Ignet

Gene Pair Information

Gene Pair: INS, ADIPOQ

Related Sentences

#	PMID	Sentence
1	22022575	GC treatment decreased lipogenesis but did not alter rates of ?-oxidation in Chub-S7 cells, whilst insulin increased lipogenesis in all adipocyte cell models.
2	22147092	Plasma adiponectin and the coding gene for adiponectin, ADIPOQ, are thought to explain part of the interaction between obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD).
3	6991329	However, omission of calcium from the adipocyte incubation media significantly lowered the insulin stimulation by 24% while basal levels were not significantly affected.
4	6991335	In these studies, we show that lysosomal degradation of internalized receptor-bound insulin is not necessary for insulin to cause short-term biologic effects in the adipocyte.
5	6765517	To assess whether human insulin (recombinant DNA) is superior to porcine insulin, we compared the biologic effect of these two insulin preparations on rat and human adipocyte lipogenesis in vitro.
6	6389225	In competition with 125I(A14)-iodoinsulin for binding to adipocyte receptors at 15 degrees C, proinsulin showed a 100-fold lower affinity for binding than did insulin.
7	3898867	The effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus on maximal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the rat was studied in isolated adipocyte, perfused hindlimb, and the intact organism.
8	3552798	Fed plasma glucose concentrations increased in the NSIR between 4 and 5 wk and were significantly elevated at 8 wk (251 +/- 25 vs. 527 +/- 52 mg/dl, P less than .001). 125l-labeled insulin binding showed a progressive increase as a function of adipocyte volume in control and NSIR.
9	3296383	Specific adipocyte receptor binding of insulin and the effects of the hormone on glucose oxidation and lipolysis were determined in subcutaneous adipose tissue.
10	2958492	The IGFs inhibited fat cell glycerol release and stimulated adipocyte 3-O-methylglucose transport and adipose tissue glucose oxidation as effectively as did insulin, but the biological potencies of the IGFs, on a molar basis, were 600-1000 times less than that of insulin.
11	2958492	However, the IGFs definitely produce acute insulin-like effects in the human adipocyte, which seems to be mediated via the insulin receptor.
12	2960133	We have observed that the conversion of 3T3-L1 and 3T3-F442A preadipocyte clones to the adipocyte phenotype, in response to appropriate differentiation stimuli (fetal calf serum, insulin, dexamethasone, and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine), is blocked by DHEA and other steroidal inhibitors of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
13	3124871	The adipocyte was found to be a sensitive model for insulin activation of this enzyme.
14	3124871	The present studies indicate that the isolated human subcutaneous adipocyte may serve as a useful model for in vitro investigation of the effects of insulin on glycogen synthase.
15	3053303	After 9 days of treatment, insulin binding to adipocyte plasma membranes from both CS-045-treated Zucker fatty rats and KK mice was increased.
16	3069766	The progression of metabolic events from hyperinsulinemia to NIDDM in monkeys includes cellular changes in insulin responses at the level of the adipocyte.
17	2643334	One-day insulin treatment increased PWAT weight and adipocyte size without stimulating mitoses.
18	2643334	The results demonstrate that 1) insulin is able to stimulate cell proliferation in PWAT of adult diabetic rats, 2) it transiently stimulates proliferative activity in adipose tissue after a 2- to 3-day period of induction, 3) the increase in adipocyte size precedes the enhancement of mitotic activity, and 4) the effects of insulin were specific, as in the same rats, under the same experimental conditions, insulin did not increase the cell labeling in brown adipose tissue.
19	2523787	A complementary in vitro study using adipocytes from non-obese healthy volunteers failed to show any direct effect of metformin on adipocyte insulin binding or glucose transport and metabolism, at media drug concentrations corresponding to therapeutic plasma levels.
20	2542108	The biological effects of insulin and IGF-I were examined by studying adipocyte lipoprotein lipase (LPL).
21	2113530	The present study was designed to determine if diet fat-induced alteration in the fatty acid composition of the adipocyte plasma membrane alters insulin binding and the insulin responsiveness of glucose metabolism in control and diabetic states.
22	2175290	Two days after DEN, insulin binding to liver membranes and insulin removal by the liver were sharply reduced whereas its binding to muscle and adipocyte membranes remained unaltered.
23	7678005	This rapid loss of GLUT4 expression did not correlate with changes in adipocyte cAMP levels and was not prevented by treatment of the cells with either insulin and/or PIA.
24	8352437	Insulin binding and insulin responsiveness are altered by dietary fat-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of the adipocyte plasma membrane.
25	8087095	Patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are heterogeneous; adipocyte GLUT 4 levels are either normal or markedly reduced but all patients exhibit abnormalities in GLUT 4 subcellular distribution and insulin-mediated translocation. 3.
26	9392477	Furthermore, TNF-alpha has distinct effects on adipose tissue including induction of insulin resistance, induction of leptin production, stimulation of lipolysis, suppression of lipogenesis, induction of adipocyte dedifferentiation, and impairment of preadipocyte differentiation in vitro.
27	9851784	It is concluded that 1) open flow microperfusion combined with the ionic reference technique enables frequent measurement of the sc lactate concentration; 2) sc adipose tissue is a significant source of lactate release in the postabsorbtive state as well as during hyperinsulinemic clamp conditions; and 3) insulin concentrations greater than 180 pmol/L have no further influence on adipocyte stimulation of sc adipose tissue with respect to lactate release.
28	10615224	The results demonstrate that early protein restriction enhances the capacity for adipocyte glucose uptake at high insulin concentrations, but dampens the response to insulin at low physiological concentrations.
29	10976920	Such selective PPARgamma antagonists may help determine whether insulin sensitization by thiazolidinediones is mediated solely through PPARgamma activation, and whether there are PPARgamma-ligand-independent pathways for adipocyte differentiation.
30	11712415	We conclude that although by different mechanisms, both PPAR gamma/RXR inhibitors and PPAR gamma agonist improve insulin resistance, which is associated with decreased TG content of muscle/liver and prevention of adipocyte hypertrophy.
31	11978627	Thus the changes in adipocyte gene expression induced by TNF-alpha could lead to insulin resistance.
32	12388136	In the control group, adiponectin mRNA levels were negatively correlated with fasting insulin (P < 0.05) and positively correlated with insulin sensitivity (P < 0.05).
33	12431986	The adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin has been shown to play important roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity.
34	12829623	The adipocyte secreted hormone resistin has been proposed as a link between the adipocyte and insulin resistance by inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and/or blocking adipocyte differentiation.
35	12829646	Thus, adiponectin expression from adipose tissue is higher in lean subjects and women, and is associated with higher degrees of insulin sensitivity and lower TNF-alpha expression.
36	12732648	Our data suggest that inhibition of NF-kappaB activity is a mechanism by which PPAR-gamma agonists improve insulin sensitivity in vivo and that adipocyte NF-kappaB is a potential therapeutic target for obesity-linked type 2 diabetes.
37	12933352	This study was designed to assess whether IMCL content and plasma adiponectin were also associated with the severity of insulin resistance in T1DM.
38	14749206	The change in serum adiponectin concentration was inversely correlated with the change in fasting serum insulin concentration and liver fat content.
39	15149866	Adiponectin plays a crucial role in the association between obesity, type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance.
40	15131120	Nine proteins, including vimentin, EH-domain-containing protein 2, elongation factor 2, glucose-regulated protein 78, transketolase, and succinyl-CoA transferase were primarily affected by presence or absence of insulin signaling, whereas 21 proteins, including myosin non-muscle form A, annexin 2, annexin A6, and Hsp47 were regulated in relation to adipocyte size.
41	15211372	Adipose tissue is now considered as an endocrine and secretory organ, and some adipocyte factors are thought to play a major role in the induction of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.
42	15451915	Adiponectin and resistin, two recently discovered adipocyte-secreted hormones, may link obesity with insulin resistance and/or metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors.
43	15583845	Adiponectin is an adipocyte-secreted protein that is known to modulate insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis.
44	15895517	The present results thus indicate that CLA feeding promotes insulin resistance in obese/diabetic mice by at least inverse regulation of leptin and adiponectin, and TNFalpha, adipocytokines known to either ameliorate or deteriorate insulin sensitivity, respectively.
45	15562250	Among the nondiabetic women, fasting insulin (r = 0.69, P < 0.01), 2-h insulin (r = 0.56, P < 0.05), and HOMA index (r = 0.59, P < 0.05) correlated positively with TNF-alpha gene expression; fasting insulin (r = 0.54, P < 0.05) was positively related to, and 2-h insulin (r = 0.49, P = 0.06) tended to be positively related to, IL-6 gene expression; and glucose area (r = -0.56, P < 0.05) was negatively related to, and insulin area (r = -0.49, P = 0.06) tended to be negatively related to, adiponectin gene expression.
46	15766512	Adiponectin stimulates fatty acids oxidation, reduces plasma triglycerides, and improves glucose metabolism by increasing the insulin sensitivity.
47	15780820	Exogenous adiponectin corrects metabolic defects that are associated with insulin resistance, and might protect the endothelium from the progression of cardiovascular disease.
48	15585589	Conversely, based on various studies, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) can improve insulin resistance and stimulate adipocyte adipogenesis.
49	15834118	Adiponectin is secreted from adipocytes, and low circulating levels have been epidemiologically associated with obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
50	15834118	Also, adiponectin increased insulin's ability to maximally stimulate glucose uptake by 78% through increased glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) gene expression and increased GLUT4 recruitment to the plasma membrane.
51	15917853	Recent evidence suggests that adiponectin, a protein whose circulating levels are decreased in obesity, has anti-inflammatory properties, and also appears to enhance potently insulin action and therefore appears to function as a signal produced by adipose tissue that influences whole-body glucose metabolism.
52	15945346	MIRKO mouse adipose tissue increased secretion of adiponectin that increases the insulin sensitivity and do not alter the leptin production.
53	15946462	Increasing levels of leptin and decreasing levels of adiponectin correlate with worsening insulin resistance in obese individuals.
54	15955127	Low plasma adiponectin levels appear to be chiefly determined by the accumulation of posterior subcutaneous abdominal fat mass, as opposed to intra-abdominal fat, and are strongly predictive of insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia.
55	15963038	Adiponectin correlated positively with insulin sensitivity (r = 0.29, p = 0.06) and negatively with first-phase insulin levels (r = -0.47, p = 0.001).
56	15963038	In a multiple regression analysis, 48% of the variance in first-phase insulin secretion was explained by the independent effects of race (p = 0.017), adiponectin (p = 0.03), and percentage of body fat (p < 0.001).
57	15893773	RT-PCR analysis confirmed the expression of adiponectin receptor subtypes 1 and 2 in rat beta cells and showed their expression in insulin-secreting MIN6 cells.
58	15939809	Finally, administration of irbesartan to obese Zucker rats improved insulin sensitivity and attenuated adiponectin serum depletion.
59	15939809	The present study demonstrates that AT2R activation and certain ARBs induce adiponectin in adipocytes, which was associated with an improvement of parameters of insulin sensitivity in vivo.
60	15964656	Adiponectin induces insulin sensitivity and modulates inflammatory responses.
61	15964656	We thus studied the implications of adiponectin in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection inherently linked to insulin resistance.
62	15964656	In multivariate analysis, male gender, insulin resistance, high HCV load and genotype 2 were significantly associated with a lower serum adiponectin level.
63	15914524	Low adiponectin levels, by regulating insulin resistance and metabolic profile, may contribute to the markedly increased risk of atherosclerosis in diabetic subjects.
64	16054413	To test potential effects of altered insulin sensitivity on circulating adiponectin levels, we studied patients with GH deficiency (GHD) undergoing high dose GH and IGF-I treatment in a well-defined short-term setting.
65	16098836	Although adiponectin and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 may be more integrally involved in insulin resistance, the studies with these biomarkers are less extensive.
66	16179286	Plasma adiponectin is associated with insulin resistance and atherosclerosis.
67	16179286	In type 2 diabetic patients, insulin infusion decreased plasma adiponectin from 7.74+/-2.53 mg/l to 6.76+/-2.41 mg/l after 24 h (p<0.05).
68	16179286	It is unlikely that this response to exogenous insulin is attributable to inhibition of lipolysis, since plasma adiponectin did not decrease after acipimox.
69	16285470	It is considered that insulin sensitizers exert their benefit through indirect induction of adiponectin expression.
70	16286515	In humans, low plasma adiponectin concentrations precede a decrease in insulin sensitivity and predict type 2 diabetes independently of obesity.
71	16286515	Stratified by quartiles of PFAT, adiponectin did not correlate significantly with insulin sensitivity in subjects in the lowest PFAT quartile (R2 = 0.10, p = 0.13, OGTT; and R2 = 0.10, p = 0.57, clamp), whereas the association in the upper PFAT quartile was rather strong (R2 = 0.36, p < 0.0001, OGTT; and R2 = 0.48, p = 0.003, clamp).
72	16286515	In longitudinal analyses, plasma adiponectin at baseline preceded change in insulin sensitivity in obese (n = 54, p = 0.03) but not in lean (n = 54, p = 0.68) individuals.
73	16295695	Plum thus may increase insulin sensitivity in these rats via adiponectin-related mechanisms.
74	16306372	Diet-induced whole-body insulin resistance was associated with increased circulating levels of resistin and leptin but unaltered adiponectin levels.
75	16308131	In the NGT group, maternal adiponectin concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with plasma fasting insulin, fasting C-peptide, fasting C-peptide/fasting glucose ratio, 2-h glucose, triacylglycerol, and maternal body mass index and positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration.
76	16118252	HIGT partially restored suppressed leptin levels in hyperglycemic rats and increased adiponectin concentrations to supranormal levels, consistent with indicators of insulin sensitivity.
77	16234307	Our results suggest that adiponectin controls insulin sensitivity by modulating the glycogen synthetic process in human skeletal muscle.
78	16373895	The purpose of this study was to investigate 1) whether adiponectin is associated with insulin sensitivity independent of visceral adipose tissue in African-American and Caucasian youth and 2) whether adiponectin is associated with racial differences in insulin sensitivity.
79	16373895	Adiponectin was inversely associated (P < 0.01) with visceral adipose tissue, fasting insulin, and proinsulin and was positively related (P < 0.01) to insulin sensitivity after controlling for Tanner stage and sex independent of race.
80	16373895	Adiponectin is associated with insulin sensitivity independent of visceral adipose tissue in both African-American and Caucasian youth.
81	16380500	In conclusion, first, serum adiponectin is associated with increased insulin sensitivity, reduced abdominal fat, and high basal lipid oxidation; however, it is HMW quantity, not total or HMW-to-total adiponectin ratio, that is primarily responsible for these relationships.
82	16041833	Glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and gene expression of key adipocyte genes, including adiponectin, interleukin 6 (Il6), 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta Hsd), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Ppar gamma), forkhead box O1 (Foxo1), glucose transporter 4 (Glut4), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/ebp alpha), and fatty acid synthase (Fasn) were characterized in adipocytes from epididymal and subcutaneous fat depots of 28-week-old male WOKW rats and Dark Agouti (DA) controls.
83	16041833	The severe insulin resistance predominantly in epididymal adipose tissue of WOKW rats is associated with a 10-fold decrease in adipocyte adiponectin gene expression, decreased Ppar gamma, but increased Foxo1 gene expression compared to DA rats.
84	16302015	The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between adipocyte hormones acylation stimulating protein (ASP), adiponectin, complement C3 (C3) (ASP precursor) and insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid profiles and insulin resistance in lean vs obese type 2 diabetes subjects.
85	16463046	We propose that the metabolic effect of insulin resistance, partly mediated by depressed plasma adiponectin levels, increases fatty acid flux from adipose tissue to the liver and induces the accumulation of fat in the liver.
86	16503761	They increase insulin action through several mechanisms including: stimulation of the expression of genes that increase fat oxidation and lower plasma free fatty acid levels; increased expression, synthesis and release of adiponectin; and stimulation of adipocyte differentiation resulting in more and smaller fat cells.
87	16505226	These data suggest that changes in necdin and E2F4 expression after rosiglitazone exposure in humans are associated with altered adipocyte differentiation and may contribute to improved insulin sensitivity in humans treated with TZDs.
88	16620274	However, although thiazolidinediones lower insulin resistance and increase subcutaneous peripheral fat in Type 2 diabetes, pioglitazone treatment had little effect on either serum adiponectin, glycaemic control or the lipoatrophy.
89	16634986	Adiponectin is a recently described adipokine that has been recognized as a key regulator of insulin sensitivity and tissue inflammation.
90	16814613	Improvements in liver histology during TZD therapy may be modulated by an adiponectin-mediated effect on insulin sensitivity and hepatic fatty acid metabolism rather than by changes in proinflammatory cytokines.
91	16881111	Elevated levels of adiponectin in SLE, despite inverse correlation with IR, suggest the possible involvement of adiponectin in IR and alterations in its effect on insulin sensitivity.
92	16916991	The metabolic effects of adiponectin, including insulin sensitivity, seem to become stronger with increasing adiposity.
93	17003306	Plasma adiponectin increased after pioglitazone (P < 0.001) and correlated with delta FPG (r = -0.54, P < 0.03), delta GNG flux (r = -0.47, P < 0.05), and delta insulin sensitivity (r = 0.65, P < 0.005).
94	16343040	Leptin and adiponectin, two adipocytokines, may work together in regulating energy homeostasis and insulin action.
95	16803864	In white fat, SHP deficiency resulted in up-regulation of genes involved in insulin sensitizing, including PPARgamma2 and adiponectin.
96	16926246	The link between adiponectin levels and a strong marker of inflammation, CRP, is independent of insulin resistance and adiposity in obese children and adolescents.
97	16960399	Adiponectin, a novel anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory adipose tissue product, which is closely associated with insulin resistance, was reported to be low in smokers with cofactors for atherosclerosis.
98	16930851	Adipocyte generated endocrine signals, including leptin and adiponectin, control systemic insulin sensitivity as part of a broader control mechanism in energy balance.
99	17179929	In obesity and insulin resistance, increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and decreased secretion of adiponectin from adipose tissue, increased circulating levels of free fatty acids, and postprandial hyperglycemia can all alter gene expression and cell signaling in vascular endothelium, cause vascular insulin resistance, and change the release of endothelium-derived factors.
100	17090752	Conclusions: insulin therapy improves hepatic insulin sensitivity and slightly but significantly reduces liver fat content, independent of serum adiponectin.
101	17303804	Among these molecules, adiponectin has drawn much attention because of its insulin-sensitizing and antiatherogenic actions, suggesting that genetic deficits in its production or action may contribute to insulin resistance and coronary artery disease (CAD).
102	17472010	Endocrinal products of adipocytes (PPARgamma, A-FABP, E-FABP, leptin, adiponectin and others) modulate insulin tissue sensitivity enabling them to participate in the ethiopathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2T).
103	17208384	Finally, after delineating critical nodes of insulin and adipokine crosstalk, putative pathways are proposed by which adiponectin and leptin cooperatively regulate systemic insulin sensitivity in accordance to existing fat mass.
104	17208384	Adiponectin-mediated increments of AMPK activity, on the other hand, may attenuate mTOR signaling, leading to the preservation of insulin sensitivity in periods of increased nutrient availability.
105	17347312	Our results suggest that decreased plasma adiponectin, increased plasma resistin and cholesterol, and elevated levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in adipocytes may all contribute to the insulin resistance observed in GH-Tg mice.
106	17495595	PAI-1 may play several roles in contributing to obesity: through indirect effects on insulin signalling, by influencing adipocyte differentiation and by regulating recruitment of inflammatory cells within adipose tissue.
107	17264850	After adjustment for these factors, adiponectin was significantly inversely associated with insulin resistance, triglyceride, C-reactive protein (but not interleukin 6), tissue plasminogen activator and alanine aminotransferase and positively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) and Factor VIII, factors associated with diabetes.
108	17384344	Changes in fat deposition were associated with decreased postprandial mRNA adiponectin levels in peripheral adipose tissue and lower insulin sensitivity index values from a frequently sampled insulin-assisted intravenous glucose tolerance test in patients fed a CHO-rich diet compared with a MUFA-rich diet (ANOVA P < 0.05).
109	17618943	In a multivariable analysis, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration was positively associated and male sex and insulin concentration were negatively associated with plasma adiponectin concentration.
110	17475934	Adiponectin increases insulin sensitivity and contributes to insulin's indirect effects on hepatic glucose production.
111	17475934	These data provide evidence for a mechanism of adiponectin resistance and corroborate the notion that adiponectin potentiates hepatic insulin sensitivity.
112	17318810	The adipocyte derived peptide hormone leptin is known to regulate apoptosis and cell viability in several cells and tissues, as well as having several pancreatic islet beta-cell specific effects such as inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
113	17687539	In 24 Ab+ relatives sampled fasted, adiponectin levels correlated significantly with homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (p = 0.006).
114	17719095	Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are suspected to be the major source of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha and IL-6 that interfere with adipocyte function by inhibiting insulin action.
115	17846745	In multivariate models, controlling for known determinants of insulin sensitivity (i.e. sex, age, BMI and glucose tolerance) as well as factors potentially affecting glucagon and proinsulin (i.e. fasting plasma glucose and C-peptide concentrations), glucagon and proinsulin were still positively associated, and adiponectin was negatively associated, with IR.
116	17893258	In healthy subjects, acute hyperinsulinaemia is associated with an increase in plasma resistin independently of ARB, while plasma adiponectin is not influenced by insulin or ARB.
117	17893258	The expressions of both resistin and adiponectin in s.c. adipose tissue are stimulated by acute hyperinsulinaemia, whereas losartan attenuates their insulin-stimulated expressions.
118	17903324	Adipocytes also secrete adiponectin, enhancing insulin sensitivity and preventing atherosclerosis.
119	17950098	Adiponectin may play an important role in the regulation of body weight, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease.
120	17950099	Serum HMW adiponectin level was inversely correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (r = -0.375, P < .0001) even after adjustment for age and body mass index (r' = -0.245, P < .0001).
121	17952836	Insulin resistance and vascular function are directly affected these factors, i.e., by free fatty acids, inflammatory adipocytokines, thrombotic and antifibrinolytic factors and by adiponectin, and adipokine with insulin sensitizing and anti-inflammatory actions.
122	17973869	The G allele carriers who have reduced plasma concentrations of adiponectin may have associated insulin resistance.
123	17761380	HMW adiponectin has been suggested to be a better predictor of metabolic variables, and it was recently reported that the ratio of HMW to total adiponectin or to LMW, not the absolute amount of plasma adiponectin, might be crucial in determining insulin sensitivity.
124	17895880	The release of adiponectin was enhanced by insulin and by inhibition of endogenous tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha) using etancercept.
125	18330534	The thiazolidinediones (glitazones) significantly improve insulin sensitivity, diminish fat accumulation in the liver and increase circulating levels of adiponectin.
126	17645557	Decreased levels of adiponectin are linked with visceral obesity, insulin resistance states, and cardiovascular diseases.
127	18235054	Both biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction correlated significantly with markers of inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6] and C-reactive protein [CRP]), hepatic function (gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT]), and insulin resistance, with t-PA showing stronger associations with adiposity, hepatic function, and insulin resistance than vWF. t-PA was also significantly and inversely associated with adiponectin.
128	18389389	Although adiponectin levels are associated with obesity and insulin insensitivity, the role of adiponectin in the progression to diabetes in non-obese subjects is unclear.
129	18419637	However, the fatty liver could contribute in the same way as visceral adipose tissue to insulin resistance, systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, while the decreased serum adiponectin concentrations might also be part of the mechanism.
130	18577692	Insulin decreases adiponectin levels in humans.
131	18577692	To determine the selective effects of insulin, glucose, or their combination on plasma adiponectin, clamps were performed in six healthy males on four occasions in a crossover design: 1) lower insulinemic-euglycemic clamp (100 pmol/l insulin, 5 mmol/l glucose) (reference clamp); 2) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (400 pmol/l insulin, 5 mmol/l glucose); 3) lower insulinemic-hyperglycemic clamp (100 pmol/l insulin, 12 mmol/l glucose); and 4) hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic clamp (400 pmol/l insulin, 12 mmol/l glucose).
132	18577692	We conclude that insulin suppresses plasma adiponectin levels already at a plasma insulin concentration of 100 pmol/l.
133	18577692	This suggests that, in contrast to glucose, insulin could be involved in the downregulation of plasma adiponectin in insulin-resistant patients.
134	18599527	Without insulin stimulation, Ad-36 upregulated expressions of several proadipogenic genes, adiponectin, and fatty acid synthase and reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokine macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 in a phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent manner.
135	18704364	These results suggest that pancreatic and adipocyte hormones may contribute to the long-term resolution of insulin resistance after RYGBP.
136	18563679	Leptin and adiponectin were independently associated with SI, but not with insulin secretion or beta-cell function.
137	18565135	Adipokines, specifically adiponectin and resistin, are secreted from adipocytes and are thought to cause insulin resistance in rodents.
138	18363889	Total and HMW plasma adiponectin correlated with clinical and biochemical measures of insulin sensitivity.
139	18363889	Plasma adiponectin and skeletal muscle AdipoR2 mRNA expression are reduced in subjects with diabetes; both are likely to contribute to the observed insulin resistance.
140	18809626	The objectives of this study were to determine age- and sex-specific concentrations of adiponectin in Asian Indian teenagers and adults and to assess whether its blood levels correlated with insulin resistance and other cardiometabolic parameters.
141	19031217	To investigate changes in serum adiponectin during pregnancy and postpartum and assess its relationship with insulin resistance as measured by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR).
142	18284435	Plasma adiponectin correlated with insulin-stimulated Rd, non-oxidative glucose disposal (NOGD), glucose storage and SI in both groups after adjustment for sex and body fat.
143	18284435	In FDR, plasma adiponectin correlated with insulin-stimulated glycogen synthase activity and the troglitazone-induced increase in plasma adiponectin correlated with the improvement in insulin-stimulated Rd and SI after adjustment for sex and body fat.
144	19136982	Further conclusions are that decreased adiponectin action and increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) form a vicious adipokine network causing obesity-linked insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome; PPARgamma upregulates HMW adiponectin and PPARalpha upregulates AdipoRs; that dietary osmotin can serve as a naturally occurring adiponectin receptor agonist; and finally, that under starvation conditions, MMW adiponectin activates AMPK in hypothalamus, and promotes food intake, and at the same time HMW adiponectin activates AMPK in peripheral tissues, such as skeletal muscle, and stimulates fatty-acids combustion.
145	19136982	Importantly, under pathophysiological conditions, such as obesity and diabetes, only HMW adiponectin was decreased; therefore, strategies to increase only HMW adiponectin may be a logical approach to provide a novel treatment modality for obesity-linked diseases, such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
146	19013780	Adiponectin is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity.
147	19033408	Whereas physical activity did not correlate with insulin resistance (r = -0.01), leptin (r = +0.04), or hsCRP (r = +0.01) independently of percent body fat, it did correlate with adiponectin, but inversely (r = -0.18, P = 0.02).
148	19324019	The thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone, an agonist ligand for the nuclear receptor PPAR-gamma, improves insulin sensitivity in part by stimulating transcription of the insulin-sensitizing adipokine adiponectin.
149	19368716	Lower endotoxin and higher adiponectin in the groups treated with RSG may be related and indicate another mechanism for the effect of RSG on insulin sensitivity.
150	19356820	Vaspin levels were positively correlated with BMI-SDS, triglycerides, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR and negatively correlated with adiponectin levels and FGIR.
151	19419916	Leptin and adiponectin were found to be independently associated with HOMA-IR and fasting insulin concentration, but in divergent directions, after adjusting for potential confounding factors.
152	19419916	The results suggest that leptin and adiponectin may be involved in the pathophysiologic link between obesity and insulin resistance independently.
153	19442860	Serum adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and urine ACR were determined, HOMA-IR and Gutt's index were calculated to evaluate IR and insulin sensitivity, respectively.
154	19371350	After 3-4 weeks of treatment, combination treatment increased plasma insulin by 3.8-fold, decreased plasma glucagon by 41%, both of which were greater than each drug alone, and increased plasma adiponectin by 2.4-fold.
155	19389813	Adiponectin has been postulated to affect lipid and insulin signal transduction pathways.
156	19389813	In multivariable linear regression models that included sex, BMI, waist circumference, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and leptin, adiponectin was associated with mean LDL size (standardized regression coefficient B = 0.20; P < 0.001), VLDL size (B = -0.12; P < 0.001), and HDL size (B = 0.06; P = 0.013).
157	19389813	Adiponectin is favorably associated with lipoprotein particle size and subclass distribution independent of adiposity and insulin sensitivity.
158	19076162	In conclusion, the ACEI improved insulin sensitivity and hepatic steatosis in rats with T2DM by increasing circulating adiponectin and hepatic adipoR2 levels, in addition to reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the circulation and liver.
159	19531641	Induction of obesity and insulin resistance in rats by feeding a high-fat high-sucrose diet also led to decreased muscle HMW adiponectin content that could be corrected by rosiglitazone treatment.
160	19629054	Our data suggest that change in the large adipocyte subfraction may contribute to the improvement in insulin sensitivity via an increase in serum adiponectin.
161	19685554	In the whole cohort and in women, univariate correlations between IL-6 concentrations and the parameters under evaluation showed that IL-6 and leptin were positively correlated with age, BMI, waist, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, Delta AUC insulin area, triglyceride (TG), free fatty acids (FFA) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and inversely correlated with HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and adiponectin.
162	19788607	Adiponectin knockout (KO) mice have been reported to cause insulin resistance and neointimal formation of the artery.
163	19506327	This improved glycemic control, reduced daily insulin requirement, decreased IL-6 and hs-CRP levels rapidly and increased adiponectin level at 10 days after initiation of therapy.
164	19651815	Although TNKS deficiency does not compromise insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in primary adipocytes, it leads to the post-transcriptional upregulation of GLUT4 and adiponectin in adipocytes and increases plasma adiponectin levels.
165	19672057	We recently demonstrated that adipocyte amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression is upregulated in obesity and correlates with insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation.
166	19672057	At baseline, adipocyte APP expression correlated significantly with plasma Abeta40 levels and with 2-hour insulin concentrations.
167	19672057	Changes in adipocyte APP expression correlated with changes in plasma Abeta40 levels (R = 0.74, p = 0.01) and changes in 2-hour insulin (R = 0.75, p = 0.01).
168	19755407	We explored potential associations of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ; +45T>G, rs2241766 and +276G>T, rs1501299) with circulating total and high-molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin, insulin resistance (IR), and markers of obesity in a healthy Greek female population.
169	19755407	The observed differences in HOMA-IR were very significant among women with a higher body fat (BF) percentage (>or= the population median of 41%; all P
170	19819942	However, these effects on adiponectin do not translate into changes in metabolism or whole-body insulin sensitivity, potentially due to additional antiinflammatory properties of statins.
171	19822665	Analogous to the actions of insulin in higher vertebrates, those in Drosophila include expansion of the insect fat cell mass both by increasing the adipocyte number and by promoting lipid accumulation.
172	19940327	Adipose tissue produces multiple cytokines(TNF-alpha, IL-6, PAI-1, CRP, angiotensinogen, leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, apelin, resistin)which decrease insulin sensitivity and induce inflammatory processes, endothelial dysfunction,and atherosclerosis.
173	20021538	Noninfectious systemic inflammation associated with adipocyte and adipose tissue macrophage cytokine production can also cause insulin resistance.
174	20085121	Anthropometric parameters and insulin resistance are associated with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase in obese morbid patients with lower levels of adiponectin.
175	19920090	In both crude and multivariate analyses, total adiponectin was inversely associated with insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, HbA1c, sE-selectin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels.
176	19920090	Total and HMW adiponectin are inversely associated with markers of insulin secretion/insulinemia, endothelial function, and inflammation.
177	19937225	Adiponectin (r = 0.41, p < 0.0001), leptin (r = -0.36, p < 0.0001) and CRP (r = -0.30, p < 0.0001) during pregnancy were all associated with postpartum insulin sensitivity (determined using the insulin sensitivity index of Matsuda and DeFronzo [IS(OGTT)]).
178	20016031	Furthermore, hemin reduced proteinuria/albuminuria and enhanced the depressed levels of adiponectin, AMP-activated protein-kinase, and glucose transporter-4 in SHRs, suggesting that although SHRs are normoglycemic, insulin signaling and renal function may be impaired.
179	20482500	Low serum adiponectin is associated with insulin resistance, atherogenic hyperlipidemia and arterial hypertension.
180	20508194	Lower levels of HMW adiponectin were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, higher body mass index, waist circumference, glucose, and insulin levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
181	19636216	Insulin resistance (IR) is associated with intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content and low serum adiponectin (ADP) levels and ADP is also involved in muscle fat oxidation.
182	19861585	APKO mice had diminished insulin sensitivity, were hyperinsulinemic, and had decreased adiponectin levels.
183	20682281	Evidence from rodent models indicates that undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), a product of osteoblasts, is a hormone affecting insulin production by the pancreas and insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, at least in part through enhanced secretion of adiponectin from adipocytes.
184	20693347	However, preservation of hepatic insulin sensitivity by n-3 LC-PUFAs required functional AMPK?2 and correlated with the induction of adiponectin and reduction in liver diacylglycerol content.
185	20693347	Our results show that n-3 LC-PUFAs prevent hepatic insulin resistance in an AMPK?2-dependent manner and support the role of adiponectin and hepatic diacylglycerols in the regulation of insulin sensitivity.
186	19220660	In rats with high fat-induced T2D, treatment with probucol improved insulin sensitivity, hepatic steatosis by raising circulating adiponectin and hepatic adipoR2 levels, in addition to reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines in the circulation and liver.
187	19708766	Adiponectin (ADN), an insulin-sensitizing adipokine, stimulates glucose uptake, inhibits gluconeogenesis, and plays an important role in improving insulin sensitivity.
188	19890025	Fasting insulin concentrations were best predicted by sc abdominal fat area in women (r(2) = 0.40; P < 0.01) and body mass index in men (r(2) = 0.53; P < 0.0001); adipocyte size did not contribute independently.
189	20121885	Additionally, fasting plasma glucose, insulin and homeostatis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) significantly decreased while adiponectin increased over threefold [9.7 (3.7-17.7) vs. 38.0 (19.3-42.4) microg/ml] without any changes in resistin.
190	20617073	In obesity, inflammation develops when macrophages infiltrate adipose tissue and stimulate adipocyte secretion of inflammatory cytokines, that in turn affect energy balance, glucose and lipid metabolism, leading to insulin resistance.
191	20466374	These effects likely contributed to improved insulin sensitivity, in an obese model, via prevention of adipocyte hypertrophy and adipocytokine dysregulation.
192	20819535	To evaluate the association between the four adipokines, adiponectin, leptin, resistin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) with insulin sensitivity, we used a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp to test insulin sensitivity in Chinese patients with obesity and type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus versus controls.
193	20833989	Serum adiponectin level was negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body fat percentage, and serum concentrations of insulin and triglyceride, and was positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level.
194	20833989	Dietary intake may be indirectly associated with adiponectin levels through factors such as BMI, waist circumference, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, and blood pressure.
195	20842602	PPAR? also controls lipid catabolism and is the target of hypolipidaemic drugs, whereas PPAR? controls adipocyte differentiation and regulates lipid storage; it is the target for the insulin sensitising thiazolidinediones used to treat type 2 diabetes.
196	20580627	Adiponectin decreases with increasing adiposity and insulin resistance.
197	20628088	Infant adiponectin at 12 months negatively correlated with maternal sCML (r = -0.467, P = 0.011), whereas high maternal sMGs predicted higher infant insulin or homeostasis model assessment (P = 0.027).
198	20144013	In contrast, adipocyte monocultures did not exhibit any differences between insulin levels.
199	20142631	Adiponectin and leptin are adipocytokines associated with insulin resistance.
200	20543523	Stepwise regression analyses confirmed that the fetuin-A concentration was independently associated with the fasting insulin level and HOMA-IR, as were body mass index, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, leptin and adiponectin concentrations.
201	20854065	Decreased plasma adiponectin correlates with impaired insulin-stimulated NOS activity and severity of insulin resistance in T2DM.
202	20956860	Adiponectin and visfatin are two cytokines which are considered to be possible links between obesity, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.
203	20683642	To investigate the role of SOCS3 in porcine adipocyte insulin signaling, we first detected the effect of insulin on SOCS3 mRNA and protein expression in porcine primary adipocytes by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting.
204	20483360	The relationship of psychological states (negative mood, life stress, and stress-responsive hormones) and adiponectin, an adipokine that promotes insulin sensitivity, was investigated in two separate studies.
205	20943795	Animal experiments suggest that circulating palmitoleic acid (cis-16:1n-7) from adipocyte de novo fatty acid synthesis may directly regulate insulin resistance and metabolic dysregulation.
206	20888657	A low serum adiponectin is also associated with insulin resistance.
207	21079817	According to the literature in the field, several cell types like ?-cell, myocyte, hepatocyte and/or adipocyte, as well as related complex signaling environment involved in peripheral insulin sensitivity are believed to be central in this pathology.
208	16955209	The aim of this study was to examine whether genetic variation in ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 may contribute to increased susceptibility to components of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS).
209	16955209	Of the eight SNPs examined in the ADIPOQ gene, rs4632532 and rs182052 exhibited significant associations with BMI (p=0.029 and p=0.032), fasting specific insulin (p=0.023 and p=0.026), sum of skin folds (SS) (p=0.0089 and p=0.0084) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-%S) (p=0.015 and p=0.016).
210	15895078	The insulin/IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) signalling pathway promotes adipocyte differentiation via complex signalling networks.
211	21031343	Vaspin, adiponectin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) constitute novel adipose-tissue derivatives, known as adipokines, which mediate insulin resistance.
212	21219897	With increasing quartiles of visceral fat, there was a significant increase in insulin resistance (p=0.040); significant decrease in adiponectin (p=0.043) and increase in TNF-alpha (p=0.028), hs-CRP (p=0.043), OX-LDL (p=0.034) and visfatin (p=0.040), and carotid IMT (p=0.047) was observed.
213	20829802	Chemical chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) can reduce FFA-induced adipocyte inflammation and improve insulin signaling whereas overexpression of spliced X-box protein 1 (XBP-1s) only attenuates FFA-induced inflammation.
214	21186369	The adipocyte-derived secretory factor adiponectin promotes insulin sensitivity, decreases inflammation and promotes cell survival.
215	21244702	The link between glucocorticoids and insulin resistance may involve the adiponectin receptors and adrenalectomy might play a role not only in regulate expression and secretion of adiponectin, as well regulate the respective receptors in several tissues.
216	19761474	Reduced circulating adiponectin levels contribute to the aetiology of insulin resistance.
217	19761474	The genetic control of HMW adiponectin is shared in part with insulin resistance-related traits and involves, but is not limited to, the ADIPOQ locus.
218	20009098	RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The associations between ucOC, cOC, total and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin, and insulin secretion (homeostasis model assessment [HOMA]-beta) were investigated in a population-based sample of healthy prepubertal children (n = 103; 49 boys and 54 girls).
219	17971451	Compared with controls Hfe(-/-) mice exhibit no differences in serum lipid, insulin, glucagon, or thyroid hormone levels; adiponectin levels are elevated 41% (p < 0.05), and the adiponectin message in adipocytes is increased 83% (p = 0.04).
220	21090814	Medicinal chemistry studies resulted in an improved Jnk-1 ligand able to increase adiponectin secretion in human adipocytes and increase insulin-induced protein kinase PKB phosphorylation in human hepatocytes, in similar fashion to Jnk-1 siRNA and to rosiglitazone treatment.
221	21123956	Effects of ATR on the insulin resistance of age-matched (13-week-old) and unoperated KK/Ay mice were assessed by the glucose tolerance test, circulating adiponectin concentration, and changes in insulin signaling (IRS-1/Akt phosphorylation).
222	21437093	The nature of this increased accumulation of fat tissue, whether hyperplasia or hypertrophy, local or ectopic, is associated with deleterious perturbations including excess fatty acid secretion, increased production of inflammatory cytokines, and abnormal adipocyte hormone signaling resulting in insulin resistance.
223	21448321	Reduced adiponectin could contribute to insulin resistance in these patients.
224	19131467	The aim of this study was to test whether being born small for gestational age (SGA) has an impact on adiponectin and leptin levels and the IGF system in relation to insulin sensitivity, taking into consideration the severity of growth restriction.
225	20067957	Adiponectin, a hormone secreted by adipose tissue, is of particular interest in metabolic syndrome, because it is inversely correlated with obesity and insulin sensitivity.
226	20067957	Association of ADIPOQ SNPs with plasma adiponectin was replicated, and we showed association between one ADIPOQ SNP and plasma insulin and HOMA-IR.
227	21336532	This suggests that some level of insulin resistance is needed to see deleterious effects of low adiponectin.
228	18974244	Activation of various kinases modulates adipocyte transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and NFkappaB, attenuating insulin signaling and increasing adipocytokine and free fatty acid secretion.
229	20651470	Adiponectin has emerged over the last decade as a key adipokine linking obesity, insulin resistance, and Type 2 diabetes.
230	21229348	Insulin resistance is associated with reduced serum adiponectin and increased albuminuria levels.
231	17878241	AdipoR2 mRNA expression in both visceral and subcutaneous fat is positively associated with circulating adiponectin and HDL levels but negatively associated with obesity as well as parameters of insulin resistance, glycemia, and other lipid levels before and after adjustment for fat mass.
232	21270239	Partial failure of adipocyte differentiation may contribute to this, but pericentrin deficiency does not impair proximal insulin action in adipocytes.
233	21126901	Insulin resistance was independently associated with adiponectin in women and with leptin in men.
234	21245029	Taken together, these studies show that GIP and insulin act in a synergistic manner on 3T3-L1 cell development and that adipocyte GIPR expression is upregulated through a mechanism involving interactions between PPAR? and a GIPR promoter region containing an acetylated histone region.
235	21484566	They also reduce the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF? and increase the plasma level of adiponectin, which increases insulin sensitivity in liver and skeletal muscle.
236	21423295	Untreated HFD-STZ rats showed elevated fasting blood glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and total serum cholesterol (TC), with a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and adiponectin levels (p < 0.001).
237	18492747	The prevalence of insulin resistance increased with decreasing tertiles of adiponectin (from 10.9% in the third to 42.5% in the first tertile; P < 0.0001) and increasing tertiles of resistin (from 19.3 to 30.9%; P < 0.0001) and TNFalpha (from 18.8 to 32.0%; P < 0.0001).
238	16814734	Individuals with a family history of type 2 diabetes display skeletal muscle insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction; adiponectin levels strongly correlate with mtDNA content.
239	16814734	Knockout of the adiponectin gene in mice is associated with insulin resistance and low mitochondrial content and reduced mitochondrial enzyme activity in skeletal muscle.
240	21157114	Hemoglobin status is inversely associated with serum HMW adiponectin levels in community-dwelling persons, especially those aged ? 65 years, BMI < 23.0 kg/m(2), alcohol drinkers, and lower insulin resistance groups.
241	21489354	It is well documented that high blood homocysteine (Hcy) levels possibly contribute to insulin resistance through the induction of resistin and inhibition of adiponectin expression in mouce adipose tissue in vitro.
242	21325104	Visfatin and adiponectin are produced by adipose tissue and have opposite effects on insulin resistance.
243	21463618	Furthermore, SKLB102 elevated the serum level of adiponectin, reduced the serum level of leptin and prevented insulin resistance.
244	21424113	Abnormal secretion of adipocytokines promotes atherosclerosis, diabetes and insulin resistance, and is mainly induced by adipocyte hypertrophy.
245	20869198	Adiponectin has been proposed as an important regulator of glucose metabolism influencing obesity and insulin resistance, which are important risk factors for the outcome of critically ill patients.
246	21389141	Linear regression models were used to test independent associations of adiponectin, osteocalcin, and leptin with the indices of insulin resistance and secretion.
247	21389141	Both adiponectin and osteocalcin were negatively associated with insulin resistance.
248	21488802	Reduction of the glycemic load by acarbose decreased fasting levels of proinsulin but had no effect on adiponectin and whole-body insulin sensitivity as well as biomarkers reflecting inflammation.
249	20415685	Insulin sensitizers, including pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, and lipid-lowering agents, including statins and fibrates, also upregulate adiponectin and ameliorate liver histology.
250	20938443	Polymorphisms in the gene encoding adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) are associated with insulin resistance, fatty liver, increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
251	21306933	Glycaemic control with insulin reduces ADPN in T2D patients in the short-term, but was ineffective in T1D.
252	20376319	Omental, but not subcutaneous adipocyte size, correlated with the degree of insulin resistance as measured by HOMA-IR (r = 0.73, p<0.0005), as well as other metabolic parameters including triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol ratio and HbA1c.
253	21129759	In mixed adipocyte populations and adipose tissue pieces from young, but not old, rats, lipolysis inhibition by above antilipolytic stimuli, but not by insulin, was dependent on the function of Gce1-harboring adiposomes.
254	21694920	Adiponectin potentiates insulin in its post-receptor signaling resulting in glucose oxidation in mitochondria.
255	19375553	Adiponectin correlated with insulin levels and Homeostasis Model of Assessment 2 (r=-0.653, P=.04 and r=-0.674, P=.032, respectively) in the patients who underwent Roux-en-Y at 24 months.
256	21515669	The hemodynamic actions of adiponectin may be an important aspect of its insulin-sensitizing ability by regulating access of insulin and glucose to myocytes.
257	21515669	Imbalance in the relationship between adiponectin and ET-1 in obesity may contribute to the development of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.
258	20382687	Linear regression was used to explore the association between adiponectin levels and measures of obesity, lipids, and insulin resistance as measured by homeostasis model assessment.
259	20382687	Circulating adiponectin is significantly associated with measures of obesity, serum lipids, and insulin resistance in this study of West African populations.
260	12436346	It has been suggested that several agents, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, could mediate their effects on insulin metabolism through modulating adiponectin secretion from adipocytes.
261	21600725	The aims of this study were to compare total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and the ratio of HMW to total adiponectin (S(A)) between dogs and humans and to examine whether total or HMW adiponectin or both are associated with insulin resistance in naturally occurring obese dogs.
262	21600725	Total adiponectin, HMW adiponectin, and S(A) were not associated with insulin sensitivity in dogs.
263	20678967	Insulin resistance, but not the body mass index, was associated with increased macrophage infiltration in the omental adipose tissue, as was adipocyte size, in these morbidly obese subjects.
264	21760856	We evaluated the effects of insulin-induced improved glycaemic control on leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels and patient characteristics.
265	21760856	Changes in leptin, adiponectin and NPY levels may occur after insulin-induced improved glycaemic control.
266	21411097	Adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with insulin and HOMA in both boys and girls, and remained significant after adjustment for BMI z-score in girls.
267	19202909	Increasing evidence indicates that altered secretion of adipocytokines such as adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and free fatty acids are contributing factors to insulin resistance in obese states.
268	21736747	Decreased adiponectin is associated with insulin resistance and predicts T2DM, and therefore may mediate this ethnic difference.
269	21603234	These results suggest that the extract from A. indicum L. may be beneficial for reducing insulin resistance through its potency in regulating adipocyte differentiation through PPAR? agonist activity, and increasing glucose utilization via GLUT1.
270	21808585	Adiponectin increases insulin sensitivity and ameliorates obesity.
271	16814726	A recent paper (Mao et al., 2006) shows that the APPL1 adaptor protein binds to the intracellular domain of adiponectin receptors and mediates some of adiponectin's actions, identifying a novel mechanism linking adiponectin to insulin sensitization.
272	21586562	In cultured adipocytes, recombinant Angptl2 increased adiponectin expression and stimulated insulin sensitivity partially by reducing the levels of tribbles homolog 3, a specific Akt kinase inhibitory protein.
273	21586562	Conversely, Angptl2 small interfering RNA reduced adiponectin expression, resulting in insulin resistance.
274	21198995	At baseline, a high serum adiponectin concentration correlated positively with high levels of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion.
275	21198995	Low adiponectin concentrations were associated with future diabetes independently of insulin secretion and sensitivity, as well as IGT, IFG, smoking and abdominal obesity.
276	21771299	ADPN correlated positively with MMRglu (P < 0.05), which, in multiple regression analysis, was dependent of whole-body insulin sensitivity, HbA1c and waist.
277	21598304	In obese mice L-4F increases adiponectin levels, improving insulin sensitivity, and reducing visceral adiposity.
278	21617842	It was recently demonstrated that uncarboxylated OC improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice by increasing the expression and secretion of insulin in ?-cells and of adiponectin in adipocytes.
279	21544727	PPAR?, which is abundant in adipose tissue, stimulates adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis, and results in an increase in insulin sensitivity.
280	21839662	Although insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) are involved in age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus, the association of these hormones with serum adiponectin level is still unclear.
281	21932576	Leptin and adiponectin levels were significantly correlated with anthropometric parameters, HOMA-IR and insulin in all subjects and with fasting glucose in girls only.
282	21846802	Adiponectin treatment inhibited NIK-induced NF-?B activation and restored insulin sensitivity by restoring PI3 kinase activation and subsequent Akt phosphorylation.
283	21846802	These results indicate that NIK induces insulin resistance and further indicate that adiponectin exerts its insulin-sensitizing effect by suppressing NIK-induced skeletal muscle inflammation.
284	18716158	Adiponectin (adipoQ) gene variants have been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance.
285	18716158	Our aim was to examine whether the presence of several polymorphisms at the adipoQ gene locus (-11391 G > A, -11377 C > G, 45 T > G, and 276 G > T) influences the insulin sensitivity to dietary fat.
286	21873554	On an HFD, adipocyte-specific ARNT knockout mice and adipocyte-specific HIF1? knockout mice exhibit similar metabolic phenotypes, including reduced fat formation, protection from HFD-induced obesity, and insulin resistance compared with similarly fed wild-type controls.
287	21873554	The improvement of insulin resistance is associated with decreased expression of Socs3 and induction of adiponectin.
288	21966330	Activation of PPAR-gamma receptors leads to a decrease in insulin resistance and modification of adipocyte metabolism.
289	22019747	Adipose tissue is now regarded as a source of proinflammatory mediators which may contribute to vascular injury, insulin resistance (IR), and atherogenesis, however, some of them have a protective role against vascular inflammation and/or IR; namely adiponectin and nitric oxide (NO).
290	21928201	Adiponectin is a protein produced by the adipose tissue, exhibits potential antiatherogenic properties and is involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
291	18510434	Adiponectin is an adipocyte hormone that links visceral adiposity with insulin resistance and atherosclerosis.
292	18510434	In vitro studies suggest that adiponectin production may be determined primarily by adipocyte size and insulin sensitivity, with larger, insulin-resistant adipocytes producing less adiponectin.
293	22074575	One of the key metabolic actions of insulin is to control blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake into adipocyte and muscle cells.
294	21874366	The rats were followed for 6�weeks after surgery, and their body weight change, cumulative food intake, metabolic parameters, plasma levels of ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and adiponectin, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT), and gastric emptying rate were measured.
295	21295959	In both subcutaneous and visceral preadipocytes, lactoferrin (1 and 10 ?M) increased adipogenic gene expressions and protein levels (fatty acid synthase, PPAR?, FABP4, ADIPOQ, ACC and STAMP2) and decreased inflammatory markers (IL8, IL6 and MCP1) dose-dependently in parallel to increased insulin-induced (Ser473)AKT phosphorylation.
296	21840935	Among participants with both hypertension and insulin resistance, there was a significant direct association between adiponectin and the LVM index after multivariable adjustment (?=1.55, P=0.04, per 1-SD increment in the adiponectin log value).
297	21840935	Conclusions- The association between serum adiponectin and LVM among blacks in the Jackson Heart Study cohort was dependent on hypertension and insulin resistance status.
298	21871685	Thus, early intensive insulin therapy can increase serum adiponectin and NO concentrations and improve endothelial function in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM.