Ignet

Gene Information

Gene symbol: PRL

Gene name: prolactin

HGNC ID: 9445

Related Genes

#	Gene Symbol	Number of hits
1	ADARB1	1 hits
2	ADIPOQ	1 hits
3	ALB	1 hits
4	AVP	1 hits
5	CCND2	1 hits
6	CRH	1 hits
7	CYP19A1	1 hits
8	EDN1	1 hits
9	EGF	1 hits
10	EPHB2	1 hits
11	ERF	1 hits
12	FASN	1 hits
13	FOS	1 hits
14	FOXM1	1 hits
15	FSHB	1 hits
16	GCK	1 hits
17	IDDM2	1 hits
18	IFNG	1 hits
19	IGF1	1 hits
20	IL10	1 hits
21	IL4	1 hits
22	IL6	1 hits
23	INS	1 hits
24	LEP	1 hits
25	MAP2K1	1 hits
26	NPY	1 hits
27	OPRD1	1 hits
28	PC	1 hits
29	PDK2	1 hits
30	POMC	1 hits
31	PPM2C	1 hits
32	PRLR	1 hits
33	SOCS3	1 hits
34	SST	1 hits
35	STAT1	1 hits
36	STAT5A	1 hits
37	STAT5B	1 hits
38	TRH	1 hits

Related Sentences

#	PMID	Sentence
1	21986512	Human placental lactogen (hPL) and prolactin increase maternal food intake by induction of central leptin resistance and promote maternal beta-cell expansion and insulin production to defend against the development of gestational diabetes mellitus.
2	176403	Alteration of growth of dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumors was caused by removal of estrogen (ovariectomy), or insulin (diabetes), or by inhibition of prolactin secretin (treatment with an ergoline derivative).
3	180815	The effect of prolactin on free water clearance (C(H2O)) and reabsorption (T(cH2O)) was assessed in hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (HHDI) and hydropenic Sprague-Dawley rats.
4	188551	Prolactin binding to both tumor and liver was significantly reduced in diabetic rats, suggesting that insulin may play an important role in controlling tissue sensitivity to prolactin.
5	188551	Prolactin binding to both tumor and liver was significantly reduced in diabetic rats, suggesting that insulin may play an important role in controlling tissue sensitivity to prolactin.
6	591612	The failure of apomorphine to affect glucagon secretion, despite a substantial effect on growth hormone and prolactin, was also observed in insulin-dependent diabetics known to exhibit A-cell hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli.
7	707005	Failure of growth hormone (hGH), cortisol and prolactin to respond to insulin induced hypoglycaemia (0.1 U/kg), of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to respond to gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH, 100 microgram) and of thyrotrophin (TSH) and prolactin to increase after thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH, 500 microgram), confirmed the diagnosis of panhypopituitarism.
8	570136	Somatostatin infusion (4 mg/24 h in normals; 2--6 mg/24 h in diabetics) had no effect on the 24 h plasma prolactin pattern in either normals or in diabetics.
9	224797	Prolactin release could not be stimulated by TRH, levodopa, metoclopramide, chlorpromazine and insulin hypoglycemia.
10	6342390	Basal prolactin levels were elevated in 2 patients and failed to respond adequately to TRH in 2 other patients.
11	3098456	Prolactin was raised in all seven women and increased further in response to TRH.
12	3109862	Peak and integrated cortisol, GH, and catecholamine responses to insulin and proinsulin were similar, but those of prolactin were reduced after proinsulin when compared with insulin by 42% (P less than .01) and 34% (P less than .05), respectively.
13	3109862	The intravenous injection of a dose of proinsulin (6 micrograms/kg), which did not produce hypoglycemia but was the molar equivalent of insulin used in the first protocol, failed to modify the GH or prolactin responses to a combined injection of GH-releasing hormone (1 microgram/kg) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (500 micrograms).
14	3118236	The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and norvaline2-TRH (Nva2-TRH) on blood pressure, heart rate and plasma prolactin levels in conscious rats have been compared.
15	3118236	Thus, two contrasting analogues are now available: 4-NO2-Im-TRH (Neuropeptides, 8, 63, 1986) has full cardiovascular activity and no PRL-releasing activity, while Nva2-TRH has no cardiovascular activity and full PRL-releasing activity of TRH.
16	3048255	Alpha lactalbumin activity can be induced to some extent in pregnant rat mammary explants by insulin and hydrocortisone alone, and to a greater extent with prolactin in addition, or with EGF in addition.
17	3048255	Physiological levels of progesterone markedly inhibit the induction in the presence of prolactin plus insulin and hydrocortisone, only weakly inhibit in the presence of insulin and hydrocortisone alone, and have no inhibitory effect in the presence of EGF plus insulin and hydrocortisone.
18	3048255	Prolactin permits some inhibition in the presence of EGF.
19	3183302	In 19 insulin-dependent diabetic patients (12 men and 7 women), RP induced cortisol release in all cases, GH and PRL release in men, but not in women, and no modification of LH and glucagon plasma levels; in 12 similar patients receiving saline infusions without RP, no endocrine modifications were observed.
20	3264011	Furthermore, while both inhibit prolactin-mediated induction of alpha-lactalbumin in rabbit mammary explants, cortisol converts EGF into a stimulatory agent, but merely blocks the inhibitory effect of serum albumin.
21	2563712	Because both of these regions are important in modulating pituitary hormone secretion, local NPY increases may be involved in the impaired secretion of luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin known to occur in STZ-D.
22	2403453	The nonglycosylated form of PRL may play a role in B-cell function by promoting protein synthesis, which results in augmented insulin synthesis.
23	1671798	Pituitary hormones and hypothalamic releasing factors, such as human ACTH (10 nM), beta-endorphin (10 nM), beta-lipotropin (10 nM), alpha-MSH (10 nM), gamma 3-MSH (10 nM), ovine luteinizing hormone (10 ng/ml), ovine follicle-stimulating hormone (10 ng/ml), ovine thyroid-stimulating hormone (10 ng/ml), rat growth hormone (10 ng/ml), rat prolactin (10 ng/ml), rat corticotropin-releasing factor (10 nM), luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (10 nM), thyrotropin-releasing factor (10 nM), human growth hormone-releasing factor (10 nM), and somatostatin (10 nM), have no significant effects on aromatase activity.
24	1333962	During blockade with atropine the responses of plasma prolactin was reduced, with a slight but significant reduction in the growth hormone response, and although a similar maximum response of plasma ACTH was achieved, this rise was delayed.
25	8475133	The nonglycosylated porcine PRL produced modest stimulation of cell division and insulin secretion from rat islets, but glycosylated porcine PRL had no significant effects.
26	8317389	Early breast-feeding activity, increased breast-feeding frequency, and good glycemic control enhance prolactin secretion and should be promoted during lactation in women with IDDM.
27	8372101	Serum levels of prolactin decreased in all diabetic groups and insulin failed to restore these levels to those of control animals.
28	8283258	Long-term follow-up review (median > 5 years) revealed good control of PRL-secreting tumors (although five of 15 patients had received postoperative radiotherapy), contrasted with a 25% late recurrence rate for ACTH-secreting tumors, which had an 80% initial remission rate.
29	8171046	However, enhanced PRL secretion induced by ether exposure under additional surgical stress, or by presensitization of the opioid receptors by morphine, is prevented in diabetic rats, probably due to diminished opioid receptor response.
30	7568026	Both Stat5a and Stat5b recognized the GAS site (gamma-interferon-activating sequence; TTCNNNGAA) in vitro and mediated PRL-induced transcription in COS cells transfected with a PRL receptor.
31	7568026	Stat5b also induced basal transcription in the absence of PRL.
32	8788312	In addition, PACAP may induce the release of a paracrine acting factor within the pituitary which stimulates Prl release and which may be IL6.
33	8931651	The current study was performed to examine the effect of glycemic control on prolactin and beta-endorphin responses to hypoglycemia in subjects with IDDM.
34	8931651	The plasma glucose threshold required for stimulation of prolactin secretion was 2.2 +/- 0.1 mmol/L in well-controlled IDDM, 3.0 +/- 0.4 mmol/L in poorly controlled IDDM, and 2.4 +/- 0.1 mmol/L in healthy subjects (P < .05 between IDDM groups).
35	9369813	Insulin secretion was increased twofold in encapsulated rat islets exposed to prolactin compared with control values.
36	10989958	The investigation was conducted to study the effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and endothelin-3 (ET-3) on adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), cortisol and prolactin release in man.
37	10989958	ET-1 infusion induced a significant increase of plasma ACTH (p< 0.009) and prolactin (p<0.0001) whereas cortisol levels increased without reaching significance (p<0.074).
38	10989958	The parallel increase of ACTH and prolactin induced by infusion of ET-1 could indicate an involvement of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in mediating the ET-1 effect on the HPA-axis in man.
39	11826765	Cortisol and prolactin responded normally to a combined insulin tolerance test (ITT) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) challenge, while thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response to TRH was diminished, and no response of growth hormone to ITT was detected.
40	12121979	At the nuclear level, the MEK1 inhibitor U0126 mimics the D2-agonist bromocryptine in suppressing levels of endogenous prolactin transcripts.
41	12121979	Both dopamine and U0126 enhance the nuclear localization of ERF, a MAPK-sensitive ETS repressor that inhibits prolactin promoter activity.
42	15983196	GH and prolactin (PRL) are potent activators of STAT5 and exert adipogenic and antiadipogenic effects in adipocytes.
43	15983196	Moreover, responsiveness to PRL was abolished with mutation of a site at position -908 to -893, which we have shown to bind STAT5A in a PRL-dependent manner.
44	15983196	Taken together, these data strongly suggest that PRL directly represses expression of FAS in adipocytes through STAT5A binding to the -908 to -893 site.
45	16289036	Our results suggest that, in vivo, PRL stimulates SOCS3 expression in stromal adipocytes, independently of STAT5a stimulation.
46	17003334	Pancreatic beta-cell growth and survival and insulin production are stimulated by growth hormone and prolactin through activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5.
47	17479443	The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of insulin sensitivity on the association between TSH and PRL in euthyroid obese subjects.
48	17479443	The insulin sensitivity and carbohydrate homeostasis seem to be involved in relationship with PRL and TSH by the brain via serotoninergic and dopaminergic system.
49	18432585	In the group of HD patients, PRL correlated directly with IFN-gamma and correlated inversely with IL-10; IFN-gamma correlated inversely with IL-4; and GH also correlated inversely with IGF-I and IL-4.
50	20484462	We used rat islets and insulinoma (INS-1) cells to explore the interactions of PRL, glucose, and dexamethasone (DEX) in the regulation of beta-cell pyruvate carboxylase (PC), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), and the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs), which catalyze the phosphorylation and inactivation of PDH.
51	20484462	In INS-1 cells, PRL increased PDH activity 1.4- to 2-fold (P < 0.05-0.001) at glucose concentrations ranging from 2.5-11 mm.
52	20484462	DEX reduced PDH activity; this effect was reversed by PRL.
53	20484462	PRL reduced PDK2 mRNA and protein levels in rat islets and INS-1 cells and PDK4 mRNA in islets; DEX increased PDK2 mRNA in islets and INS-1 cells; this effect was reversed by PRL.
54	20484462	Our findings suggest that PRL induction of GSIS is mediated by increases in beta-cell PDH activity; this is facilitated by suppression of PDKs.
55	20484462	PRL counteracts the effects of DEX on PDH and PDK expression, suggesting novel roles for the lactogens in the defense against diabetes.
56	20946955	Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) are four helical bundle peptide hormones that signal via GHR and PRLR, members of the cytokine receptor superfamily.
57	20946955	Similarly specific synergy in ERK activation is also detected in human T47D breast cancer cells by cotreatment with PRL and PDGF.
58	20946955	Consistent with this synergy, PRL and PDGF also synergized for c-fos-dependent transactivation of a luciferase reporter gene in T47D cells, indicating that events downstream of ERK activation reflect this signaling synergy.
59	20713347	Measurement of prolactin during IPSS testing may reduce false-negative results in patients with Cushing disease who do not demonstrate an appropriate central-to-peripheral ACTH gradient.
60	21239441	Because prolactin (PRL) up-regulates ?-cell glucose transporter 2, glucokinase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities, we reasoned that glucose availability might mediate or modulate the effects of PRL on ?-cell mass.
61	21239441	An ad-small interfering RNA specific for cyclin D2 attenuates markedly the effects of PRL on islet DNA synthesis.
62	21239441	PRL up-regulates ?-cell glucose uptake and utilization, whereas glucose increases islet PRL receptor expression and potentiates the effects of PRL on cell cycle gene expression and DNA synthesis.
63	21128120	Insulin sensitivity tended to improve after 6�months; M-value from 5.7 (�1.8) to 7.8 (�2.6) mg/kg/min, P�=�0.083 and per cent improvement in M-value was correlated to per cent reduction in PRL levels (r�=�-0.85, P�=�0.034).
64	21557442	In addition, low-dose prolactin decreased hepatic glucose output in hyperinsulinaemic states, indicating an improvement in hepatic insulin resistance.
65	21876517	Our findings point to that hyperprolactinemia due to 1st and 2nd generation antipsychotics may decrease insulin sensitivity, whereas other mechanisms probably underlie insulin resistance induced by PRL-sparing antipsychotics such as clozapine and olanzapine.
66	21823053	This review discusses the role of lactogens on glucose homeostasis during pregnancy and proposes a mechanism by which the hormonal control of lactation, led by prolactin, may regulate adipocyte biology, glucose and lipid metabolism, and guard postpartum women against type 2 diabetes.
67	21352888	In the pituitary, insulin treatment prevented diabetes-induced apoptosis (P<0.01), as well as the decline in prolactin and GH mRNA levels (P<0.05).
68	18510434	In addition, adiponectin production is inhibited by a number of hormones, including testosterone, prolactin, glucocorticoids and growth hormone, and by inflammation and oxidative stress in adipose tissue.