Ignet

Gene Pair Information

Gene Pair: GCG, INS

Related Sentences

#	PMID	Sentence
1	21782840	Insulin secretion from pancreatic ? cells is stimulated by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a blood glucose-lowering hormone that is released from enteroendocrine L cells of the distal intestine after the ingestion of a meal.
2	21782840	GLP-1 mimetics (e.g., Byetta) and GLP-1 analogs (e.g., Victoza) activate the ? cell GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), and these compounds stimulate insulin secretion while also lowering levels of blood glucose in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
3	21820006	Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are the two primary incretin hormones secreted from the intestine upon ingestion of glucose or nutrients to stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic ? cells.
4	22127804	The pancreatic effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists include glucose-lowering effects by stimulating insulin secretion and inhibiting glucagon release in a strictly glucose-dependent manner, increased beta-cell proliferation, and decreased beta-cell apoptosis.
5	21958333	The incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) stimulate glucose-induced insulin secretion; however, in patients with type 2 diabetes, the incretin system is impaired by loss of the insulinotropic effects of GIP as well as a possible reduction in secretion of GLP-1.
6	21958333	Both the GPCR agonist AR231453 and the novel bile acid mimetic INT-777 have been shown to stimulate GLP-1 release, leading to increased insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance in mice.
7	21750265	Even in the presence of IBMX or GLP-1, their insulin release did not significantly change despite further enhanced cAMP accumulation in both cases.
8	1965428	Insulin release by human insulinoma cells was enhanced at 2 x 10(-7) M by glucagon, GLP-1[1-37], GLP-1[7-36] and its N- and C-terminal fragments GLP-1[7-14] and GLP-1[31-37].
9	1965428	These results suggest that GLP-1[7-36] stimulates insulin release by a direct action on human and rat B-cells, partly involving modulation of intracellular cyclic AMP.
10	8381211	Glucagon-like-peptide-1(7-37) (GLP-1) is an intestinally derived hormone that may be useful for the treatment of NIDDM because it acts in vivo to increase the level of circulating insulin, and thus lower the concentration of blood glucose.
11	8125072	GLP-1 hormone is released into the circulation from intestinal L cells in response to meals and is the most potent incretin hormone known; GLP-1 and GIP appear to account for most, if not all, of the intestinal incretin effect in the augmentation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
12	8125072	Because of the discoveries that GLP-1 stimulates both secretion and production of insulin, and that the actions of GLP-1 are entirely glucose-dependent, GLP-1 may provide unique advantages over the sulfonylurea drugs in the treatment of NIDDM.
13	8289665	The newly discovered intestinal hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (proglucagon 78-107amide), stimulates insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon secretion in man and may therefore be anticipated to influence hepatic glucose production.
14	8182159	Glucagon-like peptide 1 [7-36 amide] (GLP-1) has been shown to enhance insulin secretion in healthy and type II diabetic humans, and to increase glucose disposal in type I diabetic patients.
15	8194659	The hypothesis to be tested in this study was that defects in the islet beta-cell GLP-1 receptor gene contribute to the impaired glucose-regulated insulin secretion of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
16	7517895	GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide) plays an important role in the regulation of insulin secretion and proinsulin gene expression of pancreatic beta-cells.
17	8036284	In normal subjects during euglycemia, GLP-1(7-37) stimulated insulin release, whereas GIP did not.
18	8036284	GIP at a dose of 1, 2 or 4 pmol/kg/min augmented the 90-120 min insulin response by 69, 841 and 920 pmol/l, while GLP-1(7-37), at a dose of 1.5 pmol/kg/min augmented the insulin response by 2106 pmol/l.
19	8036284	In the diabetic subjects, GIP had no effect, while GLP-1(7-37) augmented the insulin response by 929 pmol/l.
20	7543091	To investigate the Ca2+ signaling pathways by which GLP-1 may stimulate the secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells, we examined its effects on the concentration of free intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) while simultaneously determining what action it exerts on ion channel function.
21	8839251	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is the major incretin hormone from the distal small intestine which stimulates basal and glucose-induced insulin secretion.
22	8839251	During a 1 hour incubation, GLP-1 [1 nM] stimulated insulin secretion 2-fold (p < 0.01 vs controls).
23	8839251	Incubating RINm5F for 24 h with GLP-1 [1 nM], a 1.6-fold higher cellular insulin content was observed (p < 0.01 vs controls).
24	9397146	The observations that GLP-1 induces both secretion and production of insulin, and that its activities are mainly glucose-dependent, led to the suggestion that GLP-1 may present a unique advantage over sulfonylurea drugs in the treatment of NIDDM.
25	9421373	To assess the effects of GLP-1 on the mass, frequency, amplitude, and overall contribution of pulsatile insulin secretion, we used a recently validated deconvolution model to examine these variables before and during infusion of GLP-1 in eight healthy men (age 28 +/- 2 years; BMI 24 +/- 2 kg/m2).
26	9421373	After GLP-1 infusion, there was an abrupt increase in the peripheral concentrations of serum C-peptide (696 +/- 65 vs. 1,538 +/- 165 pmol/l) and insulin (49 +/- 8 vs. 138 +/- 21 pmol/l) concentrations.
27	9421373	This increase was mainly due to an increase in the pulsatile component of insulin secretion that was achieved by a fourfold increase in secretory burst mass (28.2 +/- 4.4 vs. 100.1 +/- 15.8 pmol x l-1 x pulse-1; P < 0.001), and amplitude (12.7 +/- 2.2 vs. 4.3 +/- 7.7 pmol x l-1 x min-1; P < 0.002), whereas the secretory burst frequency was not affected by GLP-1 (11.5 +/- 0.7 vs. 12.6 +/- 0.6 pulses/h; P = 0.4).
28	9519708	GLP-1 regulates blood glucose via stimulation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibition of gastric emptying, and inhibition of glucagon secretion.
29	10634963	The insulinotropic hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36 amide) (GLP-1), regulate insulin secretion to nutrient intake and constitute the endocrine arm of the entero-insular axis.
30	10969840	GLP-1 stimulates insulin biosynthesis, secretion, and islet growth, whereas leptin inhibits glucose-dependent insulin secretion and insulin gene transcription.
31	11147795	Because the acute addition of FFAs also increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, these data suggest that the incretin function of GLP-1 may involve a major role for lipolysis in cAMP-mediated potentiation of secretion.
32	11159819	GLP-1 controls blood glucose following nutrient absorption via stimulation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion, insulin biosynthesis, islet proliferation, and neogenesis and inhibition of glucagon secretion.
33	11289042	Effects of GLP-1 on secretory mechanisms in type 2 diabetic patients and subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) known to have impaired pulsatile release of insulin have not yet been studied.
34	11289042	By deconvolution analysis, insulin secretory burst frequency was not affected by GLP-1 in either type 2 diabetic patients (P = 0.15) or IGT subjects (P = 0.76).
35	11289042	In conclusion, intravenous GLP-1 reduces plasma glucose in type 2 diabetic patients and improves the oscillatory secretion pattern by amplifying insulin secretory burst mass, whereas the oscillatory period determined by autocorrelation and spectral analysis is significantly prolonged.
36	11806463	GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1), proposed as a possible tool for Type 2 diabetes therapy, has insulin-like effects upon glucose metabolism in extrapancreatic tissues, whose plasma membranes contain specific receptors for the peptide, being those, at least in liver and muscle, not associated to the adenylate cyclase/cAMP system.
37	11887931	Each ester augmented plasma insulin concentration and potentiated and/or prolonged the insulinotropic action of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) injected intravenously (5 pmol/g of body wt) at min 5 of the test.
38	11812750	In conclusion, the long-acting GLP-1 derivative NN2211 effectively reduces fasting as well as meal-related (approximately 12 h postadministration) glycemia by modifying insulin secretion, delaying gastric emptying, and suppressing prandial glucagon secretion.
39	11911852	In L6 myotubes, there was a concentration-dependent and PI-3-kinase-dependent increase in insulin-stimulated 2-DOG uptake with exendin-4 and GLP-1, e.g. for exendin-4 the C(I-200) value (concentration of insulin required to increase 2-DOG uptake 2-fold) decreased from 1.3 +/- 1.4 x 10(-7)M (insulin alone, n=16) to 5.9 +/- 1.3 x 10(-8)M (insulin+exendin-4 0.1nM, n=18, P<0.03).
40	11961501	GLP-1 also reduces plasma glucose levels by suppressing glucagon secretion from pancreatic a-cells and potentially by improving insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues.
41	12356335	GLP-1 increased the amplitude of pulses and the magnitude of insulin secretion from the perifused islets, without affecting the average time interval between pulses.
42	12540373	The incretins glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are gut hormones that act via the enteroinsular axis to potentiate insulin secretion from the pancreas in a glucose-dependent manner.
43	12540373	In conclusion, GIPR(-/-) mice exhibit altered islet structure and topography and increased islet sensitivity to GLP-1 despite a decrease in pancreatic insulin content and gene expression.
44	12808880	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1 (7-36) amide) is a gut hormone released from L-cells in the small intestine in response to the ingestion of nutrients and enhances the glucose-dependent secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells.
45	12923570	Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is released from neuroendocrine cells in the intestine in the postprandial state and augments glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
46	12941722	GLP-1 stimulates insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon secretion.
47	12941722	We have previously shown that GLP-1 does not cause hypoglycemia in obese type 2 diabetic patients with insulin resistance amounting to 5.4 +/- 1.1 according to homeostasis model assessment (HOMA).
48	13680124	In primary beta cells, glucagon and GLP-1 synergistically potentiate the stimulatory effect of 20 mmol/l glucose on insulin release and cAMP production.
49	13680124	This study identifies type VIII AC in insulin-secreting cells as one of the potential molecular targets for synergism between GLP-1 receptor mediated and glucose-mediated signalling.
50	14514592	Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin that augments insulin secretion after meal intake and is developed for treatment of type 2 diabetes.
51	14514592	-GLP-1 markedly augmented insulin secretion, despite lower glucose.
52	14514604	Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) exert important effects on beta-cells to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion.
53	12960095	The peptide hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), has been shown to increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion, enhance insulin gene transcription, expand islet cell mass, and inhibit beta-cell apoptosis in animal models of diabetes.
54	12960095	Intracellular insulin content was markedly enhanced in islets cultured with GLP-1 vs. control (P < 0.001, at d 5), and there was a parallel GLP-1-dependent potentiation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion (P < 0.01 at d 3; P < 0.05 at d 5).
55	15140754	Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an intestine-derived insulinotropic hormone that stimulates glucose-dependent insulin production and secretion from pancreatic beta-cells.
56	15140755	These effects, in addition to the stimulation of insulin secretion, suggest a broad role for GLP-1 as a mediator of postprandial glucose homeostasis.
57	15140755	Whereas other insulinotropic gastrointestinal hormones are relatively ineffective in stimulating insulin secretion in persons with type 2 diabetes, GLP-1 retains this action and is very effective in lowering blood glucose levels in these patients.
58	15143860	Agonists of glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) and antagonists of dipeptidylpeptidase IV, which inactivates GLP-1, stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion, improve hyperglycemia and are already tested in clinical trials.
59	15155141	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone from the gut that stimulates insulin secretion and protects beta-cells, inhibits glucagon secretion and gastric emptying, and reduces appetite and food intake.
60	15039452	In an oral glucose tolerance test on day 1, the coadministration caused a greater improvement of glucose tolerance and a prominent increase of plasma active GLP-1 without marked insulin secretion.
61	15803906	GLP-1 controls blood glucose following nutrient absorption via stimulation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion, insulin biosynthesis, islet proliferation, and neogenesis and inhibition of glucagon secretion.
62	16215105	Intriguingly, GLP-1 hormones may have important biologic actions aside from stimulating insulin release, including inhibition of gastric motility and acid secretion, suppression of glucagon secretion, and islet cell proliferation.
63	15604213	In this study, we explored whether DPP-4 inhibition by valine-pyrrolidide (val-pyr; 100 micromol/kg administered through gastric gavage at t = -30 min) affects the insulin and glucose responses to iv glucose (1 g/kg) together with GLP-1 (10 nmol/kg), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP; 10 nmol/kg), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 38 (PACAP38; 1.3 nmol/kg), or gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP; 20 nmol/kg) given at t = 0 in anesthetized C57BL/6J mice.
64	15604213	The augmented insulin response to GRP by val-pyr was prevented by the GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin(3) (9-39), raising the possibility that GRP effects may occur secondary to stimulation of GLP-1 secretion.
65	15604213	We conclude that DPP-4 inhibition augments the insulin response not only to GLP-1 but also to GIP, PACAP38, and GRP.
66	15769092	The in vitro insulinotropic effect of PEG(2k)-Lys-GLP-1 showed comparable biological activity with native GLP-1 (P = 0.11) in stimulating insulin secretion in isolated rat pancreatic islet and was significantly more potent than the PEG(2k)-N(ter)-GLP-1 (P < 0.05) that showed a marked reduced potency.
67	15780433	The actions of GLP-1 include (a) a stimulation of insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, (b) a suppression of glucagon, (c) a reduction in appetite and food intake, (d) a deceleration of gastric emptying, (e) a stimulation of beta-cell neogenesis, growth and differentiation in animal and tissue culture experiments, and (f) an in vitro inhibition of beta-cell apoptosis induced by different toxins.
68	15770466	Their development is based on the observation that DPP-IV rapidly inactivates the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which is released postprandially from the gut and increases insulin secretion.
69	15842525	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) are important insulinotropic hormones that enhance the insulin secretory response to feeding.
70	15852457	The multifaceted actions of GLP-1 include the following: (1) the stimulation of insulin secretion and of its gene expression, (2) the inhibition of glucagon secretion, (3) the inhibition of food intake, (4) the proliferation and differentiation of beta cells, and (5) the protection of beta-cells from apoptosis.
71	15983224	Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has been proposed to act as an incretin hormone due to its ability to enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
72	15983224	Because GLP-1 also decelerates gastric emptying, it physiologically reduces rather than augments postprandial insulin secretory responses.
73	15983224	Therefore, we aimed to antagonize the deceleration of gastric emptying by GLP-1 to study its effects on insulin secretion after a meal.
74	15983224	Despite augmented rises in insulin secretion, the glucose-lowering effect of GLP-1 is markedly reduced when the deceleration of gastric emptying is antagonized, illustrating the importance of this facet of the multiple antidiabetic actions of GLP-1.
75	15886226	The latter is also dependent on stimulation of insulin secretion by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).
76	15978877	It was published in 1996 for the first time that a specific DP IV inhibitor in a given dose was able to completely block glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) degradation in vivo resulting in improved insulin response accompanied, by accelerated peripheral glucose disposal.
77	16077164	Activation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor on pancreatic beta cells by GLP-1 and exendin-4 increases insulin secretion.
78	16087719	In cells from STZ-rats the magnitude of the above parameters was, in general, comparable to that in normal animals, with some exceptions: basal PI3K activity and lipogenesis were higher, GLP-1, Ex-4 and Ex-9 failed to modify basal lipogenesis but increased PKB activity, insulin failed to affect the activity of MAPKs and the insulin-induced glucose uptake was impaired.
79	16179267	GLP-1 stimulates insulin secretion, delays gastric emptying, decreases glucagon levels and reduces appetite, all resulting in a fall in plasma glucose concentrations.
80	16188169	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an intestinal hormone that promotes glucose homeostasis through the regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion, gastric emptying, and food intake.
81	16517403	Furthermore, GLP-1, unlike GIP, potently stimulates insulin secretion and reduces blood glucose in human subjects with type 2 diabetes.
82	16505481	GLP-1 induces glucose-dependent insulin secretion in the pancreas, whereas glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver.
83	16995414	Incretin effect of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is significantly involved in the insulin secretion which is modulated by many other hormones.
84	17003289	This study examined the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on insulin secretion alone and in combination with sulphonylureas or nateglinide, with particular attention to K(ATP) channel-independent insulin secretion.
85	17003289	In depolarised cells, GLP-1 significantly augmented glucose-induced K(ATP) channel-independent insulin secretion in a glucose concentration-dependent manner.
86	17003289	In contrast, GLP-1 exhibited a reduced but still significant insulin-releasing effect following PKA and PKC downregulation, indicating that GLP-1 can modulate K(ATP) channel-independent insulin secretion by protein kinase-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
87	17003289	The synergistic insulin-releasing effects of combinatorial GLP-1 and sulphonylurea/nateglinide were lost following PKA- or PKC-desensitisation, despite GLP-1 retaining an insulin-releasing effect, demonstrating that GLP-1 can induce insulin release under conditions where sulphonylureas and nateglinide are no longer effective.
88	16621111	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an intestinal insulinotropic hormone that augments glucose induced insulin secretion, and has a trophic effect on beta-cells.
89	17065392	GLP-1(9-36)amide also had no effect on plasma glucose homeostasis or insulin secretion.
90	17289847	Unlike receptors for GLP-1 and other peptides that mediate enhanced glucose-dependent insulin release, GPR119 was suitable for the development of potent, orally active, small-molecule agonists.
91	17444618	They bind and activate the pancreatic GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) with similar affinity and potency and thereby promote insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner.
92	17609256	The endogenous secretion of GIP or GLP-1 was unrelated to the changes in insulin clearance.
93	17609256	Likewise, infusing GLP-1 during a meal course did not alter insulin clearance (P = 0.87).
94	17609256	Neither GIP nor GLP-1 has significant effects on insulin extraction.
95	17724330	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), released from gut endocrine L cells in response to glucose, regulates appetite, insulin secretion, and gut motility.
96	17877544	Activities of the dominant incretins, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, include glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion and, in preclinical models, improvement in islet beta-cell mass.
97	18078308	The in vitro insulinotropic effects of DB-GLP-1 and DBP-GLP-1 showed potent biological activity in a dose-dependent manner, which resembled that of native GLP-1 in terms of stimulating insulin secretion in isolated rat islets of Langerhans.
98	18478125	The incretin hormone GLP-1, which is used in clinical practice suppressed iNOS and ncNOS expression and activity with almost full restoration of insulin release and partial restoration of glucagon release.
99	18556349	Our data show that a 1-month chronic blockage of brain GLP-1 signaling by exendin-9 (Ex9), totally prevented hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in HFD mice.
100	18556349	Thus, we have demonstrated that in response to a HFD, brain GLP-1 signaling induces hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance and decreases energy expenditure by reducing metabolic thermogenesis and ambulatory activity.
101	18835930	The GLP-1 and gastrin combination increased pancreatic insulin content, beta-cell mass, and insulin-positive cells in pancreatic ducts, and beta-cell apoptosis was decreased.
102	18987435	A high concentration of GLP-1 (10 nM) stimulated intracellular cAMP accumulation and insulin secretion was significantly inhibited by KT5720, a selective inhibitor of PKA.
103	18987435	Insulin secretion stimulated by 1 pM GLP-1 was reduced by inhibitors of calcium action, including verapamil, dantrolene, and BAPTA.
104	18435775	In humans, GLP-1 stimulates insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon and gastrointestinal secretions and motility.
105	19074620	GLP-1, on the other hand, is still insulinotropic in T2DM, and this has led to the development of compounds that activate the GLP-1 receptor with a view to improving insulin secretion.
106	19170358	Besides classical sulfonylureas and glinides, new insulin secretagogues are now available, which target the incretin gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).
107	19208912	Application of OEA (10 micromol/l) directly into the rat ileum, but not intravenously, increased plasma bioactive GLP-1 levels in euglycemic animals by 1.5-fold (P < 0.05) and insulin levels by 3.9-fold (P < 0.01) but only in the presence of hyperglycemia.
108	19365392	This is evident from the recent success of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) mimetics and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, which promote activation of the GLP1 receptor to stimulate insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon secretion, and also have the potential to increase beta-cell mass.
109	19332449	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that potentiates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner.
110	19418936	It potentiates the insulin secretory response (incretin effect) by enhancing the endogenous post-prandial response of GLP-1 (incretin enhancer) in a glucose-dependent manner.
111	19591659	Incretins such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are gut-derived hormones that stimulate insulin secretion and suppress glucagon secretion, thus playing a key role in glucose homeostasis.
112	19591659	Small exploratory studies suggest that GLP-1 safely reduces hyperglycemia without causing hypoglycemia, a key advantage over insulin if efficacy is established in larger studies.
113	19767827	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) ameliorates the symptoms of diabetes through stimulation of insulin secretion.
114	19791828	This increases GLP-1 levels, stimulates insulin secretion and reduces postprandial glucagon and glucose levels.
115	19766107	The dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV inhibitor ASP8497, (2S,4S)-4-fluoro-1-({[4-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]amino}acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile monofumarate, inhibits the degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, and promotes insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner.
116	19698772	In intraperitoneal glucose tolerance testing in rats, marked improvement of hypoglycemic effects were observed in anionic liposomal formulation of GLP-1 (100 nmol/kg) with 1.7-fold higher increase of insulin secretion, as compared to GLP-1 solution.
117	19947814	The incretin effect, mediated by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), plays an important role in the regulation of insulin secretion in response to oral glucose.
118	19947815	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gastrointestinal hormone from the incretin family, which stimulates insulin secretion and plays an important role in regulating the enteroinsular axis.
119	19664300	Since GLP-1 may increase insulin sensitivity and secretion, these results may provide a mechanism for the epidemiological association between high cereal fibre intake and reduced risk for diabetes.
120	19918005	Improvement in postprandial glucose metabolism after gastric bypass is an immediate and direct consequence of the gastrointestinal rearrangement, associated with exaggerated GLP-1 release and independent of changes in insulin sensitivity, weight loss, and caloric restriction.
121	19933995	Insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, amino acids, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was significantly elevated in the transgenic islets.
122	19128990	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues and inhibitors of its degrading enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), are interesting therapy options in human diabetics because they increase insulin secretion and reduce postprandial glucagon secretion.
123	20421298	The intestinal peptides GLP-1 and GIP potentiate glucose-mediated insulin release.
124	20610567	When expressed in Neuro2A and COS7 cells, an active form of GLP-1 was specifically detected by RIA in the conditioned medium of transduced cells, showed resistance to degradation by dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, and induced the secretion of insulin from NIT1 pancreatic beta-cells in vitro.
125	19732123	In an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, Zucker diabetic fatty rats receiving 2 mg GLP-1 Technosphere Powder (0.3 mg GLP-1) by pulmonary insufflation exhibited lower glucose concentrations and higher insulin concentrations than control rats.
126	19817784	GPR119 is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and enteroendocrine L-cells, and augments circulating insulin levels both through its direct insulinotropic action on beta-cells and through FA stimulation of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion.
127	19878257	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that is known to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion.
128	19878258	The incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), induce the glucose-dependent secretion of insulin, improve beta-cell function and induce slowing of gastric emptying and feelings of satiety - which result in reduced food intake and weight loss.
129	19920937	Incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone released from cells in the gastrointestinal tract (GI), leading to glucose-dependent insulin release from the pancreas.
130	20152736	Post-prandial GLP-1 and GIP levels increase after GBP and the incretin effect on insulin secretion normalizes to the level of non diabetic controls.
131	20519242	New intravenous or oral agents include the incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), its analogues, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, which potentiate the activity of GLP1 and thus enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion.
132	20580750	This study investigated the glucagon-releasing properties of the hormones glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in 8 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) without paracrine intraislet influence of insulin (C-peptide negative following a 5 g intravenous arginine stimulation; on study days only treated with basal insulin substitution).
133	20590744	Taspoglutide showed typical effects of native GLP-1, with improvement in glucose tolerance, postprandial glucose, body weight, glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity.
134	20590751	It can be concluded from the study that GLP-1 can induce reactive hypoglycaemia in pancreas transplant recipients through excessive insulin secretion associated with an increased insulin-to-glucagon ratio.
135	20658367	The mechanism may be associated with the increase of serum GLP-1 and ghrelin and the decrease of serum leptin and insulin resistance.
136	20039889	Despite raising intact GLP-1 concentrations, treatment with sitagliptin did not alter either fasting or postprandial glucose, insulin or C-peptide concentrations.
137	20805279	Variation in GLP1R may alter insulin secretion in response to exogenous GLP-1.
138	20809667	Of the incretin-based therapies, both the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists stimulate insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon secretion.
139	20824239	In addition to improving insulin resistance and pancreatic ?-cell dysfunction, the GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors improve the impaired incretin response, as well as increase insulin secretion and reduce glucagon secretion, both in a glucose-dependent manner.
140	21086586	It increases the circulating levels of incretin hormones (GLP-1, GIP), which contributes to amplify the insulin secretory response to meals and to reduce postprandial hyperglycaemia and, subsequently, fasting glycaemia.
141	21094905	More recently, it has been also demonstrated that within the central nervous system, GLP-1 also exerts important metabolic actions inhibiting food intake, increasing insulin secretion, and modulating behavioral responses.
142	21094906	The incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), work together to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia by glucose-dependent insulin secretion and inhibition of glucagon release, as well as inhibition of GI motility and gastric emptying.
143	21094907	The incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone that facilitates insulin release under high blood sugar conditions.
144	20823098	Novel low molecular weight pyrimidine-based compounds that activate the GLP-1 receptor and stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion are described.
145	20736238	Whereas GLP-1 acts in the periphery to inhibit glucagon secretion and stimulate insulin release, it also acts in the central nervous system to mediate autonomic control of feeding, body temperature, and cardiovascular function.
146	21129350	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its analogs are associated with a gamut of physiological processes, including induction of insulin release, support of normoglycemia, ?-cell function preservation, improved lipid profiles, and increased insulin sensitivity.
147	18487451	These data suggest that the arcuate GLP-1 receptors are a key component of the GLP-1 system for improving glucose homeostasis by regulating both insulin secretion and glucose production.
148	21116606	Moreover, they show that metformin enhances the expression of the genes encoding the receptors for both GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in mouse islets and also increases the effects of GIP and GLP-1 on insulin secretion from beta cells.
149	21115020	Such fibers are thought to improve glycemic control through increased GLP-1 induced insulin secretion.
150	21115020	PGX� improved glycemic control and reduced protein glycation, most likely due to the insulin secretagogue effects of increased GLP-1.
151	21437074	This increases circulating levels of active GLP-1, stimulates insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon secretion, which results in lowering of glucose levels and improvement of the glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
152	21099312	INS-1E cells or primary rat pancreatic islets were used to study the effect of AAT on insulin secretion after glucose, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and forskolin stimulation and on cytokine-mediated apoptosis.
153	21099312	We found that AAT increases insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, potentiates the effect of GLP-1 and forskolin and neutralizes the inhibitory effect of clonidine on insulin secretion.
154	9972293	On the basis of this homology, we report the synthesis and initial characterization of a chimeric peptide (Black Widow GLP-1) that stimulates Ca2+ signaling and insulin secretion in human beta-cells and MIN6 insulinoma cells.
155	11845326	In INS-1 cells over-expressing the beta-cell GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1-R), we have shown, by radioimmune assay and bioassay of conditioned medium, that an autocrine signaling mechanism of hormone action exists whereby self-secreted GLP-1 acts as a competence factor in support of insulin gene transcription.
156	21441444	The insulinogenic index (the ratio of insulin to glucose) decreased in T1D+ patients during blockade of endogenous GLP-1 receptor action.
157	21517657	Incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), play a crucial role in modulating insulin and glucagon secretion, as well as regulating appetite, gastric emptying, and pancreatic beta cell function.
158	20215429	The primary goal of this study was to determine whether endogenous GLP-1 regulates insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes.
159	20215429	Blocking the action of GLP-1 suppressed postprandial insulin secretion similarly in the diabetic and nondiabetic subjects (25 +/- 4% vs. 27 +/- 8%).
160	20215429	However, Ex-9 also reduced the insulin response to intravenous glucose (25 +/- 5% vs. 26 +/- 7%; diabetic vs. nondiabetic subjects), when plasma GLP-1 levels were undetectable.
161	20215429	These findings indicate that in patients with well-controlled diabetes, the relative effects of enteral stimuli and endogenous GLP-1 to enhance insulin release are retained and comparable with those in nondiabetic subjects.
162	21237153	GLP-1 activates pancreatic receptors resulting in improved glycemia through glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion and inhibition of glucagon secretion.
163	21356520	Treatment with the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) potentiates insulin secretion and improves metabolic control in humans with T2DM.
164	10905482	Concomitantly, GLP-1 administered to diabetic mice stimulates insulin secretion and effectively lowers their blood sugar levels.
165	11108273	Here, we show that continuous infusion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) (GLP-1; an insulinotropic agent), to young and old animals, had effects on the beta-cell of the pancreas other than simply on the insulin secretory apparatus.
166	11237222	GLP-1 increases both the number of cells secreting insulin and the amount secreted per cell.
167	11237222	This response to GLP-1 is retained even in the beta cell of the old (i.e., 22-month), glucose-intolerant Wistar rat, which exhibits a normal, first-phase insulin response to glucose following an acute bolus of GLP-1.
168	11237222	Preincubation with GLP-1 (24 hours) potentiates glucose- and GLP-1-dependent insulin secretion and increases insulin content in the insulinoma cells.
169	11237222	Treatment of old Wistar rats for 48 hours with GLP-1 leads to normalization of the insulin response and an increase in islet insulin content and mRNA levels of GLUT 2 and glucokinase.
170	11237222	Administration of GLP-1 to old rats leads to pancreatic cell proliferation, insulin-positive clusters, and an increase in beta-cell mass.
171	19785038	Coexpression of all three transcription factors had little effect on INS mRNA levels but unexpectedly increased GCG mRNA at least 100,000-fold.
172	21549160	GLP-1(28-36)amide inhibited weight gain, accumulation of liver triglycerides, and improved insulin sensitivity by attenuating the development of fasting hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in mice fed VHFD.
173	21205117	GLP-1 exerts its glucose-regulatory action via stimulation of insulin secretion and glucagon suppression by a glucose-dependent way, as well as by weight loss via inhibition of gastric emptying and reduction of appetite and food intake.
174	21620903	In ob/ob islets the insulinotropic peptides glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP suppressed NOS activities and amplified glucose-stimulated insulin release.
175	21510839	Intravenous GLP-1 has been shown to increase insulin secretion in response to elevated glucose levels and offers therapeutic benefit for patients with type 2 diabetes.
176	20128800	Thus, the effects of GLP-1 receptor stimulation are not based upon insulin replacement but an apparent repair of the pancreas.
177	20446595	GIP and GLP-1 have not only pancreatic effect, such as potentiation of insulin secretion, but also many extrapancreatic effects.
178	21595261	Incretin hormones, GLP-1 and GIP, contribute to whole body glucose homeostasis by modulating secretion of islet hormones, insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.
179	21595261	Both GLP-1 and GIP stimulate insulin and somatostatin secretion.
180	21595264	GIP and GLP-1 have not only pancreatic effect, such as potentiation of insulin secretion but also many extrapancreatic effects.
181	21595271	Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide(GIP) function as incretin and stimulate glucose-mediated insulin production by pancreatic beta cells.
182	21595282	GLP-1(7-36)NH2 is a major molecular form that stimulates insulin release, reduces food intake, and has a potential to promote beta-cell regeneration.
183	21595282	Intranasal administration of GLP-1 increased its plasma level, stimulated postprandial insulin release, and suppressed glucagon release.
184	21747826	Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), whose activity is reduced in insulin resistance, has been implicated in central nervous system function, including cognition, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis.
185	21487412	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone known to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion.
186	21665040	Pharmacologic modulation of incretin pathophysiology by GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors significantly improved glycemic control, benefited ?-cell function, improved dyslipidemia, and lowered the risk of hypoglycemia compared with insulin and sulfonylureas.
187	21593184	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gut incretin hormone considered a promising therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes because it stimulates beta cell proliferation and insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner.
188	21412280	Animals injected with the TNC chitosan 92-10-5 (DDA-MW-N:P) showed GLP-1 plasma levels of about fivefold higher than that in non-treated animals and the insulinotropic effect of recombinant GLP-1 was shown by a threefold increase in plasma insulin concentration when compared with untreated animals.
189	21647189	Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a peptide secreted from the intestine in response to nutrient ingestion, is perhaps best known for its effect on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
190	21771884	GLP-1 regulates blood glucose through multiple mechanisms, principally inhibition of glucagon and stimulation of insulin secretion.
191	21255422	GLP-1 increased serum insulin at 270 minutes (GLP-1: 23.4 � 6.7 vs. placebo: 16.4 � 5.5 mU/l; P < 0.05), but had no effect on the change in plasma glucagon.
192	21255422	Given the modest magnitude of the reduction in glycaemia the effects of GLP-1 at higher doses and/or when administered in combination with insulin, warrant evaluation in this group.
193	21795304	The aim of this study was to identify mechanisms which switch processing of proglucagon to generate GLP-1 in the pancreas, given that GLP-1 can increase insulin secretion and ?-cell mass.
194	21912382	The improved insulin release and glucose tolerance after GBP were shown by others to be blocked by the administration of a GLP-1 antagonist, demonstrating that the favorable metabolic changes after GBP are, in part, GLP-1 dependent.
195	21635674	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that induces glucose-dependent insulin secretion and may have neurotrophic properties.
196	21822931	During oral glucose tolerance and hyperglycaemic arginine stimulation tests, the plasma AUC for GLP-1 (730?�?69 vs 1,334?�?288 pmol/l?�?min, p?=?0.0002) and basal and stimulated levels of serum insulin and plasma glucagon were ?50% decreased (p?
197	21822931	Re-sequencing of GCG revealed a low frequency intronic variant, rs4664447, and follow-up physiological studies suggest that this variant in homozygous form may cause decreased fasting and stimulated levels of insulin, glucagon and GLP-1.
198	21945929	In comparison to both the SHG and control groups, IHG conditions induced a more significant impairment of insulin release and calcium influx in response to 1nM GLP-1 treatment.
199	19586041	Further, the GLP-1 immobilized PEG hydrogels enhance the survival and insulin secretion of encapsulated islets.
200	21734192	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) elevates intracellular concentration of cAMP ([cAMP]) and facilitates glucose-dependent insulin secretion in pancreatic ?-cells.
201	15619630	Gut polypeptides secreted in response to food intake, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are potent incretin hormones that enhance the glucose-dependent secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells.
202	22037645	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone that induces insulin secretion.
203	22037645	Here we show that administration of IL-6 or elevated IL-6 concentrations in response to exercise stimulate GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L cells and pancreatic alpha cells, improving insulin secretion and glycemia.