that dietary osmotin can serve as a naturally occurring adiponectin receptor agonist; and finally, that under starvation conditions, MMW adiponectin activates AMPK in hypothalamus, and promotes food intake, and at the same time HMW adiponectin activates AMPK in peripheral tissues, such as skeletal muscle, and stimulates fatty-acids combustion. |
| 184 | 19227810 | Adiponectin secretion is inhibited by TNF-alpha and by catecholamines, and is stimulated by PPAR gamma activation. |
| 185 | 18991162 | Rosiglitazone may ameliorate hepatic fibrosis by activating PPAR gamma, which can inhibit HSC activation and suppress TGF-beta1 and CTGF expression. |
| 186 | 19074989 | In C2C12 myocytes, knockdown of PPARD, but not of PPARG, blocked LCFA-mediated ANGPTL4 induction, and LCFA treatment resulted in PPAR-delta recruitment to the ANGPTL4 gene. |
| 187 | 19088251 | Together, these data suggest that pioglitazone and the fish oils DHA or EPA are PPARgamma agonists in adipocytes with regard to adiponectin expression, and the predominant mode of adiponectin stimulation is via an increase in translation. |
| 188 | 19126543 | This region contains a binding site for the master adipogenic regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and binds endogenous PPARgamma together with its partner retinoid-X receptor alpha (RXRalpha). |
| 189 | 19126543 | Taken together, the data suggest that a composite enhancer binding both PPARgamma and C/EBP factors confers adipocyte-specific expression to Retn in mouse, and its absence from the human gene may explain the lack of adipocyte expression in humans. |
| 190 | 19165156 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) acts as a ligand-dependent transcription factor with a key role in mediating adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity. |
| 191 | 19165156 | Recently, we and others have shown that PPARgamma recruits the nuclear corepressors NCoR and silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT) to modulate adipogenesis. |
| 192 | 19165156 | These mutations alter PPARgamma to the corresponding residues of the PPARalpha. |
| 193 | 19165156 | When expressed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes using recombinant adenovirus, wild-type PPARgamma leads to adipocyte formation with both hormonal and TZD treatment. |
| 194 | 19324019 | The thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone, an agonist ligand for the nuclear receptor PPAR-gamma, improves insulin sensitivity in part by stimulating transcription of the insulin-sensitizing adipokine adiponectin. |
| 195 | 19324019 | It activates PPAR-gamma-RXR-alpha heterodimers bound to PPAR-gamma response elements in the adiponectin promoter. |
| 196 | 19324019 | The present study demonstrates that IGFBP-3, the hypoxia-mimetic agent cobalt chloride, and TNF-alpha inhibit rosiglitazone-induced adiponectin transcription in mouse embryo fibroblasts that stably express PPAR-gamma2. |
| 197 | 19238155 | In differentiating omental adipocytes, incubation with both acylated and desacyl ghrelin significantly increased PPARgamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) and SREBP1 (sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1) mRNA levels, as well as several fat storage-related proteins, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, lipoprotein lipase and perilipin. |
| 198 | 19383491 | Finally, we demonstrate that PPARgamma participates in the insulin-induced IDE expression in neurons. |
| 199 | 19383491 | These results suggest that PPARgamma transcriptionally induces IDE expression which provides a novel mechanism for the use of PPARgamma agonists in both DM2 and AD therapies. |
| 200 | 19449750 | Although there has been disappointment with the first cholesteryl-ester-transfer-protein-inhibitor, there is encouraging evidence that increasing HDL with the peroxisome-proliferator-activator-receptor (PPAR) gamma agonist, pioglitazone and nicotinic acid derivatives may contribute beyond statin therapy. |
| 201 | 19449752 | Thiazolidinediones, in particular of the rosiglitazone type, have a positive impact on increased tissue sensitivity to insulin built on the activation of PPAR-gamma. |
| 202 | 19389808 | In vitro, in contrast with full PPAR-gamma agonist treatment, MBX-102 fails to drive human and murine adipocyte differentiation and selectively modulates the expression of a subset of PPAR-gamma target genes in mature adipocytes. |
| 203 | 19389808 | MBX-102 exhibits full therapeutic activity without the classical PPAR-gamma side effects and may represent the next generation insulin sensitizer. |
| 204 | 19417127 | Using C(2)C(12) myotubes as an in vitro model of myofibers, we demonstrate that PPAR, and specifically PPARgamma, activation potently inhibits inflammatory mediator-induced NF-kappaB transcriptional activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. |
| 205 | 19417127 | Furthermore, PPARgamma activation by rosiglitazone strongly suppresses cytokine-induced transcript levels of the NF-kappaB-dependent genes intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and CXCL1 (KC), the murine homolog of IL-8, in myotubes. |
| 206 | 19417127 | To verify whether muscular NF-kappaB activity in human subjects is suppressed by PPARgamma activation, we examined the effect of 8 wk of rosiglitazone treatment on muscular gene expression of ICAM-1 and IL-8 in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. |
| 207 | 19485965 | These findings suggest that strategies aimed at increasing SRC-1 expression and recruitment to PPARgamma upon aging might help improve age-associated metabolic disorders. |
| 208 | 19646657 | Recently, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is involved in not only adipocyte differentiation, but also vascular homeostasis. |
| 209 | 19592617 | Naringenin 1) increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation through a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma coactivator 1alpha/PPARalpha-mediated transcription program; 2) prevented sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c-mediated lipogenesis in both liver and muscle by reducing fasting hyperinsulinemia; 3) decreased hepatic cholesterol and cholesterol ester synthesis; 4) reduced both VLDL-derived and endogenously synthesized fatty acids, preventing muscle triglyceride accumulation; and 5) improved overall insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. |
| 210 | 19666473 | Classical adipogenesis-inducing medium induces MCP-1 production and expression of MCPIP in 3T3-L1 cells before the induction of the C/EBP family of transcription factors and PPARgamma. |
| 211 | 19666473 | Treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with MCP-1 or forced expression of MCPIP induces expression of C/EBPbeta, C/EBPdelta, C/EBPalpha, and PPARgamma and adipogenesis without any other inducer. |
| 212 | 19682441 | The activation of PPARalpha and PPARgamma by osthole also resulted in an increase in the expression of PPAR target genes such as PPAR itself, adipose fatty acid-binding protein 2, acyl-CoA synthetases, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A. |
| 213 | 19689798 | Transcription factors PPARgamma, NFAT5, CREB5 and EBF1, the adipokine NAMPT, members of the insulin signaling cascade SORBS1 and IGF1 and IL6ST were repressed, while the adipokine THBS1 and GLUT4 involved in insulin signaling were induced. |
| 214 | 19698699 | TZDs target the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) and improve systemic insulin sensitivity. |
| 215 | 19766907 | The Pro12Ala polymorphism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) has been associated with decreased obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and other age-associated diseases such as cognitive impairment, hypertension, cancer, osteoarthritis. |
| 216 | 19713966 | Specifically, next generation ARBs are becoming available that are intended to not only antagonize AT(1) receptors, but also block endothelin receptors, function as nitric oxide donors, inhibit neprilysin activity and increase natriuretic peptide levels, or stimulate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). |
| 217 | 19806227 | Sirt-1 down-regulates p53 activity, rising lifespan, and cell survival; it also deacetylases peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) and its coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1alpha), promoting lipid mobilization, positively regulating insulin secretion, and increasing mitochondrial dimension and number. |
| 218 | 19809220 | Rivoglitazone activated human PPARgamma more potently compared with rosiglitazone and pioglitazone and had little effect on PPARalpha and PPARdelta activity in luciferase reporter assays. |
| 219 | 19536736 | We found significant independent effects of the PPARG and PPARGC1A variants on fasting insulin levels (p=0.02 for both), HOMA-IR (p=0.03 and p=0.02, respectively), insulin area under the curve (AUC) (p=0.007 and p=0.006, respectively) and 2-h glucose levels (p=0.02 for PPARGC1A). |
| 220 | 19736547 | In conclusion, these results support our initial hypothesis and demonstrate that ox-LDL stimulates HSC activation, which is eliminated by curcumin by suppressing lox-1 expression by interrupting Wnt signaling and stimulating PPARgamma activity. |
| 221 | 19797472 | Here, we found that the PPAR-gamma agonist pioglitazone protected against renal injury in aging; it reduced proteinuria, improved GFR, decreased sclerosis, and alleviated cell senescence. |
| 222 | 19808645 | Hence, this study was undertaken to determine whether Txnip expression is regulated by the transcription factors KLF6 and PPAR-gamma. |
| 223 | 19808645 | In contrast, reduced expression of KLF6 by siRNA or exposure to PPAR-gamma agonists attenuated high glucose-induced Txnip expression and promoter activity. |
| 224 | 19808645 | Hence, Txnip expression and promoter activity are mediated via divergent effects of KLF6 and PPAR-gamma transcriptional regulation. |
| 225 | 19628379 | The clinical interest in PPARs originates with fibrates and thiazolidinediones, which, respectively, act on PPARalpha and PPARgamma and are used to ameliorate hyperlipidaemia and hyperglycaemia in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). |
| 226 | 19752200 | We conclude that PPARgamma activity is important for maintaining basal and insulin-dependent transepithelial Na+ transport and ENaC activity. |
| 227 | 19694557 | As determined by immunohistochemistry, VEGF-A(165) significantly increased the number and size of the capillaries in various compartments of the eyes. 15-LO-1 efficiently inhibited VEGF-A(165)-induced neovascularization and pathological changes by reducing VEGF-A(165) mRNA and protein expression, determined by RT-PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. 15-LO-1, which produces endogenous ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), also prevented VEGF-A(165)-induced expression of PPARgamma and VEGF receptor-2, as measured by quantitative RT-PCR. |
| 228 | 20018750 | In addition to improved adipokine, inflammatory, and lipid profiles, PPARgamma activation in mature adipocytes normalizes serum insulin without increased adipogenesis. |
| 229 | 20079163 | And we also observed that ABCC8 as well as the interaction between PPARG and HNF4A may contribute to post-challenge insulin secretion. |
| 230 | 19374389 | Thiazolidinediones are insulin sensitizing drugs that target the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma. |
| 231 | 19374389 | An n-hexane extract of the flowers of Echinacea purpurea was found to activate PPARgamma without stimulating adipocyte differentiation. |
| 232 | 19944677 | Treatment with rosiglitazone (RSG), an insulin sensitizer, for 2 weeks increased vascular PPARgamma expression and restored PI3-kinase/Akt/eNOS-mediated signaling pathway only in young SHRs. |
| 233 | 19644452 | Furthermore, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists increased the expression of sEH in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro and in adipose tissue in vivo. |
| 234 | 19699280 | Furthermore, the results of quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that emodin significantly elevated the mRNA expression level of PPARgamma and regulated the mRNA expressions of LPL, FAT/CD36, resistin and FABPs (ap2) in liver and adipocyte tissues. |
| 235 | 19900469 | Among them, ERK can be positively/negatively regulated by PPARgamma ligands, as in endothelial cells, where TZDs exert anti-inflammatory effects through a novel mechanism involving a rapid inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation/activation. |
| 236 | 20407009 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is a nuclear receptor that functions as a master transcriptional regulator of adipocyte conversion. |
| 237 | 20447391 | The purpose of this study was A) to compare the effects of apocynin with Ang-(1-7) on renal vascular dysfunction and NADPH oxidase activity in a combined model of diabetes and hypertension and B) to further determine whether chronic treatment with Ang-(1-7) can modulate renal catalase, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor- gamma (PPAR-gamma) levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in both normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). |
| 238 | 20447391 | Treatment with Ang-(1-7) significantly prevented diabetes-induced reduction in catalase activity and the reduction in PPAR-gamma mRNA and protein levels in both animal models. |
| 239 | 20447391 | Taken together, these data suggest that activation of Ang-(1-7)-mediated signaling could be an effective way to prevent the elevation of NADPH oxidase activity and inhibition of PPAR-gamma and catalase activities in diabetes and/or hypertension. |
| 240 | 20215528 | The Pla2g1b(-/-) mice also displayed increased postprandial hepatic fat utilization due to increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha, PPAR-delta, PPAR-gamma, cd36/Fat, and Ucp2, which coincided with reduced postprandial plasma lysophospholipid levels. |
| 241 | 20222152 | T2D is caused by a combination of insulin resistance and beta-cell failure and can be treated with insulin sensitizing drugs that target the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma. |
| 242 | 20222152 | Naringenin was found to activate PPARgamma without stimulating adipocyte differentiation. |
| 243 | 20484463 | In human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably transfected with cDNA encoding porcine adiponectin, the secretion of adiponectin was significantly up-regulated and the ERp44 mRNA was down-regulated observably, by either the treatment of PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone or the overexpression of PPARgamma in these cells. |
| 244 | 20484463 | Taken together, our results indicated that PPARgamma is an essential regulatory factor for the transcriptional activity of ERp44, which in turn controls the secretion of adiponectin. |
| 245 | 20811644 | We show it activates the ligand-binding domain of both PPARalpha and PPARgamma, while inhibiting LXRalpha in GAL4-fusion reporters. |
| 246 | 18288286 | We review here recent advances on the emerging role of growth hormone releasing peptides in regulating PPARgamma through interaction with scavenger receptor CD36 and ghrelin GHS-R1a receptor. |
| 247 | 18596912 | The genomic activity of PPARgamma is modulated, in addition to ligand binding, by phosphorylation of a serine residue by MAPKs, such as extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases-1/2 (ERK-1/2), or by nucleocytoplasmic compartmentalization through the ERK activators MAPK kinases-1/2 (MEK-1/2). |
| 248 | 18719589 | BMP7 activates a full program of brown adipogenesis including induction of early regulators of brown fat fate PRDM16 (PR-domain-containing 16; ref. 4) and PGC-1alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1alpha; ref. 5), increased expression of the brown-fat-defining marker uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and adipogenic transcription factors PPARgamma and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs), and induction of mitochondrial biogenesis via p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-(also known as Mapk14) and PGC-1-dependent pathways. |
| 249 | 19172665 | Twenty-two plant extracts out of 133 were found to increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and 18 extracts were found to activate PPARgamma, 3 to activate PPARalpha and gamma, 6 to activate PPARdelta and gamma, and 9 to activate PPARgamma, alpha and delta. |
| 250 | 19968882 | Although activation of both PPARdelta and PPARgamma lead to increased insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, PPARdelta activation was functionally distinct from PPARgamma activation, and was characterized by increased hepatic and peripheral fatty acid oxidative metabolism, demonstrating the distinctive catabolic role of this receptor compared with PPARgamma. |
| 251 | 20226013 | In obese subjects, however, sc-CAV-1 was associated with fatty acid synthase (FAS, r = 0.36, p = 0.02), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c (r = 0.58, p < 0.0001), ACACA (r = 0.33, p = 0.03), spot-14 (r = 0.36, p = 0.02), PPAR-gamma co-activator-1 (PGC-1, r = 0.88, n = 19). |
| 252 | 20561028 | In control hearts, PPAR-alpha was most expressed, and PPAR-gamma least expressed in mRNA and protein levels. |
| 253 | 20650758 | When PPAR gamma was specifically inhibited by GW9662 and PPARgamma-SiRNA, the protective effects of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone were almost undetectable, and the apoptotic rate increased and insulin secretion decreased to the level of the cytokine-treated cells. |
| 254 | 19775880 | Our results indicate that daidzein enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes by increasing the expression of GLUT4 and IRS-1 via the activation of PPARgamma. |
| 255 | 20725514 | Three subtypes make up the PPAR family (alpha, gamma, beta/delta), and synthetic ligands for PPARalpha (fibrates) and PPARgamma (Thiazolidinediones, TZDs) are currently prescribed for the respective management of dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes. |
| 256 | 20726228 | DHSA may improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in KKAy mice and the effect might be related to the activation of PPAR-gamma by DHSA. |
| 257 | 20828387 | In their heart PPAR gamma, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP-4) and anti-oxidant thioredoxin were attenuated whereas matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, TIMP-3 and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) were induced. |
| 258 | 19966034 | PPARgamma and PGC-1alpha mRNA expression in both fat depots as well as in skeletal muscle is associated with markers of insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk. |
| 259 | 19966034 | PGC-1alpha mRNA expression is significantly higher in SC fat than in omental fat, whereas PPARgamma mRNA expression is not significantly different between these fat depots. |
| 260 | 19966034 | Gene expression of PPARgamma and PGC-1alpha in human adipose tissue is related to markers of insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk. |
| 261 | 21196229 | Brown adipocyte (trans)differentiation depends on various receptors / transcription factors that include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g (PPARgamma), PPARgamma-coactivator-1alpha (PGC1alpha), PRD1-BF1-RIZ1 homologous domain-containing 16 (PRDM16), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBP-beta) and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7). |
| 262 | 19680556 | We re-sequenced all exons, intron-exon boundaries and selected conserved non-coding sequences of candidate genes involved in aging-related processes, including dietary restriction (PPARG, PPARGC1A, SIRT1, SIRT3, UCP2, UCP3), metabolism (IGF1R, APOB, SCD), autophagy (BECN1, FRAP1), stem cell activation (NOTCH1, DLL1), tumor suppression (TP53, CDKN2A, ING1), DNA methylation (TRDMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B) Progeria syndromes (LMNA, ZMPSTE24, KL) and stress response (CRYAB, HSPB2). |
| 263 | 20179324 | PPARgamma was repressed and PPARgamma ligands could not restore the adipogenic markers or reduce the beta-catenin levels. |
| 264 | 15895078 | Insulin receptor substrate proteins regulate a necdin-E2F4 interaction that represses peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) transcription via a cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB)-dependent pathway. |
| 265 | 19936080 | In contrast, both compounds bound similarly to a mitochondrial binding site and acutely activated PI-3 kinase-directed phosphorylation of AKT, an action that was not affected by elimination of PPAR gamma activation. |
| 266 | 19936080 | The two compounds were then compared in vivo in both normal C57 mice and diabetic KKAy mice to determine whether their pharmacology correlated with biomarkers of PPAR gamma activation or with the expression of other gene transcripts. |
| 267 | 11880325 | Because mesangial cells play an important role in diabetic nephropathy, we examined regulation of type I collagen expression by PPARgamma and transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) in mouse mesangial cells in the presence of 6 and 25 mM glucose. |
| 268 | 11880325 | Restoration of PPARgamma activity to normal levels in cells cultured in 25 mM glucose, by transfection with a PPARgamma expression construct and treatment with the PPARgamma agonist troglitazone, returned type I collagen levels toward normal values. |
| 269 | 11880325 | In summary, PPARgamma suppresses the increased type I collagen mRNA and protein expression mediated by TGF-beta(1) in mesangial cells. |
| 270 | 15113752 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate cell growth, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. |
| 271 | 20064974 | Dieugenol, tetrahydrodieugenol, and magnolol but not the structurally related eugenol induced 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation, confirming effectiveness in a cell model with endogenous PPAR gamma expression. |
| 272 | 17823261 | Given the important role of insulin signaling in the regulation of myocardial size, we tested the hypothesis that augmentation of myocardial insulin signaling may play a role in PPAR-gamma ligand-induced cardiac hypertrophy. |
| 273 | 17823261 | These data indicate that cardiac hypertrophy after PPAR-gamma agonist treatment can occur in the absence of myocardial insulin signaling and is likely secondary to the hemodynamic consequences of plasma volume expansion. |
| 274 | 19237535 | We conclude that PPAR-gamma agonists exert a direct effect in diabetic islets to reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress and enhance Pdx1 levels, leading to favorable alterations of the islet gene chromatin architecture. |
| 275 | 18217139 | Platelet-released PPARgamma was complexed with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and retained its ability to bind DNA. |
| 276 | 21076077 | Depletion of PPARG using a lentivirally encoded short hairpin RNA abolishes the effect of rosiglitazone to suppress activation of JNKs and induction of the transcription factors EGR1 and FOS as well as the gonadotropin genes Lhb and Fshb. |
| 277 | 17099246 | The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent protein deacetylase SIRT1 has been linked to fatty acid metabolism via suppression of peroxysome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) and to inflammatory processes by deacetylating the transcription factor NF-kappaB. |
| 278 | 21153532 | The Pro12 allele of PPARG2 seems to impair insulin's antilipolytic effect, leading to high NEFA release in the fasting state and IR. |
| 279 | 17192469 | A 3-day incubation with the PPAR-gamma agonist troglitazone reduced proliferation and increased Pdx-1 and Nkx6.1 immunostaining, along with glucokinase and GLUT2. |
| 280 | 20332343 | Our studies have shown physiologic and pharmacologic regulation of GIP-R expression in beta-cells by PPARgamma signaling. |
| 281 | 21263402 | These data reflect an association of analyzed PPARG and LPIN1 gene polymorphisms with values of insulin, HDL, LDL and total cholesterol witch indicates an important role of these genes in lipid metabolism and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. |
| 282 | 17710237 | PPARalpha or PPARdelta agonist treatment induced a slight decrease in fat mass (FM) while a PPARgamma agonist increased BW and FM commensurate with increased food consumption. |
| 283 | 19096709 | Cinnamon, a widely used spice in food preparation and traditional antidiabetic remedy, is found to activate PPARgamma and alpha, resulting in improved insulin resistance, reduced fasted glucose, FFA, LDL-c, and AST levels in high-caloric diet-induced obesity (DIO) and db/db mice in its water extract form. |
| 284 | 11245612 | We hypothesize that agouti increases adiposity and promotes insulin sensitivity by acting directly on adipocytes via PPAR-gamma. |
| 285 | 20105179 | Our results do not support the view that PPARgamma agonists stimulate epithelial Na(+) absorption or alter the control of cellular SGK1 activity. |
| 286 | 9200953 | Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma have been reported to be strongly induced during adipocyte differentiation and maintained in matured adipocytes. |
| 287 | 20158099 | Recent studies reported that PPARgamma agonists involve in lipid metabolism through regulating genes including lipoprotein lipase, CD36, and ABCA1. |
| 288 | 20158103 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that has a central role in the regulation of insulin sensitivity and adipocyte differentiation. |
| 289 | 20498376 | In wild-type littermate mice, PPARgamma activation (i.e. treatment with rosiglitazone) restored euglycemia and reversed high fat diet-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. |
| 290 | 20498376 | In contrast, PPARgamma activation did not reduce high fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and failed to reverse insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in PFKFB3(+/-) mice. |
| 291 | 20498376 | Upon inhibition of excessive fatty acid oxidation in PFKFB3/iPFK2-knockdown adipocytes, PPARgamma activation was able to significantly reverse inflammatory signaling and proinflammatory cytokine expression and restore insulin signaling. |
| 292 | 21499898 | The LXR agonist T0901317 reversed the decreased LAL expression in modified LDL- or HODE-exposed EC (P < 0.001) and in gLDL-exposed SMC, whereas PPAR-gamma agonist rosiglitazone induced a low effect only in EC. |
| 293 | 21111773 | Aromatase inhibitors, the most effective endocrine agents of breast carcinoma, retinoids, metabolites of vitamin A, and synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma ligands, used for the treatment of insulin resistance in type II diabetes mellitus, may be the important candidates for possible endocrine treatment of endometrial carcinoma. |
| 294 | 21675944 | Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are potent exogenous agonists of PPAR-gamma, which augment the effects of insulin to its cellular targets and mainly at the level of adipose tissue. |
| 295 | 17681146 | Both effects are accompanied by corresponding changes in the expression of PPARgamma, C/EBPalpha, and genes marking terminal adipocyte differentiation, including Glut4, aP2, and fatty acid synthase. |
| 296 | 18981473 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARgamma), a nuclear receptor and the target of anti-diabetic thiazolinedione drugs, is known as the master regulator of adipocyte biology. |
| 297 | 18981473 | Although it regulates hundreds of adipocyte genes, PPARgamma binding to endogenous genes has rarely been demonstrated. |
| 298 | 18981473 | C/EBPbeta also plays a role at many of these genes, such that both C/EBPalpha and beta are required along with PPARgamma for robust adipocyte-specific gene expression. |
| 299 | 20080985 | In addition, the expression of PPARgamma downstream target genes involved in fatty acid synthesis - the lipoprotein lipase (Lpl) and aP2 involved in adipogenesis - was more inhibited by TRalpha1PV than by TRbeta1PV. |
| 300 | 21966330 | Activation of PPAR-gamma receptors leads to a decrease in insulin resistance and modification of adipocyte metabolism. |
| 301 | 9568706 | Prolonged treatment (5 days) with either BRL 49653 or another PPAR-gamma2 agonist, 15-d delta-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15-d deltaPGJ2), blocked TNF-alpha-induced glycerol release by approximately 100%. |
| 302 | 15111493 | The expression of S3-12 and perilipin is tightly correlated to the expression and activation of PPAR-gamma in adipocytes, and promoter characterization revealed that the S3-12 and the perilipin promoters contain three and one evolutionarily conserved PPAR response elements, respectively. |
| 303 | 15111493 | The direct regulation of perilipin and S3-12 by PPAR-gamma therefore is likely to be an important mediator of the in vivo effects of prolonged treatment with PPAR-gamma activators: insulin sensitization, fatty acid trapping in adipose tissue, reduced basal adipose lipolysis, and weight gain. |
| 304 | 21675944 | Dysfunction of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance, while a reduce expression of many PPAR-gamma regulated genes has been observed in an obese diabetic state. |
| 305 | 14569043 | The expression of FOXC2, MASK, MAP3K5, retinoblastoma protein (pRb), peroxisome proliferator-activated protein gamma (PPARgamma), and retinoid X receptor gamma (RXRgamma) was decreased in the insulin-resistant compared with insulin-sensitive subjects, whereas PPARgamma-2 and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) showed no differential expression. |
| 306 | 15094374 | The expression of Wnt signaling genes, WNT1, FZD1, DVL1, GSK3beta, beta-catenin, and TCF1, and adipogenic transcription factors, C/EBPalpha and beta and delta, PPARgamma, and SREBP-1, was reduced in the adipose tissue. |
| 307 | 18221086 | PPAR-alpha is the main metabolic regulator for catabolism whereas PPAR-gamma regulates anabolism or storage. |
| 308 | 18221086 | In 1997, a Glaxo patent described that Troglitazone (first PPAR-gamma ligand to reach market) reduced TNF-induced VCAM1 expression in HUVECs indicating the potential benefit in atherosclerosis. |
| 309 | 21301856 | We investigated erythrocyte n-6 and n-3 PUFA in relation to plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and adiponectin, and whether the Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPAR?2 gene (PPARG2) modified these associations. |